昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠類種群分布及季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)

1、昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠類種群分布及季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)摘要目的：了解機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠害情況，為制定有效滅鼠措施提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。方法：用夾夜法測(cè)定鼠密度。結(jié)果：共捕鼠305只，隸屬2目3科5屬6種，鼠密度為23.0（ 3051 328），褐家鼠為優(yōu)勢(shì)鼠種。食品廠和供應(yīng)科鼠密度較高，分別為30.4和30.3；全年鼠密度有2個(gè)高峰期，分別是68月和24月。鼠種構(gòu)成：褐家鼠占58.0（177/305），黃胸鼠占17.8（54/305）,小家鼠占2.6%(8/305),大絨鼠占1.3%(4/305),齊氏姬鼠占11.5%(35/305),臭占8.9%(27/305)。以家棲鼠類為主，占78.4%(239/305);野棲鼠類占21.6%(6

2、6/305)。結(jié)論：昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠害嚴(yán)重，必須采取有效措施，把鼠密度控制在不足為害的水平。關(guān)鍵詞鼠密度種群分布季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)Investigation on Rats Distribution and Regular growth andDecline at Kunming AirportZhou XiaomeiLi FuhuaTao Honget al Health and Anti-Epidemic Station of Yunnan Province Kunming 650022AbstractIn order to know rat distribution and regular gr

3、owth and decline ,to provide scientific basis for rat control, an investigation of rats was carrid out at Kunming airport during April of 1997 to March of 1998.Rats were caught with cages and clips and rat density was measured by the method which rat cages and clips were put in the early evening and

4、 fetched in the next morning once a month. A total of 305 rats were caught, and subordinate to 2 orders 3 families 5 genera 6 species. Rat density was 23.0%(305/1 328),Rattus norvegicus is a species of superior rat at Kunming airport. There are two peak periods of rat density in the year ,June to Au

5、gust and February to April, respectively.The species and their composition ratio are listed below:Rattus norvegicus 58.0%(177/305),R. flavipectus 17.8%(54/305),Mus musculus 2.6%(8/305),Eothenomys miletus 1.3%(4/305),Apodemus cheverieri 11.5%(35/305) and Suncus murinus 8.9%(27/305). Domestic rats wer

6、e of main kinds,78.4%(239/305),wild rats 21.6%(66/305). The result showed that rat infestation was very serious at Kunming airport.It is very necessary to take effective measures and scientific methods to exterminate rats to reduce rat density.Key wordsRats densityDistributionGrowth and declineKunmi

7、ng airport昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)是我國(guó)最早對(duì)外開放的國(guó)際航空港之一，也是西南主要進(jìn)出境航空口岸。為了解機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠害情況，研究防制對(duì)策，于1997年4月至1998年3月進(jìn)行了鼠密度監(jiān)測(cè)。1自然概況昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)位于昆明市東南方的官渡區(qū)，距市中心7km，與城區(qū)相接，占地300ha，地處東經(jīng)105，北緯25，海拔1 885m,平均氣溫21，年降雨量1 8002 100mm，屬亞熱帶溫濕氣候。2調(diào)查方法和材料2.1根據(jù)昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)不同生境，選擇食品廠、供應(yīng)科、職工食堂、候機(jī)樓餐廳、跑道草坪和集裝箱貨場(chǎng)6個(gè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)。2.2定時(shí)、定點(diǎn)布放鼠籠和鼠夾，以新鮮油條為誘餌,晚布晨收,每月1次。3結(jié)果3.1鼠密度13次調(diào)查（其中

8、7月份調(diào)查2次）共布放有效鼠籠和鼠夾1328個(gè)，捕鼠305只，捕獲率23.0%(305/1328)。其中家棲鼠239只,捕獲率18.0%(239/1328)；野棲鼠66只,捕獲率為5.0%(66/1328)；食品廠和供應(yīng)科鼠密度較高，分別為30.4%和30.3%(表1)。表1昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠密度及種群構(gòu)成比地點(diǎn)有效籠夾(個(gè))褐家鼠黃胸鼠小家鼠大絨鼠齊氏姬鼠臭合計(jì)(只)密度(%)只%只%只%只%只%只%食品廠2966066.71718.90022.222.292.29030.4供應(yīng)科1423786.0614.0000000004330.3候機(jī)樓1982268.8618.8412.50000003216

9、.2跑道2371837.548.312.112.11837.5612.54820.3集裝箱2501633.3510.400001531.21231.24819.2食堂2052454.51636.436.812.300004421.5合計(jì)132817758.05417.882.641.33511.52711.530523.03.2種群分布及構(gòu)成共捕鼠305只,隸屬2目3科5屬6種,優(yōu)勢(shì)種為褐家鼠,其次是黃胸鼠和齊氏姬鼠。食品廠、供應(yīng)科、候機(jī)樓餐廳和職工食堂均以褐家鼠為優(yōu)勢(shì)鼠種，其次是黃胸鼠；而跑道草坪和集裝箱貨場(chǎng)以褐家鼠與齊氏姬鼠為優(yōu)勢(shì)鼠種，臭次之（表1）。鼠種構(gòu)成為：褐家鼠占58.0%(177

