《公司理財》相關資料(英文版)(powerpoint 34頁)

1、McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Making Capital Investment Decisions Chapter 8第一頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Key Concepts and SkillsUnderstand how to determine the relevant cash fl

2、ows for various types of capital investmentsBe able to compute depreciation expense for tax purposesIncorporate inflation into capital budgetingUnderstand the various methods for computing operating cash flowApply the Equivalent Annual Cost approach第二頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The Mc

3、Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter Outline8.1 Incremental Cash Flows8.2 The Baldwin Company: An Example8.3 Inflation and Capital Budgeting8.4 Alternative Definitions of Cash Flow8.5 Investments of Unequal Lives: The Equivalent Annual Cost Method第三頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright

4、 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.8.1 Incremental Cash FlowsCash flows matternot accounting earnings.Sunk costs dont matter.Incremental cash flows matter.Opportunity costs matter.Side effects like cannibalism and erosion matter.Taxes matter: we want incremental after-tax c

5、ash flows. Inflation matters.第四頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Cash FlowsNot AccountingConsider depreciation expense. You never write a check made out to “depreciation.”Much of the work in evaluating a project lies in taking accounting n

6、umbers and generating cash flows.第五頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Incremental Cash FlowsSunk costs are not relevantJust because “we have come this far” does not mean that we should continue to throw good money after bad.Opportunity cost

7、s do matter. Just because a project has a positive NPV, that does not mean that it should also have automatic acceptance. Specifically, if another project with a higher NPV would have to be passed up, then we should not proceed.第六頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

8、Inc. All rights reserved.Incremental Cash FlowsSide effects matter.Erosion and cannibalism are both bad things. If our new product causes existing customers to demand less of current products, we need to recognize that.If, however, synergies result that create increased demand of existing products,

9、we also need to recognize that.第七頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Estimating Cash FlowsCash Flow from OperationsRecall that:OCF = EBIT Taxes + DepreciationNet Capital SpendingDont forget salvage value (after tax, of course).Changes in Net

10、 Working CapitalRecall that when the project winds down, we enjoy a return of net working capital.第八頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Interest ExpenseLater chapters will deal with the impact that the amount of debt that a firm has in its c

11、apital structure has on firm value.For now, its enough to assume that the firms level of debt (and, hence, interest expense) is independent of the project at hand.第九頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.8.2 The Baldwin CompanyCosts of test mar

12、keting (already spent): $250,000Current market value of proposed factory site (which we own): $150,000Cost of bowling ball machine: $100,000 (depreciated according to MACRS 5-year)Increase in net working capital: $10,000Production (in units) by year during 5-year life of the machine: 5,000, 8,000, 1

13、2,000, 10,000, 6,000第十頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyPrice during first year is $20; price increases 2% per year thereafter.Production costs during first year are $10 per unit and increase 10% per year thereafter.Annu

14、al inflation rate: 5%Working Capital: initial $10,000 changes with sales第十一頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyYear 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5 Investments:(1) Bowling ball machine100.00 21.76*(2) Accumulated 20.0052.

15、0071.2082.72 94.24 depreciation(3)Adjusted basis of 80.0048.0028.8017.28 5.76 machine after depreciation (end of year)(4) Opportunity cost150.00 150.00(warehouse)(5)Net working capital 10.00 10.0016.3224.9721.22 0 (end of year)(6) Change in net 10.006.32 8.653.75 21.22 working capital(7)Total cash f

16、low of260.00 6.32 8.653.75 192.98 investment(1) + (4) + (6)($ thousands) (All cash flows occur at the end of the year.)第十二頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyAt the end of the project, the warehouse is unencumbered, so we

17、can sell it if we want to.Year 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5 Investments:(1) Bowling ball machine100.00 21.76*(2) Accumulated 20.0052.0071.2082.72 94.24 depreciation(3) Adjusted basis of 80.0048.0028.8017.28 5.76 machine after depreciation (end of year)(4)Opportunity cost150.00 150.00(warehouse)(

18、5) Net working capital 10.00 10.0016.3224.9721.22 0 (end of year)(6) Change in net 10.006.32 8.653.75 21.22 working capital(7) Total cash flow of260.00 6.32 8.653.75 192.98 investment(1) + (4) + (6)第十三頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The

19、Baldwin CompanyYear 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5Income: (8) Sales Revenues100.00163.20249.72212.20 129.90 Recall that production (in units) by year during the 5-year life of the machine is given by: (5,000, 8,000, 12,000, 10,000, 6,000).Price during the first year is $20 and increases 2% per yea

20、r thereafter.Sales revenue in year 3 = 12,000$20(1.02)2 = 12,000$20.81 = $249,720.第十四頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyYear 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5Income: (8) Sales Revenues100.00163.20249.72212.20 129.90 (9) Op

21、erating costs 50.00 88.00145.20 133.10 87.84Again, production (in units) by year during 5-year life of the machine is given by: (5,000, 8,000, 12,000, 10,000, 6,000).Production costs during the first year (per unit) are $10, and they increase 10% per year thereafter.Production costs in year 2 = 8,00

22、0$10(1.10)1 = $88,000第十五頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyYear 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5Income: (8) Sales Revenues100.00163.20249.72212.20 129.90 (9) Operating costs 50.00 88.00145.20 133.10 87.84(10) Depreciation

