專題二--非謂語動詞考點分析與突破

1、專題二 非謂語動詞考點分析與突破考點概要分析非謂語動詞是英語語法教學中的重點和難點之一，同時也是歷屆高考考查的主要語法項目。高考對非謂語動詞的考查側(cè)重于對非謂語動詞的基本用法的考查，即：1. 不定式與動名詞作主語或賓語，分詞與不定式作狀語、定語或賓語補足語；2. 非謂語動詞的省略式和否認結(jié)構(gòu)；3. 非謂語動詞的復合形式：動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)( sb. s doing sth. )，with的復合結(jié)構(gòu)(with + 名詞 / 代詞+非謂語動詞)；4. 分詞作狀語和作定語時，其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化與區(qū)別。下表呈現(xiàn)了湖北高考近年對非謂語動詞的考查內(nèi)容：年份考 點2007with復合結(jié)構(gòu)2008過去分詞作補語

2、補足語2009不定式作賓語；動詞-ing形式作主語2010動詞-ing形式作主語；不定式作定語2011過去分詞作定語；非謂語動詞作狀語；動詞不定式完成式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作補語2012with復合結(jié)構(gòu)；過去分詞短語作狀語；動詞-ing形式作賓語2013動詞-ing形式作狀語；過去分詞作賓語補足語；非謂語動詞作主語解答非謂語動詞試題時，可遵循以下解題思路：1. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，準確識別非謂語動詞, 確定非謂語動詞在句中所作的成分；2. 根據(jù)漢語和英語提示以及動詞的邏輯主語來確定非謂語動詞的形式不定式、動名詞還是分詞、語態(tài)主動還是被動、時態(tài)一般時、進行時還是完成時，是肯定形式還是否認形式；3. 注意提示詞與

3、介詞、名詞以及非謂語動詞等的搭配；4. 檢查是否有信息遺漏，表達是否完整。高考真題展示1. 2010 (不會用) a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)不會用電腦使他做學術(shù)研究更為困難。2. 2010After she completes the project, shell have 沒什么要擔憂的. (worry)在她完成這個項目后，她將沒什么要擔憂的。3. 2011 (把鑰匙握在手上), he looked for them everywhere. (hold)鑰匙握在手上

4、，他卻到處尋找它們。4. 2011A number of paintings in this castle are believed (被毀掉) in a fire in 2009. (destroy)人們相信這座城堡里的一些油畫在2009年的一場大火中被毀掉了。5. 2012With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut)由于越來越多的森林被砍伐，一些動物正面臨著滅絕的危險。6.2012Popularly American films ever made, The Godfather is a milestone of

5、 cinema. (regard) 教父被普遍認為是美國有史以來最好的影片之一，是電影界的一個里程碑。7. 2012The soldier was absent from his camp for three days without . (ask)這個士兵沒有請假就離開營地三天。8. 2013Not my parents, I failed to go to a drama school, where my interest lay. (persuade)由于沒有說服我父母，我沒能上戲劇學校，而那才是我的興趣所在。9. 2013 When I work on the farmland in

6、the daytime, I always to a tree on the riverbank. (keep)白天干農(nóng)活的時候，我總是把羊拴在河邊的樹上。10. 2013As time is pressing, I think is the best way to get from here to the conference centre. (take)由于時間緊迫，我認為從這里去會議中心最好的方法是乘出租車?？键c知識掃描非謂語動詞的用法是一個系統(tǒng)性、綜合性很強的語法點，千萬別記住幾個條條框框就去亂套用。真正領(lǐng)悟非謂語動詞的用法要掌握以下熱點知識：熱點清單1. 考查非謂語動詞作主語2. 考

7、查非謂語動詞作賓語3. 考查非謂語動詞作表語4. 考查非謂語動詞作定語5. 考查非謂語動詞作狀語6. 考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語7. 考查with復合結(jié)構(gòu)考點1. 考查非謂語動詞作主語1. 動詞-ing形式作主語通常表示抽象的或一般性的概念, 而不定式作主語則表示具體的、某一次的行為。Smoking is forbidden in public places. (一般性概念)It is impossible to go swimming this afternoon. (具體的)2. 不定式短語作主語時可轉(zhuǎn)換成it作形式主語，而動名詞作主語用it代替的情況It is no use doing

8、sth.為特定句式則多見于特定句式中。It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.3. 動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首時，只可在動名詞前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格。而動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)不在句首時，則還可用名詞的普通格或代詞賓格作動名詞的邏輯主語。Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried.(不可用Jack)They were worried about Jacks / Jack suddenly disappearing.4. 帶邏輯主語的動詞-ing形式結(jié)構(gòu)作主

