韓禮德的系統(tǒng)功能語法

1、Halliday and Systemic-Functional GrammarContentsBrief IntroductionThe Development of SFGSystemic-Functional GrammarComparison between TGG and SFGReferencesBrief Introduction1.1 Halliday uFull name: Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (born 13,April 1925,Leeds, Yorkshire, England)ugot BA in Chinese l

2、anguage and literature at London Unversity in 1947.uFrom 1947 to 1949, studied at Peking University under the supervision of Luo Changpei(羅常培羅常培).uFrom 1949 to 1950, studied at Lingnan University in Guangzhou, tutored by Wang Li (王力王力).uThen he came back to London and got his Ph.D degree under the s

3、urpervision of Firth.uIn 1955, doctoral dissertation “ the language of Chinese Serect History of the Mongols” (元朝秘史元朝秘史), written in a northern Chinese dialect in the 14th century.uTaught linguistics at a number of universities in Britain and America. (London University & Standford University &a

4、mp; The University of Exeter)uIn 1975, moved to Australia and founded the Department of Linguistics at University of Sydney, working there till his retirement in1988.lHalliday has developed ideas stemming from Firths Theories in the London School.lHe is probably the most important representative of

5、the Systemic-Functional School.lHis Systemic-Functional Grammar has had great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and machine translation.His Contributions 1.2 The Components of Systemic-Functional GrammarSys

6、temic-Functional GrammarSystemic GrammarFunctional GrammarIt aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential.It aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the assumption that language system and the forms that makes it up are

7、inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.1.3 The Basis of Systemic-Functional Grammaru Language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction;u Language is inseparable from social activities o

8、f man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomskys TG Grammar which takes the ideal speakers linguistic competence as the object of study.The Development of SFG2.1 The Initial Stage: 1950-1960(初期初期)2.2 The Stage of Scale and Category Grammar: 19602.3 The

9、Stage of Establishment: 1970-1980（中期）（中期）2.4 The Stage of Innovation and Development: 1980-至今至今Systemic-Functional Grammar3.1 Systemic Grammaru The central component of a systemic grammar is a chart of the full set of choices available in constructing a sentence, with a specification of the relation

10、ships between choices. Examples are: Entry ConditionsOptionsEntry ConditionsOptionsNumber pluralsingular thirdsecond firstperson Discussion1.There are also systems of gender, tense and so on. Can you write down their choices like number and person？2.Discuss with your partner about these systems and

11、generalize essential characteristics of all systems.3.Can you judge the system is right or wrong? Why? declarative Mood interrogative third person u In systemic Grammar, the notion of system is made a central explanatory principle, the whole of language being conceived as a “system of systems”. Syst

12、emic Grammar is concerned with establishing a network of systems of relationships, which accounts for all the semantically relevant choices in the language as a whole.u On a very general level, there is the Axis of Choice and the Axis of Chain: Axis of ChoiceAxis of Chain Explanations: (1) The axis

13、of chain deals with the surface aspects of grammar, such as sentence structures, linguistic units, and their ranks (sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme). (2) The axis of choice deals with the meaning aspects of grammar, such as system and delicacy.u In English, we make choices between differ

14、ent types of processes, participants, and circumstances. They are known collectively as the transitivity choices. We first divide the choices into six kinds: material process (John kicked the ball.) behavioural process (John laughed.) mental process (John likes Mary.) verbal process (John said it is

15、 cold in the room.) relational process (John is on the sofa.) existential process (There is a cat on the sofa.) TransitivityTransitivityI like it.The train left five minutes ago.John kicked the ball. Transitivitymaterial processmental process verbal process behavioural process .Action processEvent p

16、rocessInternalised processSupervention processIntention processExternalised processCognition processReaction processPerception processIt puzzled everybody.We can arrange systems on a scale according to the fineness of the distinction. This scale is called scale of delicacy.The delicacy of transitivi

17、tyu When meanings are expressed, people are intentionally making choices in the system network. On this basis, choice is meaning. Halliday believes that there are realisation relationships between various levels. is coded by is realized by which is coded by The choice of meaning (on the semantic lev

