篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題型解題技巧

1、 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題型解題技巧題型介紹“六選五”、“七選五”題型試題特點(diǎn)給出一篇缺少5個句子的文章，對應(yīng)有六個或七個選項，要求考生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。（考試說明）選項特點(diǎn)：主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）； 過渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）； 注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）閱讀填空題 試題特點(diǎn)要求考生在讀完一篇短文后，根據(jù)文中相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，填寫表格。它要求考生歸納概括文中的要點(diǎn)，并根據(jù)一定的線索把相關(guān)的內(nèi)容以表格的形式有序地表達(dá)出來。閱讀填空屬于綜合能力考查題，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀表述，主要考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語言知識的能力。它既考查考生

2、快速獲取信息的能力，也考查組織信息、表達(dá)信息的能力。測試要求 1. 對文章中所提供的關(guān)鍵信息的正確判斷和采集。 2. 適當(dāng)?shù)木湫娃D(zhuǎn)換。 3. 正確地使用英語解釋英語。 4. 對原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的正確理解。 5. 對主旨大意的歸納。解題技巧“六選五”、“七選五”題型【鏈接高清】1. 通讀全文及選項。2. 分析選項是主題句還是細(xì)節(jié)句。主題句通常在段首或段尾。細(xì)節(jié)句常位于句中。3. 留意選項中的代詞或上下文的代詞。如：it, them, they, he等。4. 留意連詞so, but, however, and等。5. 留意副詞如first, second, third, also等。6. 注意關(guān)鍵詞

3、。有時在文中會出現(xiàn)和選項中一樣的詞，或同義詞或反義詞或解釋說明。7. 留意并列句。如上一句中如有13%，有一個選項中有38%，則選與此相關(guān)的含有數(shù)字的選項。如文章都是Did you.? Did you.? 那么就選有Did you的選項。8. 如果主題句是祈使句，則選項同一位置也應(yīng)選祈使句。9. 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系來決定選項。10.分析干擾項。閱讀填空題 直接信息題 所謂直接信息題，即能直接從文章中找到答題信息句，且能直接套用文中信息句中的某個原詞或短語而不需改變其詞性，甚至不需改變其詞形。例如：根據(jù)信息句“What comes first is to keep an open mind,

4、because everyones ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution.”判斷填空：“Keep an open mind to _”. 但有時為滿足同一單元格中表達(dá)形式一致的原則，而需改變原詞的詞形。 考生帶著表格信息快速瀏覽原文時，應(yīng)學(xué)會帶著問題有意識地在細(xì)節(jié)處和關(guān)鍵處做標(biāo)記。 標(biāo)記段落主題句、文中醒目詞time, age, number, place, suggestions, tips, ways等。表格中的語意表達(dá)一般不完全與文章中的原句表達(dá)相同，它

5、顯得更簡潔、清楚，其表達(dá)方式多為短語，偶爾為句子。因此，找到答題信息句后，考生應(yīng)注意分析、比較、推敲表格與原文在表達(dá)上的異同。此時，首先找到兩者在表達(dá)上的共同點(diǎn)，再推敲其不同點(diǎn)，而后分析文中原句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，比較實詞的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。經(jīng)過這樣一番思考，一定能敲定正確答案。歸納概括題 標(biāo)題歸納題：根據(jù)“文章主旨句大多出現(xiàn)在三個位置：文章首段，一段末二段首轉(zhuǎn)折后信息，文章末段”的特點(diǎn)，可有意識地從上述三個位置找到文章主題句，再加以準(zhǔn)確概括，確定語篇標(biāo)題。此外，常用于概括文章標(biāo)題的詞有：development, history, introduction, study, research, experime