9、語時，可以和主語從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。His being elected our team leader made us all very excited. That he was elected our team leader made us all very excited. 他被選為我們的隊長，使我們都很興奮。即時穩(wěn)固1. It is impossible for my question in his absence. answer他不在，我的問題就答復不了。2. in the exam made his head teacher very angry. catch他考試作弊被抓令班主任很生氣。

10、 3. go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. (allow)不準和朋友們一起去遠足讓簡一整天都不太高興。 4. different languages and cultures does a lot of good to children. (expose)接觸不同的語言和文化對孩子們大有裨益?？键c2. 考查非謂語動詞作賓語1. 動詞-ing形式作賓語時，其邏輯主語既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格，也可以是人稱代詞賓格或名詞的普通格。如：She doesnt like Mary / Marys talking

11、 that way.2. 作賓語的動詞-ing形式和不定式的完成式表示該動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.3. 接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞及短語巧記如下：想要干：want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim,claim, would like / love, desire, swear早打算：plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否：agree, promise, undertak

12、e, offer, choose, refuse問問看：ask, beg決定了：decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined盡力干：try, manage (反義詞fail), struggle, strive努力做：make an effort別裝蒜：pretend4. 接動詞-ing形式作賓語的動詞及短語巧記如下：考慮建議盼原諒：consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon承認推遲沒的想：admit, delay / put off, fancy防止錯過繼續(xù)練

13、：avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise否認完成停止賞：deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate不禁介意準逃亡：cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape不準冒險憑想象：forbid, risk, imagine5. 后接動詞-ing形式和動詞不定式意義有別的動詞：1forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事3reme

14、mber to do 記住去做某事(未做) remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4regret to do對要做的事遺憾(后常跟動詞say, tell, inform等) regret doing對做過的事懊悔5try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗、試一試某種方法6mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味著7go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)6. 動詞advise / allow / permit / forbid后要跟doing作賓語，跟to do作賓補。如：We dont

15、allow people to smoke here.The teacher advised taking a different approach.7. need, require, want, deserve作“需要”理解時，其后必須用動詞-ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動式作賓語，表示“某事需要被做”。be worth后須用動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動含義。如：The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed immediately.8. 固定句型1There is

16、no good / point / sense / harmindoing sth. 做某事不好(沒用/沒意義/沒有害處)2have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun(in)doing 做某事有困難 / 無困難 / 有趣3spend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth. 花費時間做某事4cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice / alternative but to do表示“不得不”。5“

17、would rather / had better(not)動詞原形”意為“寧愿 / 最好(不)做某事”。即時穩(wěn)固1. 2013武昌區(qū)期末考 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble the History Museum.find他在這個城市已經(jīng)呆了一段時間，因此毫不費力就找到了去歷史博物館的路。2. 2013武漢市部分中學11月聯(lián)考 When she heard her mothers steps on the stairs, she pretended her composition. (write)聽到媽媽上樓梯的腳步聲，

18、她假裝在寫作文。3. 2013襄陽市第二次聯(lián)考 Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed of to go abroad for further study. (there)自從孩童時代起她就夢想有時機出國深造。 4. 2013龍泉中學10月統(tǒng)考 I really appreciate such a good opportunity. I wont let you down. (give)我十分感激給我這么好的時機。我不會讓你失望的。 考點3. 考查非謂語動詞作表語1. 不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。動詞-ing形式作表語，表示抽

19、象的、一般性的行為。2. 表心理狀態(tài)的interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等現(xiàn)在分詞式形容詞作表語時，強調(diào)外在的表象，意為“令人的”；interested, excited, disappointed, encouraged, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等過去分詞作形容詞作表語時，強調(diào)主觀的感受，意為“感到的”。3. get, become, look, se

20、em, appear, remain等系動詞后都可跟過去分詞，表示主語的被動狀態(tài)。如：remain seated /hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。即時穩(wěn)固1. What he wanted to suggest is and increase the sales. (cut)他想建議的是降價促銷。2. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained due to the volcanic ash cloud. stick在4月，由于火山灰云成

21、千名度假者被困在國外。3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it whether they will enjoy it. (see)去國外度次假對這對老夫婦很有益處，但他們是否會喜歡它仍有待觀察。 考點4. 考查非謂語動詞作定語1. 不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別：to do / to be done作定語一般表示未來動作；過去分詞作定語表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動完成的動作；being done 表示被動的、進行的動作；doing表示正在進行的動作或者經(jīng)常性的動作或現(xiàn)在(或當時)的狀態(tài)；現(xiàn)

22、在分詞的完成式一般不作定語。2. 使用不定式作定語的情況1以下詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? 2不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。如：There is no one to look after her.3不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系。如：I have a

