第五章-4 有機太陽電池OPV-20141204

1、Organic Materials for electronics & Photonics第五章 1 CdTe太陽電池 2 CuInGaSe2(CuInS2)太陽電池 3 染料敏化太陽電池(DSSC) 4 有機太陽電池(OPV)有機太陽電池(OPV, Organic Photovoltaics, OSC, Organic Solar CellsOPV結構及機理Why OPV?3 1OPV制備過程3 33 4OPV發(fā)展歷程3 2OPV性能的影響要素3 5OPV的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及挑戰(zhàn)3 6Why OPVs?Organic Materials for electronics & Photo

2、nicsAdvantages of OPVs -Processed easily over large area -spin-coating -doctor blade techniques (wet-processing) -evaporation through a mask (dry processing) -printing -Low cost -Low weight -Mechanical flexibility and transparency -Band gap of organic materials can be easily tuned chemically by inco

3、rporation of different functional groupOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics重量重量輕輕成本低成本低Why OPVs? (Application)Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsWhy OPVs? (Application)Why OPVs? (Application)Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics

4、 & PhotonicsRequirement of OPVsSource: Siemens AGOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsHistory of OPVsOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics(MgPh, 200mV)(MgPh, 200mV)(Polymer/C60)(Polymer/C60)In 2010, Solarmer Energy, Inc: 8.13%; Konarka: 8.3%.In 2011, Mitsubishi Chemical C

5、orp : 8.5%; South China Univerisity of Technology曹鏞院士組：8.37%; 2014年8月，10.7%; In 2012, Konarka : 9%;In 2011, Dou, L. et al (UCLA): 8.62% Nature Photon. 6, 180185 (2012). In 2012, Heliatek: 10.7%;Sumitomo Chemical of Japan: 10.6%; In Jan 2013, Heliatek: 12%Single Junction Solar Cell:Single Junction So

6、lar Cell:Tandem Solar Cell:Tandem Solar Cell:Organic Materials for electronics & Photonics有機太陽能電池的結構glassITOLiFglassADA+DAlOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic or polymer single-

7、layer PVsDisadvantageOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics有機太陽能電池的基本原理 Light is absorbed in the polymer layer Absorption creates a bound electron-hole pair (exciton) Exciton is split into separate charges which are collected at contactsDon

8、orAcceptorOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOPV制備過程（以體異質結OPV為例） Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOPV制備過程（以體異質結OPV為例） Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrgan

9、ic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics有機物成膜：有機物成膜：將給體材料將給體材料( (如如P3HT)P3HT)和受體材料（如和受體材料（如PCBMPCBM）充分溶解、攪拌并過濾后，滴至緩沖）充分溶解、攪拌并過濾后，滴至緩沖層表面上，旋涂成膜。層表面上，旋涂成膜。Organic Materials for electronics & Photo

10、nicsOrganic Film PreparationOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOrganic Film PreparationOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsOPV活性層制備過程陰極濺射或蒸發(fā)鍍膜：陰極濺射或蒸發(fā)鍍膜：將涂過活性層的電池上貼上高溫膠帶或者掩模板后，放入磁控濺射儀或者高真空將涂過活性層的電池上貼上高溫膠帶或者掩模板后，放入磁控濺射儀或者高真空鍍膜系統(tǒng)內生長無機緩沖層和金屬膜。鍍膜系統(tǒng)內生長無機緩沖層和金屬膜。OPV性能的影響要素l 給受體材

11、料l 電極l 界面修飾l 形貌控制l 結構設計 Organic Materials for electronics & Photonics活性層材料給體材料pentaceneSmall Molecule DonorsCuPcF16CuPCZnPc*OOMDMO-PPV*S*P3HTNN*PFBPolymer DonorsOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics受體材料的選擇Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsMaterials for BHJ organic sola

12、r cellC60C70ICBAICMAPC61BMPC71BMPC71HM電極材料的選擇陽極：陽極：功函數(shù)較高且透明或半透明的金屬或導電聚合物、導電氧化物。ITO有較高的功函數(shù)，在可見光和近紫外區(qū)有良好的透過率。陰極：陰極：陰極材料主要是功函數(shù)較低的金屬構成的，如Mg、Al、Ca、Ag，其中Al最為常用。Organic Materials for electronics & Photonics界面修飾材料陽極界面修飾材料無機界面修飾材料：MoO3、WO2、V2O5等有機界面修飾材料：PEDOT:PSS陰極界面修飾材料無機界面修飾材料：LiF、ZnO、TiO2等有機界面修飾材料：PFN

