第十六單元 文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)決定出題方向

1、第十六單元 文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)決定出題方向文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是對討論的中心詞的一種論述的邏輯順序。重復(fù)模式是加強(qiáng)中心詞的過程，而作者的情感是對中心詞的看法。文章的內(nèi)容的表達(dá)的順序，語言的排列的順序就是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。文章論述的目的和語言風(fēng)格如果不同，那么構(gòu)建文章的邏輯模式就不同。認(rèn)識到文章的結(jié)構(gòu)可以幫助讀者更好的預(yù)測信息，更好把握段落之間以及段落內(nèi)部的邏輯聯(lián)系，更好的理解中心詞被論述的軌跡。一個段子有主題句，擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。同樣，一篇優(yōu)秀的文章也有論點(diǎn)段，論據(jù)段或原因分析段，結(jié)論段或解決問題層。一 、先總后分模式這種模式通常是給出一個論點(diǎn)，然后后面用大量的論據(jù)來論證，；論據(jù)的目的不是分析原因或預(yù)測趨勢，而是告

2、訴讀者論點(diǎn)的權(quán)威性，以及如何讓論據(jù)更加讓觀點(diǎn)變得豐滿和有說服力。其中論據(jù)的排列方式有兩種：真題回放：Exercise：（文章的主題是人類的進(jìn)化論）Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the grea

3、t universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fif

4、ty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to com

5、mit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offsprin

6、g. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being th

7、e same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills

8、so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years even the pass 100year our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as av

9、erage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 2000年全國研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題Passage 2

10、1.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?AA lack of mates.BA fierce competition.CA lower survival rate.DA defective gene.2.What does the example of India illustrate?AWealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.BNatural selection hardly works among

11、the rich and the poor.CThe middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.DIndia is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.3.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_ .Alife has been improved by technological advanceBthe number of female babies has be

12、en decliningCour species has reached the highest stage of evolutionDthe difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?ASex Ration Changes in Human EvolutionBWays of Continuing Man's EvolutionCThe Evolutionary Future of Natur

13、eDHuman Evolution Going Nowhere啟發(fā)思維：本文的中心是人類的進(jìn)化已經(jīng)結(jié)束，其中第一段講的是進(jìn)化結(jié)束的第一個方面，第二段講的是進(jìn)化結(jié)束的第二個方面。最后一段總結(jié)上文，強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)化論的結(jié)束。答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 二、問題解決型這種思維模式的程序是：首先說明情況，然后提出問題，隨后做出反應(yīng)，做出的反應(yīng)可能解決了問題，也可能沒有或沒有完全解決，最后對此做出評價（evaluation）。注意在手段經(jīng)常談一種現(xiàn)象，結(jié)尾談的是解決方法。分析原因是在中間的段子，分析原因有兩種方式，包括：1.平行并列，即分析原因沒有主要和次要之分。2. 層層否定，即給出原因后馬

14、上給否掉，不斷分析不斷否定上文的原因，直到給出最根本的原因。真題回放：Exercise:(本文的中心是美國人為什么不喜歡記者)Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibi

15、lity project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalist

16、s learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a so

17、cial and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropoli

18、tan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do

19、 volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but

20、in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibil

21、ity project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and

22、gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 2001 Passage 31.What is the passage mainly about?Aneeds of the readers all over the worldBcauses of the public disappointment about newspapersCorigins of the declining newspaper industryDaims of a journalism

23、credibility project2The results of the journalism credibility project turned out tobe .Aquite trustworthyBsomewhat contradictoryCvery illuminatingDrather superficial3The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies intheir _.Aworking attitudeBconventional lifestyleCworld outlookDed

24、ucational background4Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy thereaders owing to its _.Afailure to realize its real problemBtendency to hire annoying reportersClikeliness to do inaccurate reportingDprejudice in matters of race and gender 啟發(fā)思維：本文開門見山談了美國人不喜歡記者的現(xiàn)象，后面層層分析，層層否定。第