23、lot of work to do.注意： 如果不定式是不及物動詞，后面應有必要的介詞。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 如果不定式的邏輯主語和邏輯賓語都出現(xiàn)在不定式前面，不定式則用主動形式；假設(shè)在句中找不到不定式的邏輯主語，則用不定式的被動形式。注意這兩句話的區(qū)別：Do you have anything to wash today? (to wash的邏輯主語為句子的主語you)Do you have anything to be washed？(to be washed動作不由you完成，而是由“我”或其他人來完成。)3. 一些形容詞化的過去分

24、詞表示已完成的動作或所處的狀態(tài)，意為“已經(jīng)的”。這類過去分詞均為不及物動詞變化而來。如：a fallen leaf落葉 (已經(jīng)落在地上) a falling leaf飄零的落葉 (尚在空中)a developed country發(fā)達國家 a developing country發(fā)展中國家a risen sun升起的太陽 a rising sun冉冉升起的太陽即時穩(wěn)固1. 2012黃岡市9月調(diào)考 Every one of us has many responsibilities ；we cannot avoid them and must do our best to undertake the

25、m. (attach)我們每個人都有依附于我們的責任。我們不能回避這些責任，我們得盡力去承擔。2. 2013武漢市4月調(diào)考Have you got ready for the coming job interview by KFC next week? (give)你為下周KFC舉行的求職面試作好了準備嗎？ 3. 2013襄陽市部分中學11月聯(lián)考Are you in favor of the suggestion ?put你同意彼得提出的建議嗎？ 考點5. 考查非謂語動詞作狀語1. 不定式和分詞作狀語，有一般式和完成式，也有主動式和被動式。完成式表示該動作比謂語動詞動作先發(fā)生。當前后主語一致時

26、，可以按照以下形式選擇使用：1 to do表示目的或結(jié)果(to doin order to do / so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首); only to do表示意想不到的結(jié)果；thus doing表示自然而然的結(jié)果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. (意想不到的結(jié)果)A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops. (自然而然的結(jié)果)2doing sth. 表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作 (主動

27、關(guān)系)；beingadj. / n.常表示原因；being done強調(diào)與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動動作 (“因為正在被”)。如：Hearing the news, they got excited.Being blind, how could they see an elephant?Being repaired, the car cannot be used today.3done表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作；having done 先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(主動關(guān)系)；having been done先于謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作(被動關(guān)系)。如：Not having received an answer,

28、 he decided to write another letter.Given (Having been given) a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over the phone.2. too.to do表示肯定的情況1當only too和 all too與動詞不定式連用時，表示肯定意義。如：Im only too pleased to help you. 我很高興能幫助你。2too ready / anxious / eager / glad / willing (多為表“高興”“易于”“急于”和“樂于”之意的形容詞)to do，其后的動詞不

29、定式具有肯定意義。這時too相當于very。3never (not) too.to. 意為“不會太所以能”之意。如：One is never too old to learn. 諺活到老，學到老。4cannot.too / enough. 意為“再也不過分”之意。如：You can never be careful enough while driving.駕車時越小心越好。3. 有些非謂語動詞短語已經(jīng)游離出來，成為固定短語，當作插入語使用。此時，句子的主語與它們不存在邏輯上的一致關(guān)系。如：1to tell you the truth實話說， needless to say不用說， to be

30、 honest / frank老實說，坦白說， to be more exact更確切地說， to make things worse更糟的是，say that.假設(shè)，not to mention.更不用說2generally / frankly / roughly speaking一般說來 / 坦白說 / 粗略地說，considering.鑒于 / 考慮到，judging by / from.從來看，依據(jù)來判斷，supposing / suppose that.假定, providing that.假定, according to.依據(jù), including.包括, owing to.由于,

31、 talking / speaking of談及3given.考慮到， provided that.如果4. 連詞分詞(短語)有時，為了使非謂語動詞短語與主句的邏輯關(guān)系更清楚，可在非謂語動詞前加連詞。連詞有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before等。但分詞的邏輯主語和主句的主語必須一致。如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.即時穩(wěn)固1. 2012黃岡中學11月月考 the builder several times, he signed

32、the contract at length. negotiate 與建筑商協(xié)商了幾次后，他最終簽了這個合同。 2. 2013湖北部分中學聯(lián)考When his mother came home from work, he was lying on the sofa, his book. (absorb)母親下班回家的時候，他正躺在沙發(fā)上專心致志地看書。 3. 2013武漢市部分中學11月聯(lián)考We rushed to the football court, a sign on which was written “Periodic Maintenance”. (see)我們沖進足球場，結(jié)果只看見

33、球場上一塊牌子上寫著“定期維修”。 4. 2013襄陽市第二次聯(lián)考When first ，iPhone 5 was widely accepted by consumers. (introduce)當?shù)谝淮我胧袌?，iPhone 5就被消費者廣泛接受。 5. 2013襄陽市3月聯(lián)考The noise outside was extremely terrible, thus my study. (concentrate)外面的噪音太大，使我無法集中注意力學習。6. 2013荊州市質(zhì)檢 the possible snowstorm at hand, they determined to stay