13、PFNPFN優(yōu)化器件性能的幾個方面：Poly-N-dodecyl-2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrole-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole: PTPTBthe push-pull concept by altering electron rich N-dodecyl-2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrole and electron deficient 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole groups1: Low bandgap polymerBandgap engineeringEr : the energy contribution from b

14、ond length alternation RE : the resonance energyE : the energy caused by the inter ring torsion angle ESUB : the influence of the substituents. EG = Er + RE + E + Esub1. Aromatic(芳香族的) form shows higher stabilization energy and therefore the higher bandgap.2. Resonance energy leads to an energy stab

15、ilization and so to an increased splitting of the HOMO-LUMO energy.3. Torsion between the ring plain interrupts the conjugation and therefore increases the bandgap.4. Electron donating groups(推電子基團)raise the HOMO level and electron withdrawing groups (拉電子基團) lower the LUMO.5. In the solid phase, add

16、itional intermolecular effects between the chains have to be taken into account, which generally leads to broader bands and a lower bandgap.Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsSynthetic strategy1. Introduction of side groups:increase or decrease the electron density2. Push-pull polymers

17、:The bandgap of copolymers with alternating of electron rich and electron poor compounds can decrease significantly. (The bond length alternation is reduced and so the Peierls stabilisation.)3. Introduction of methine (次甲基次甲基)groups between the ring systems:The quinoid(醌型化合物) form minimize the inter

18、 annular rotation by the double bond character of the bridge bonds as well as the bond length alternation . (The structure becomes more flat and theresonance between the rings is increased.)Which is the Voc?Is it in the electrodes? (MIM picture) VocIs it in the bulk-heterojunction? (p/n-like picture

19、) Voc2: Origin of open-circuit voltage (Voc)TOP ELECTRODEWORK FUNCTION eVCa2.87Al4.28Ag4.26Au5.1Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsS1 S2Voc in plastic solar cell is directly related to the acceptor strength of the fullerene.The variation of negative electrode work function influences t

20、he Voc in only a minor way.Variation of VocOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics3: 形貌和載流子傳輸morphology and transportAlkoxy-PPVPCBMOrganic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsPL quenchingmorphology and transportOrganic Materials for electronics & Photonics4: Optimization of morpho

21、logyVoc = 810 mVISC = 5.2 mA/cm2FF = 0.62 = 3 %IPCEmax = 50 %EQE = 8090 %The efficiency is strongly enhanced byusing cholorobenzene in MDMO-PPV /PCBM mixture.Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsP3HT post production treatment: increased absorption strength in the red Higher conversion ef

22、ficiency Diode characteristics is improved5: 其它處理技術“post production treatment”O(jiān)rganic Materials for electronics & Photonics6: 理想的分子結構“Double Cable” polymersBoth donor and acceptor phases will be percolated at very low filling into a host polymerIsc = 0.42 mA/cm2 Voc = 0.83 VFF = 0.29 (white ligh

23、t 88mW/cm2)Organic Materials for electronics & PhotonicsHybrid polymer/nanoporous TiO2 system Almost all excitons can be split No deadends Polymer chains can be aligned Easy to model Semiconductors can be changedwithout changing the geometry.For efficient photoinduced charge generationTiO2 can b

24、e easily patterned into a continuous network for electron transport.OPV 的產業(yè)現(xiàn)狀u 美國 Konarka 公司： In 2008, Konarka introduced Power Plastic to the commercial market. Konarkas first-generation flexible PSC panel has a three-year lifetime with flexible encapsulation.u德國Heliatek公司： Currently seeking to rai

25、se 60 million from investors to equip and install a new 75MW roll-to-roll production line in Dresden, Germany. Initial volume production of its OPV technology is set for the third quarter of 2012.u美國Solarmer Energy, Inc： Solarmer is targeting three major applications areas for plastic solar panels: consumer & portable electronics, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and smart fabrics. Some products will be available in 2011 or 2013.Heliatek world record cells with 12.0% efficiency on an Heliatek world record