10、/305),黃胸鼠占17.8%(54/305),小家鼠占2.6%(8/305),大絨鼠占1.3%(4/305),齊氏姬鼠占11.5%(35/305),臭占8.9%(27/305)。以家棲鼠類為主,占78.4%(239/305);野棲鼠類占21.6%(66/305)。3.3季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)全年平均鼠密度為23.0%,有2個(gè)高峰期,分別是68月和24月(表2,1),各月份捕獲鼠均以褐家鼠為主。家棲鼠密度高峰期分別是68月和2月，野棲鼠高峰期分別是9和34月（2），各種鼠季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)見表3。不同生境監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)鼠密度季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)不相一致，食品廠鼠密度最高峰是2月，38月一直居高不下；供應(yīng)科高峰期是78月和23月，候機(jī)樓餐

11、廳為78月，跑道和集裝箱貨場(chǎng)為9月，職工食堂為67月（表3）。 1昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠類季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)2昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)19971998年家、野棲鼠季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)表2昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠類季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)及構(gòu)成比時(shí)間（月)有效籠夾（個(gè)）捕鼠只數(shù)密度（%）褐家鼠黃胸鼠小家鼠大絨鼠齊氏姬鼠臭野棲鼠家棲鼠只%只%只%只%只%只%只%只%4651726.2913.823.100.00046.223.11116.969.25791113.9810.100.000.011.300.022.5810.133.861012928.71514.91110.911.00011.011.02726.722.072218638.95324.0135.952.331

12、.3683.641.87132.1156.881314232.13123.764.610.80043.100.03829.043.191262620.686.321.600.000129.543.2107.91612.7101181411.965.154.200.00010.821.7119.332.5111031413.676.876.800.00000.000.01413.600.012106109.443.810.900.00010.943.854.754.71981414.377.133.111.00000.033.11111.233.12932223.71920.422.200.00

13、000.011.12122.611.13872023.01011.522.300.011.133.444.61213.889.2合計(jì)132830523.017713.3544.180.650.4342.6272.023918.0665.0表3昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)各監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)鼠類季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)時(shí)間（月)食器廠供應(yīng)科候機(jī)樓跑道集裝箱職工食堂籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠籠夾次數(shù)捕鼠只%只%只%只%只%只%413646.210330.000018422.224416.7000524833.311218.2000200024141.70006231043.512216.700023313.62

14、0315.0231147.87562035.7201155.0381642.9351337.135822.9371848.68301033.312866.723521.718633.320420.028932.1928310.71218.320210.0181055.6181055.63000102827.112325.02015.020315.020420.01815.61118422.21119.120525.01800200016425.01222418.21218.320210.015213.31417.12300120630.012216.717002015.019526.31000

15、2181161.110550.02015.01616.319421.11000316637.58450.0200016531.317423.510110合計(jì)2969030.41424330.319.83216.22374820.3254819.22054421.54討論4.1此次調(diào)查共捕鼠305只,鼠密度為23.0%,以家棲鼠類為主,占78.4%(239/305);在6個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)中,食品廠和供應(yīng)科鼠密度較高,分別為30.4%和30.3%,主要原因是庫房和生產(chǎn)間存放大量食物,且外環(huán)境有食物性垃圾堆放,加之室外有灌木叢和綠化帶,為鼠類提供了豐富的食品和有利的棲息場(chǎng)所;職工食堂食物來源豐富,周圍是住宅

16、區(qū)和綠化地帶,故鼠密度亦較高(21.5%);跑道草坪和集裝箱貨場(chǎng)范圍廣,為鼠類提供了隱蔽場(chǎng)所,雖食物性物品少,但由于距農(nóng)村較近,也是鼠類活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。4.2調(diào)查結(jié)果表明，昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠類隸屬2目3科5屬6種，優(yōu)勢(shì)種為褐家鼠，鼠種構(gòu)成相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，以家棲鼠類為主。根據(jù)機(jī)場(chǎng)不同生境選擇的6個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)，其優(yōu)勢(shì)鼠種有所不同，供應(yīng)科、候機(jī)樓餐廳和職工食堂3個(gè)點(diǎn)主要為居民生活及工作區(qū)環(huán)境，鼠種均為家棲類型，以褐家鼠為優(yōu)勢(shì)種；食品廠外環(huán)境復(fù)雜，有大片小灌叢，給野棲鼠類提供了活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，所以鼠種以家棲鼠類為主，兼有野棲鼠；跑道和集裝箱雖為野外生境，但離人活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所較近，野棲鼠和家棲鼠數(shù)量勢(shì)均力敵，野棲鼠分別占47.9%(23/48)、43.8%(21/48)，家棲鼠分別占52.1%(25/48)、56.2%(27/48)。4.3昆明機(jī)場(chǎng)鼠密度較高，究其原因：外環(huán)境復(fù)雜，食物性物品多，綠化范圍廣，加之部隊(duì)和農(nóng)村交織在一起，難以進(jìn)行大范圍的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一滅鼠；環(huán)境治理不力，雜草沒有很好清理，垃圾管理不善，食物廢棄較多；防鼠設(shè)施不健全，部分門窗關(guān)閉不嚴(yán)，致使外環(huán)境鼠類不斷竄入室內(nèi)為害；滅鼠措施不力，方法不當(dāng)，雖然有關(guān)部門根據(jù)我們前期調(diào)查結(jié)果，于1997年10月和1998年1月進(jìn)行2次規(guī)模性滅鼠（大范圍內(nèi)投放毒餌，堵洞,