25、二段是新聞可信度的調(diào)查工程的研究結(jié)論，這是次要的原因，因?yàn)樽髡咚{(diào)查過于膚淺。后面論證的原因分別是：記者的工作態(tài)度，生活方式，教育背景等等，都被作者否定了。倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句用了“But”說明根本原因是世界觀的不同答案分析：1. 答案B 本題問的是，本短文主要談的是什么?通讀全篇短文，并理解短文主題句Why do to many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?之后，我們就能抓 住本篇短文的中心思想。同時，在第二段作者提到新聞工作者協(xié)會對讀者究竟想要看什么 感到十分搔頭。第三段作者談到讀者對報(bào)紙不信任的原因是大部分新

26、聞工作者以一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 的模式來觀察世界，而且在編輯室文化中有傳統(tǒng)的新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)方法。這種方法對不同的令人 困惑的新聞提供主要的現(xiàn)成的報(bào)導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，答案是(B)本短文主要是談人民群眾對報(bào)紙 感到失望的原因。2. 答案D 本題問的是：發(fā)動新聞工作可信度工程的結(jié)果怎樣?第二段作者談到“這項(xiàng)工程的結(jié)果證 明大部分是低水平的成果，有事實(shí)上的錯誤，拼寫與語法錯誤”。因此，答案是(D)新聞 工作可信度工程的結(jié)果證明是很膚淺的。3. 答案C 本題問的是，作者指出的新聞工作的基本問題是什么?作者在第三段中談到讀者對報(bào)紙的 不信任時指出新聞工作者觀察世界是通過一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模式。他們把每天的新聞事件都放在 這個模式中去觀

27、察。作者在短文第六段中又指出，對新聞媒體的令人驚奇的不信任不是基本 報(bào)導(dǎo) 的不準(zhǔn)確或者報(bào)導(dǎo)技巧很差，而是新聞記者與讀者之間的世界觀不一致。因此，答案是(C) 作者指出的新聞工作者的基本問題在于他們的世界觀。4. 答案A 本題要求考生回答報(bào)紙企業(yè)盡管作了努力仍不能滿足讀者要求的原因是什么。作者在短 文的最后一段談到，混亂的報(bào)紙企業(yè)似乎從未能注意到許多老顧客正在抱怨的文化與階級的 偏見?，F(xiàn)在他們只有把注意力局限在種族與性別上，并尋找在世界觀上、價值上、教育上和 階級上大不相同的讀者。可見報(bào)紙企業(yè)盡管作了努力但仍不能滿足讀者的要求是由于沒 能認(rèn)識到它的真正的問題。因此，答案是(A)。三、 時間變化型

28、這種模式是在文章或自然段的大多數(shù)句子中包含表達(dá)時間的詞匯，通過這些時間詞匯來描述重復(fù)的話題詞的變化過程。這些變化是考試的重要的考點(diǎn)，讀者對敘事篇章的理解是靠一句一句延續(xù)下來的框架，這些句子提供確定的時間、地點(diǎn)和有行為的人物系列，這個框架往往是不能改變的。這種文章時間前后的變化是很明顯的，比如：理論的變化往往是推翻前人的理論，生活態(tài)度的變化可能是從高節(jié)奏的生活到放慢生活節(jié)奏。其中的成分包括過去進(jìn)行式和時間、方式、地點(diǎn)狀語。評價事者以直接或間接方式告訴讀者或聽者故事的可聽性。評價包括情節(jié)發(fā)展的特定時刻對角色發(fā)出的評論。評價手段包括否定形式、將來時、情態(tài)詞、比較詞等。真題回放：Exercise: (

29、本文的中心詞是生活方式的轉(zhuǎn)變)When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a

30、disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I hav

31、e been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized res

32、ignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to

33、 the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, and the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time". In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a

34、 well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as "voluntary simplicity"-has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed ant consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsle

35、tters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend star

36、ted as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late'80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For

37、 the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the'80s,downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. 2001年英語試題Passage 567Whi

38、ch of the following is true according to paragraph 1?AFull-time employment is a new international trend.BThe writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C"A lateral move" means stepping out of full-time employment.DThe writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family