23、 20.00 32.00 19.20 11.52 11.52Depreciation is calculated using the Accelerated Cost Recovery System (shown at right).Our cost basis is $100,000.Depreciation charge in year 4 = $100,000(.1152) = $11,520.YearACRS % 120.00% 232.00%319.20%411.52%511.52%65.76%Total100.00%第十六頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyr

24、ight 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Baldwin CompanyYear 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4 Year 5Income: (8) Sales Revenues100.00163.20249.72212.20 129.90 (9) Operating costs 50.00 88.00145.20 133.10 87.84(10) Depreciation 20.00 32.00 19.20 11.52 11.52(11) Income before taxes

25、 30.00 43.20 85.32 67.58 30.54 (8) (9) - (10)(12) Tax at 34 percent 10.20 14.69 29.01 22.98 10.38(13) Net Income 19.80 28.51 56.31 44.60 20.16第十七頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Incremental After Tax Cash Flows Year 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Yea

26、r 4Year 5(1) Sales Revenues $100.00$163.20$249.72$212.20$129.90(2) Operating costs -50.00-88.00-145.20133.10-87.84(3) Taxes -10.20-14.69-29.01-22.98-10.38(4) OCF(1) (2) (3) 39.8060.5175.5156.1231.68(5) Total CF of Investment260. 6.328.653.75192.98(6) IATCF(4) + (5)260. 39.8054.1966.8659.87224.66588.

27、51$)10.1 (66.224$)10.1 (87.59$)10.1 (86.66$)10.1 (19.54$)10.1 (80.39$260$5432NPVNPV第十八頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.NPV of Baldwin Company139.8051.588260CF1F1CF0INPV10154.19CF2F2166.86CF3F3159.87CF4F41224.66CF5F5第十九頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/

28、IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.8.3 Inflation and Capital BudgetingInflation is an important fact of economic life and must be considered in capital budgeting.Consider the relationship between interest rates and inflation, often referred to as the Fisher eq

29、uation:(1 + Nominal Rate) = (1 + Real Rate) (1 + Inflation Rate)第二十頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Inflation and Capital BudgetingFor low rates of inflation, this is often approximated: Real Rate Nominal Rate Inflation RateWhile the nomi

30、nal rate in the U.S. has fluctuated with inflation, the real rate has generally exhibited far less variance than the nominal rate.In capital budgeting, one must compare real cash flows discounted at real rates or nominal cash flows discounted at nominal rates.第二十一頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2

31、007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Other Methods for Computing OCFBottom-Up ApproachWorks only when there is no interest expenseOCF = NI + depreciationTop-Down ApproachOCF = Sales Costs TaxesDont subtract non-cash deductionsTax Shield ApproachOCF = (Sales Costs)(1 T) + Deprec

32、iation*T第二十二頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.8.5 Investments of Unequal LivesThere are times when application of the NPV rule can lead to the wrong decision. Consider a factory that must have an air cleaner that is mandated by law. There

33、are two choices:The “Cadillac cleaner” costs $4,000 today, has annual operating costs of $100, and lasts 10 years.The “Cheapskate cleaner” costs $1,000 today, has annual operating costs of $500, and lasts 5 years.Assuming a 10% discount rate, which one should we choose?第二十三頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinC

34、opyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Investments of Unequal LivesAt first glance, the Cheapskate cleaner has a higher NPV.101004,614.46 4,000CF1F1CF0INPV1055002,895.391,000CF1F1CF0INPV10Cadillac Air CleanerCheapskate Air Cleaner第二十四頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2

35、007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Investments of Unequal LivesThis overlooks the fact that the Cadillac cleaner lasts twice as long.When we incorporate that, the Cadillac cleaner is actually cheaper (i.e., has a higher NPV).第二十五頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The

36、McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Investments of Unequal LivesReplacement ChainRepeat projects until they begin and end at the same time.Compute NPV for the “repeated projects.”The Equivalent Annual Cost Method第二十六頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, In

37、c. All rights reserved.Replacement Chain ApproachThe Cadillac cleaner time line of cash flows:-$4,000 100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-$1,000 500 -500 -500 -500 -1,500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -5000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10The Cheapskate cleaner time line of cash flows o

38、ver ten years:第二十七頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Replacement Chain Approach101004,6144,000CF1F1CF0INPV1045004,6931,000CF1F1CF0INPV10Cadillac Air CleanerCheapskate Air Cleaner11,500CF2F25500CF3F3第二十八頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 200

39、7 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC)Applicable to a much more robust set of circumstances than the replacement chainThe EAC is the value of the level payment annuity that has the same PV as our original set of cash flows.For example, the EAC for the C

40、adillac air cleaner is $750.98.The EAC for the Cheapskate air cleaner is $763.80, which confirms our earlier decision to reject it.第二十九頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Cadillac EAC with a Calculator101004,614.464,000CF1F1CF0INPV10750.9810

41、4,614.4610PMTI/YFVPVNPV第三十頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Cheapskate EAC with a Calculator55002,895.391,000CF1F1CF0INPV10763.8010-2,895.39 5PMTI/YFVPVNPV第三十一頁，共三十五頁。McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Quick QuizHow do we determine if cash flows are relevant to the capital budgeting decision?What are the different methods for computing operating cash flow, and when are they impo