18、el) is realised by the choice of the form (on the level of lexico-grammar); the choice of the form is realised by the choice of substance on the phonological level. MeaningWordingSemanticsLexicogrammar (syntax)Sound (or Writing)Phonology3.2 Functional Grammar u Halliday believes that language is wha

19、t it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. He interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language.Three MetafunctionsThe Ideational FunctionThe Interpersona

20、l FunctionThe Textual Function (1) It is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. (2) It mainly consists of “transitivity” and “voice”. This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural reali

21、sations. For example, “John built a new house” can be analysed as a configuration of the function roles: Actor: John Process: Material: Creation: built Goal: Affected: a new house(3) The Ideational Function Voice 語態(tài)系統(tǒng)語態(tài)系統(tǒng)Transitivity 及物性系統(tǒng)及物性系統(tǒng) Transitivity 及物性系統(tǒng)及物性系統(tǒng) In English, we make choices bet

22、ween different types of processes, participants, and circumstances. They are known collectively as the transitivity choices. The basic framework for the representation of process consists of three components: (1) the process itself, (2) Participants in the process, and (3) circumstances associated w

23、ith the process. e.g. The birds are flying in the sky.Types of elementsTypically realised by1.Process1.Verbal group2.Participant2. Nominal group3.Circumstance3. Adverbial group or prepositional phrase Transitivitymaterial process: processes of doingbehavioural process: processes of behavingmental pr

24、ocess: processes of sensingverbal process: processes of sayingrelational process: processes of being existential process: processes of existing or happening Material process: processes of doinglSuch a process is expressed by an action verb (e. g. beat, break, kick), an Actor (logical subject) and th

25、e Goal of the action (logical direct subject, usually a noun or a pronoun). For example: (1) My brother broke the vase. Actor Process Goal (2) The vase was broken by my brother. Goal Process Actor (3) The dean cancelled the department meeting. Actor Process Goal Mental process: processes of sensingl

26、Mental processes fall into three types. They express such mental phenomena as perception (see, look), reaction (like, please) and cognition (know, believe, convince).lA mental process involves two participants, Senser and Phenomenon. Examples are: (1) John saw the murderer. Senser Process Phenomenon

27、 (2) My sister likes the skirt. Senser Process Phenomenon (3) I know that she was absent. Senser Process PhenomenonRelational process: processes of beinglRelational processes can be classified into two types: the attributive and the identifying. The former expresses what attributes a certain object

28、has, or what type it belongs to. The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities. lThese two relations can be further classified into the intensive, circumstantial, and possessive. Examples are: (1) E. E. Cummings is an American Poet. (Intensive) (2) The film lasted two hours. (Circums

29、tantial; Temporal) (3) This bike is Johns. (Possessive)uIn an identifying relational processes, there is an Identifier and an Identified. For example: (1) The mans name is William Sydney Porter. Identified Process Identifier (2) Two times four equals eight. Identified Process IdentifierVerbal proces

30、s: processes of sayinglVerbal processes are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs are “say”, “tell”, “talk”, “praise”, “boast”, “describe”, etc. lIn this type of processes the participants are the sayer, receiver, and verbiage. For example: (1) My watch says that it is nine-thirty. (2

31、) He asked me to write my name. (3) “Will you please remind me when time is up?” he asked. (4) He asked me if I could spare him some minutes. The sayer is not necessarily a human beingThe Receiver can also appear as a participant.The verbiage may be a direct speech or an indirect speech.Behavioural

32、process: processes of behavinglBehavioural processes refer to physiological and psychological activities such as breathing, coughing, sighing, dreaming, crying, and laughing, etc. Generally only one participant, the behaver (often a human) is involved in these processes. Examples are: (1) The girl l

33、aughed heartily. Behaver Process Circumstancial (2) The old man sighed for the days of his youth. Behaver Process Circumstancial Existential process: processes of existing or happeninglExistential processes represent that something exists or happens, as in “ There is a little pig near the house.”, “

34、 There seems to be a problem.”, etc.lVerbs used in existential processes are “be”, “exist”, “arise”, etc. lIn every existential process, there is an existent. For example: (1) There is a new office building at the end of the road. (2) Does life exist on Mars?Voice 語態(tài)系統(tǒng)語態(tài)系統(tǒng)Clause as representationPas