39、.68The writer's experiment shows that downshifting _.Aenables her to realize her dreamBhelps her mold a new philosophy of lifeCprompts her to abandon her high social statusDleads her to accept the doctrine of she magazine69"Juggling one's life" probably means living a life characte

40、rized by _.Anon-materialistic lifestyleBa bit of everythingCextreme stressDanti-consumerism70According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a resultof _.Athe quick pace of modern lifeBman's adventurous spiritCman's search for mythical experiencesDthe economic situation啟發(fā)思維： 本文

41、的首段在講作者的生活的大的變化，從有工作到?jīng)]工作。第二，三段談兩年半之后生活觀念的變化，從緊張的生活到放慢生活節(jié)奏。第四段談這種變化是八十年代到九十年代的趨勢，第五段談的是放慢生活節(jié)奏的原因，第六段講的是這種變化的好處。答案注釋：1答案 B。本題要求考生在選項(xiàng)中辨認(rèn)哪一項(xiàng)是第一段中的事實(shí)。從短文第一段中第二句A lateral movocarecr(傷我自尊并阻礙我業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)步的側(cè)面動作使我決定放棄我的工作)， 我們可以看到作者是受環(huán)境所迫才決定離開她的工作的。2. 答案B本題問的是：作者的實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示出什么?我們從短文第二段中可以看出生活減速的實(shí)驗(yàn)使她 形成新的人生觀。3. 答案C本題是測試考生對“

42、juggling one's life”意思的理解。動詞juggle的意思是“變戲法 ”，“耍把戲”，此處應(yīng)作“掙扎”理解，也就是說工作有壓力或環(huán)境有壓力，很緊張，要 掙扎求生，活得很累。因此，答案是(C)Juggling one's life可能意味著以特別緊張為特征的生活。4答案D本題要求考生回答美國出現(xiàn)生活減速是什么原因?短文第五段第一句話 While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline(美國生活減速的趨勢是 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的反應(yīng))就說明了美國生活減速是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)情況造成的。1本節(jié)所

43、談的篇章的邏輯思維方式也可能從論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)的角度來理解，當(dāng)然也可以從主題與發(fā)展的角度來理解。其本質(zhì)的道理是相通的。2讀者在閱讀或解讀篇章或段落時應(yīng)該注意區(qū)分哪些是表達(dá)中心的層次或句子，哪些是支持中心的層次和句子。而重要的是需要判斷作者是使用怎樣的發(fā)展方式，怎樣的論證方式，或者采用什么邏輯來論證自己提出的觀點(diǎn)。3。在實(shí)際篇章中，一種模式可獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)，也可能與其他模式結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成更大篇章，又可能互相交錯或嵌入，因此一個問題解決模式篇章可能包含時間變化模式，也可能在評價部分包含一個對比比較模式。但是，篇章往往有一種主導(dǎo)模式。 模擬題四篇Text 1Gene therapy and gene-based

44、 drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While its true that just about ev

45、ery cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to

46、 turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when socalled stem cells havent begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic

47、 cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to

48、grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still cant be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stemcell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is reall

49、y just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a fullfledge

50、d animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows wh

51、at Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undevelop

52、ed state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.”1.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues willA aggravate m

53、oral issues of human cloning.B bring great benefits to human beings.C help scientists decode body instructions.D involve employing surgical instruments.2.The word “rejuvenated” (Para. 5) most probably meansA modified. B re-collected. C classified. D reactivated.3.The research at the University of Wi

54、sconsin is mentioned to showA the isolation of stem cells. B the effects of gene therapies.C the advantages of human cloning. D the limitations of tissue replacements.4.Which of the following is true according to the text?A The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B The isolati

55、on of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.C It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.D Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.5.Towards the genetic research, the authors attitude can best be said to be that ofA Frustration. B Indifference. C Amazement. D Op

56、position.Text 2The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (14441510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolu

57、tionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predece

58、ssors, Botticellis work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)The primary reason for Botticellis unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most