6、nt，information, future。需注意的是，閱讀填空題的標(biāo)題表達(dá)常以(動)名詞短語形式為主。段落歸納題段落歸納概括題常位于表格的左欄，能最大限度覆蓋相應(yīng)行、列或單元格的全部信息，常為名詞、名詞短語或動(名)詞短語。段落主題句多在段首，其次在段尾，偶在段中，因此在讀文章時要尤其注意段首尾，宜及時標(biāo)注主題句。要善于根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系確認(rèn)關(guān)鍵詞。 值得注意的是，有時所填寫的概括詞不能照抄主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞，而需根據(jù)表達(dá)要求改變其詞形或詞性，甚至是另換一詞。 也可以根據(jù)文中信息詞判定概括詞。 例如，根據(jù)how判斷用ways, tips, methods，solutions, etc.；根

7、據(jù)why, because, result in, lead to, be caused by等判斷用reasons, causes；根據(jù)in short, all in all判斷用summary；根據(jù)refer to, be, be called判斷用definition；根據(jù)therefore, thus, so, as a result判斷用result, conclusion；根據(jù)find, discover判斷用findings。組織信息題 所謂組織信息題，即能從文中找到信息句，但需轉(zhuǎn)換原詞的詞性或另用新詞填空。例如，根據(jù)信息句“be responsible for your ow

8、n learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.”判斷填寫“Take _ for ones own learning”，顯然該空應(yīng)填寫“responsibility”，即為原句中形容詞responsible的名詞形式，轉(zhuǎn)換了詞性。 組織信息題的產(chǎn)生是因為表格中的表達(dá)形式不同于原文表達(dá)所致。因此，找到答題信息句后，考生應(yīng)注意分析、比較、推敲表格與原文在表達(dá)上的異同，從而做出正確的推理判斷。值得注意的是，所填入的詞或短語不僅要求拼寫正

9、確，符合語法規(guī)則，還要確保上下左右語義一致。真題再現(xiàn)“六選五”、“七選五”題型1. Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: In London, commuters (乘車上下班的人)dont look at each other. 71 . That is not rudeness people are just too busy to bother looking .D. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all the time.2. _

10、75_ They say it's boring to hear the same songs all the time. But other people enjoy hearing Muzak in public places. They say it helps them relax and feel calm. One way or another, Muzak affects everyone. Some farmers even say their cows give more milk when they hear Muzak!A. Some people don'

11、;t like Muzak.3. Music is often played in public places because it is designed to make people feel less lonely when they are in an airport or a hotel. It has been proven that Muzak does what it is designed to do. Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of Muz

12、ak in the background. _74_ Supermarket shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.D. Factory workers produce 13 percent more.4. A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation. 【鏈接高清】B. Notice your friends feelings and find a way to help them.C. Different people feel stress in different

13、 ways.D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.E. You need to figure out what the problem is.F. And dont forget about your friends.G. Then, find a way to calm down.Everybody gets stressed from time to time. 71 some ways of dealing with stresslike screaming or hitting someonedont solve much. B

14、ut other ways, like talking to someone you trust, can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better.C. Different people feel stress in different ways.Get support. When you need help, reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to a trusted adult, such as a parent or other relative

15、s. 72 they might have had similar problems, such as dealing with a test, or the death of a beloved pet.F. And dont forget about your friends.Dont take it out on yourself. Sometimes when kids are stressed and upset they take it out on themselves. Oh, dear, thats not a good idea. Remember that there a

16、re always people to help you. Dont take it out on yourself. 73 A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.Try to solve the problem. After you are calm and you have support from adults and friends, its time to get down to business. 74 Even if you cant solve it all, you can solve

17、 a piece of it.E. You need to figure out what the problem is.These steps arent magic, but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time, youll help yourself feel better even faster. 75 D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone. 5. A. Balance is the key. B

18、. Encourage your friends to follow a similar plan. C. It is very important to be determined about this. D. Try not to affect others time and just focus on your own. E. Youre better off spending this time with friends. F. You can spend more time on social life than on study. G. Read a few pages of yo

