（全國通用）高中英語 語法復(fù)習(xí)講義+訓(xùn)練 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

1、高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)講義動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一. 概念:時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài).英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的.英語有16種時(shí)態(tài),但中學(xué)階段較常用的有十種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成時(shí),英在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開

2、家。2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。3) 表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：I don't want so much. 我不要那么

3、多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago,

4、 the other day, in 1982等。例如：Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。3)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth

5、 "到時(shí)間了" "該了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過

6、去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：        I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基

7、州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎?3.一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱

8、，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。c. 有

9、跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。3)be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。4. 一般現(xiàn)在

10、時(shí)表將來1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。There goes the

11、bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。Make sure that the win

12、dows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。5. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如：I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have (has) +過去分詞。7.

13、比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, alway

14、s等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)I have seen this film. (

15、強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)Why did you get up so early? (強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭)He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。(錯(cuò))Tom has

16、 written a letter to his parents last night.(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1)It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。注意：It was t

17、he third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容詞最高級+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。9.過去完成時(shí)1) 概念：表示過去的過去-|-|-|-> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在2) 用法a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如：She said (that)she had never been to Paris.

18、 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b. 狀語從句在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們早就跑了。c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能"。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。3)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀

19、語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗?/p>

20、達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。10. 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如：When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。

21、例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.11.將來完成時(shí)1) 構(gòu)成will have done2) 概念a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)

22、上海了12現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and w

23、armer. 天越來越熱了。d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。13. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1)概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, whe

24、n, while等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來，受了傷。It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí)，正下著雨。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽光燦爛。14. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)1) 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如：She'll be coming soon. 她會(huì)很快來的。

25、I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.2)常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。

26、15. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。16. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過去時(shí)1 ) "書上說"，"報(bào)紙上說"等。例如：The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的。2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如：Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的軍隊(duì)正在向前挺進(jìn)，大戰(zhàn)開始了17