35、sive Process passiveBy: The glass was broken by the cat.Active Process active The cat broke the glass.Affective agent middleProcess active The glass broke. (1)It embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. (2)This includes the various ways the speaker enter a speech situa

36、tion and performs a speech act. (3)The Interpersonal FunctionMood 語氣系統(tǒng)語氣系統(tǒng)Modality 情態(tài)系統(tǒng)情態(tài)系統(tǒng)Speech Functions 話語功能話語功能 Mood 語氣系統(tǒng)語氣系統(tǒng) (1) It is the selection by the speaker of a particular role in the speech situation, and his determination of the choice of roles for the addressee. It is made up of sub

37、ject and finite, and the reminder of the clause is called residue( It has three functional elements: the predicator, Complement, and Adjunct). The subject can be a noun phrase, or a clause. For example: He will give an apple to me tomorrow.Subject Finite PredicatorCompAdjunctMoodResidue(2)Types of M

38、oodDeclarative moodImperative moodExclamative moodInterrogative moodDeclarative moodFull declaratives(most 93.6%)Elliptical declaratives Interrogative moodYes-no interrogative(for one polar questions)WH-interrogative (for content questions)Imperative mood Functions Purposes: goods or services1. Aski

39、ng for permission to do something.2. Calling the audience and the speaker to do something together. In English, the exclamative clauses are introduced by “what” or “how”. E.g. What a fine day it is! Exclamative mood Modality 情態(tài)系統(tǒng)情態(tài)系統(tǒng) u It is another major component of interpersonal function. Accordi

40、ng to Halliday, modality is a form of participation by the speaker in the speech event. It specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.ModalityInclination:Ill give you a hand.Modality obligation:You should go now.Usuality:She often went there.Probablity:The child might

41、 be hers.Modulation(goods & services)Modalization (information)Speech Functions話語功能話語功能lAccording to Halliday, of the various speech roles, two are the most basic: giving and demanding.lIn interpersonal communications, the commodities exchanged can also fall into two kinds: goods & services

42、and information.lSpeech roles and commodities exchanged make up four principal speech functions: offer, command, statement, and question, as in the following table: Commodity exchangedRole in exchangeProposals Goods-&-servicesPropositionsinformationGiving Offer“Would you like the book?”Statement

43、“Hes giving her the book.”DemandingCommand“Give me the book!”Question“Whats he giving her?” (1) It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into coherent and unified texts and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. (

44、2) The Textual FunctionCohesion 銜接系統(tǒng)銜接系統(tǒng)Information 信息系統(tǒng)信息系統(tǒng)Theme 主位系統(tǒng)主位系統(tǒng)Theme 主位系統(tǒng)主位系統(tǒng) (1) It is about which gives the clause its character as a meaning. (2)Types of themeUnmarked themeMarked themeInformation 信息系統(tǒng)信息系統(tǒng)u Information, in its technical grammatical sense, is the tense between what is a

45、lready known or predictable and what is new and unpredicable.u Hence the information unit is a structure based on the function of the Given(已知信息) and the New (未知信息). u In the idealized form each information unit consists of a Given element accompanied by the New.lAccording to Halliday, a sentence is

46、 the simultaneous realisation of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.lExample1:IdeationalMaterial processAction/passiveThis housewasbuiltBy John SmithGoal: AffectedProcess: Material: ActionActor: Agent AnimateInterpersonal DeclarativeMoodResidueSubjectFinitePredicatorAdjunctTextualUnmark

47、ed ThemeThemeRhemeGivenNewlExample 2:Ideational Mental Process(Cognition)Such a tale you will neverbelieve.Phenomenon:reportSenserProcess: Mental: CognitionInterpersonalDeclarativeNegativeResidueMoodResidueComplementSubjectFinitePredicatorTextualMarked ThemeThemeRhemeNew GivenNewCohesion 銜接系統(tǒng)銜接系統(tǒng) (1) It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text, and define it as a text. (2) Textual cohe