英國(guó)地方政府

1、Lecture 3People and the StatelWe are not French, and we are not other nations. We are British, thank God. - Fied-Marshal MontgomeryIt is better known for what it once was than what it is nowlIt was the first country to establish the Parliament to witness a bourgeois democracy with a constitutional m

2、onarchyTo undergo the Industrial Revolution (Sun-never-setting British Empire)lIt has the most important language in the world.People lHistorylLanguage (North Germany)lCelts or Britons (2000 years ago)lRomans (1st century A.D)lCelts regained (early fifth century)lNorth Germany (Angles, Saxons, and J

3、utes, started to migrate to England)lNormansPopulation in U.K.lThe total population 62m (2010)l3rd largest in Europe. It has one of the highest population densities in the world, with some 231 persons living in every sq.km about ten times as much as that of the U.S.Government lParty politicslTwo maj

4、or parties in the U.K.lThe Tory Party (Conservatives)lThe Whig Party (liberal), the Fabian Society, and trade unions (the Labour)lThe Opposition or the Opposite partylMP (members of parliament) Central Government and Local GovernmentlCentral governmentlMonarch, Parliament, and the CabinetlParliament

5、: the law-making bodylExecutive branchCentral Government and Local Government2. England is now divided into 45 counties. Each county is subdivided into about 6 districts.lEach of these administered areas has its own elected council as local authoritylCouncilors and Mayors (市長(zhǎng)). AldermanlBy-laws Law,

6、 law court and legal professionlLaw lEnglish constitution is embodied in a number of separate laws.lFour elements: acts of parliament; common law; equity law, European Community legislation.2. Law courtlThe English law courts are divided into three tiers: magistrates courts, circuit courts and high

7、courtsa.J.P.: Justice of PeaceC. An open court and jury system3. Legal professionlSolicitorslBarristerslInns of Court in London 倫敦法律協(xié)會(huì)a.Bar examinationPolice: bobby, peeler, “Scotland Yard”unarmed traditionNational flaglThe red cross of St. George of England, the white saltire of St. Andrew of Scotl

8、and and the red saltire of Ireland. They symbolize the union of the nation.Religion lBritain is a Christian countryl597AD. St Augustine landed in Kent and built the first church at Canterbury, the religious capital of England.lThe establishment church of Englandii. Reformation of the English ChurchE

9、dward VI: Protestanismiii. Mary I: Catholic reactioniv. Elizabeth I: the Church of England was established on a moderate Protestant basis.Religion lSocial customs based on religion:Christmas, Calendar, Sunday, EasterlOther religion groups: Jews, Moslems, and the BuddhistsCharacteristics of the English peoplelThe conservatism of the English peoplelTheir emphasis on obedience and proper manner lGeneration gaplSome specific styles of British youth subculturesle.g. beats, hippies, punkslValue changes expressed in marriage and family life.e.g. a lone parent