34、at home for the holiday. (warn得到告誡可能有暴風雪即將到來，他們決定假期呆在家里?？键c6. 考查非謂語動詞作賓語補足語1. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do sth.，即不能帶復合賓語。hope sb. to do sth. 應改為wish / expect sb. to do sth.welcome sb. to do sth. 應改為sb. be welcome to do sth.agree sb. to do sth. 應改為allow / permit sb. to do sth.sugg

35、est sb. to do sth. 應改為advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should) do sth.demand sb. to do sth.應改為require sb. to do sth. / demand sb. (should) do sth.2. 感官動詞帶賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)公式(以see為例)：see + 賓語 + do / doing / done (主動)主語 + be seen to do / doing / done結(jié)構(gòu)意義：do, to do sth.表示動作的全過程或經(jīng)常性動作；doing表示主動的、正在進行的動作；done

36、表示完成的、被動的動作(如果是不及物動詞則只表示完成的動作)。但在這些動詞的被動式(如果可以變?yōu)楸粍邮降脑?后用作主語補足語的不定式要帶 to。A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.此類動詞及短語有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch (sight of), listen to, hear, feel, find等。3. get / send 帶賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。1get / send賓語doing表示 “使起來”，由靜止到運動并持續(xù)下去。2get賓語to dol

37、et / have sb. do表示“讓某人做某事”。3get賓語donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”。4send賓語to do表示“派某人去做某事”。4. make帶賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。使役動詞make賓語do / done；賓語與do 為主動關(guān)系，與done是被動關(guān)系；如果make 在被動語態(tài)中，作補語用的動詞原形前要加上to。5. have帶賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。1havesth.done意為 “讓某事被(他人)做”。2havesb.doing意為 “讓某人一直做某事”。3havesb.do意為 “讓某人做某事”。注意：have sth. to be done意為 “有要做的事情” (不

38、是主語本人做)；have sth. to do意為 “有某事要做” (主語本人做)?？蓞⒖级ㄕZ用法。6. keep / leave賓語doing (主動動作，且持續(xù)進行) / done (被動狀態(tài))。7. want / order / ask / wish / like賓語(to be) done (賓語與done之間為被動關(guān)系)。8. be reported (said / believed.)to do / to be doing / to have been done 意為“據(jù)報道 (說、認為) 要做 (正在做、做過了)某事”。即時穩(wěn)固1. Mr. White was happy to

39、find his pet dog at home when he was out. (take) 懷特先生高興地發(fā)現(xiàn)當他外出時，他的寵物狗在家被照顧得很好。2. They urged the committee soon. (make)他們極力主張委員會盡快做出決定。3. 2012黃岡市9月調(diào)考Many farmers in the countryside have gone to cities to look for work and left their children behind by their grandparents. (raise)很多農(nóng)村的農(nóng)民去大城市找工作，將他們的孩子留

40、給祖父母撫養(yǎng)。4. 2013武漢市部分中學12月聯(lián)考 The girl under the tall tree was seen all the afternoon. sit有人看見大樹下的那個女孩閑坐在那里讀了一下午的書。 考點7. 考查with復合結(jié)構(gòu)1. with + 賓語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示該動作正在進行With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English 有這么多人每天用英

41、語交流，精通英語將會變得越來越重要。The day was fine, with a fresh breeze blowing 天氣晴朗， 和風輕拂。有時也用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式表示“正在被做”。如：With more and more forests being cut down, some animals are facing the danger of dying out. 由于越來越多的森林正在被砍伐，一些動物正面臨著滅絕的危險。2013湖北卷2. with + 賓語 + 過去分詞過去分詞表示被動，完成It was a pity that the great writer died wit

42、h his works unfinished. 遺憾的是那位大作家去世了，留下未完成的作品。With the problem settled，we felt relieved 問題解決了，我們感到很輕松。3. with + 賓語 + to do 動詞不定式表示將要做的動作The hurricane， with its power to sink ships and to destroy strong walls， had found this little ship in its path 颶風威力無比，它能顛覆船只、毀壞圍墻，一路風馳電掣般來到小船前。With so many dishes

43、to wash, I can not go with you 有這么多盤子要洗，我不能跟你一起去。With so many problems to solve, the newly-elected president will have a hard time. 有如此多的問題要解決，這位新當選的總統(tǒng)日子難熬。即時穩(wěn)固1. 2013湖北部分中學期末聯(lián)考 I cant get down to my work with around. (play)有這么多的孩子在身邊玩耍,我不能開始認真工作。2. 2013武漢武昌區(qū)期末聯(lián)考 With he didnt know what to do next. arise隨著很多問題的出現(xiàn)，他不知道下一步該做什么了。3. 2013武漢市部分中學11月聯(lián)考 The