19、ur school book or do some quick chores (雜活), for example. Being a good student doesnt mean you have to drop all social activities and dive into your books. It is still possible to have a healthy social life while getting good grades. _1_. Here is how you can achieve it:A. Balance is the key.Decide f

20、or yourself at the start of the term that you wont let your schoolwork sweep you away. _2_C. It is very important to be determined about this. Write down your weekly schedule on a piece of paper. Chances are, youll have small gaps between classes during the week and more free time at the weekend. Ma

21、ke sure that every time you find yourself in one of those between-class gaps you use the time efficiently. _3_. G. Read a few pages of your school book or do some quick chores (雜活), for example. Set aside at least one large amount of time each week as free time. Keep in mind the law of diminishing r

22、eturns (收益遞減). Past a certain point more hours studying will be of little benefit. _4_. Protect both your free time and your school time carefully. If one starts to infringe (侵犯) on the other that is just the beginning of a long, slippery downhill slope(斜坡). E. Youre better off spending this time wi

23、th friends._5_. This way, you can co-ordinate(協(xié)調(diào)) your free time with theirs. Whenever possible, find social activities that take you off campus and away from your schoolwork. B. Encourage your friends to follow a similar plan.閱讀填空題 Since the earliest civilizations, people have controlled rivers to

24、meet societys demands. Today, rivers are controlled for many reasons, primarily to maintain reliable water supplies for daily, agricultural and industrial needs, for power generation, for navigation (航行), and to prevent flooding. River control is achieved by channelization, a term that covers a rang

25、e of river engineering works, including widening, deepening, straightening and stabilization of banks, and by the construction of dams. An important period of channelization took place in Europe during the 19th century, when many large rivers were straightened and their beds deepened. One of the mos

26、t dramatically changed was the Tisza River, a branch of the Danube that flows through Hungary. The controlling of the Tisza, designed to reduce flooding and make land for agriculture, included cutting off more than 100 meanders (河曲), shortening the rivers length by nearly 400 kilometers.One of the m

27、ost common ways in which people control rivers is by damming them. The past 50 years or so has seen an increase in dam construction worldwide, and at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 800,000 dams globally, some towering more than 200 meters in height.Despite their successes, many

28、dams also cause significant environmental changes that prove harmful. Some particularly deep reservoirs (水庫) can bring about earthquakes due to the stress on their bottom rocks caused by huge volumes of water. Downstream of a reservoir, the river is certainly influenced in many ways: water volume, s

29、peed and quality are all affected, leading to changes in the landscape and among plants and animals.“七選五”題型1. 上句提到“不互相對視”，即為下句的eye contact，上下句順利承接話題。2. 下句的代詞they正是指代some people；下句的it指代上句的Muzak；don't like對應(yīng)it is boring to.，話題和觀點(diǎn)的一致。3. 上句提到在公共場合播放Muzak積極效果。下句接續(xù)說積極效果的具體表現(xiàn)；空格后的一句也提示填入本句邏輯合理。4. (71)

30、根據(jù)空格后句子可知：不同的人減壓的方式不同，是因為他們感到壓力的方式不同。 (72) 前文提到和你信賴的人談話，比如：父母、親戚；減壓求助的另一種方式就是向朋友求助，這里朋友和父母、親戚是并列關(guān)系。 (73) 根據(jù)前文可知：有了壓力和心情郁悶的時候，不要你一個人扛著。Don't take it out on yourself. 那么就得向別人求助。 (74) 根據(jù)后文：你即使不能全部解決所有的問題，但你可以解決一部分?？芍拔膽?yīng)列出問題清單，知道有多少問題。 (75) 根據(jù)前文：你自己會感到越來越好甚至更輕快，可知后文也應(yīng)該是好的感覺。故選D。 5. (1) 短文開篇提到健康的社會生活和取得好成績怎么樣才能兼得，下文接續(xù)A項（關(guān)鍵是保持平衡），點(diǎn)出主題。 (2) 根據(jù)上文“Decide for yourself at the start of the term that you wont let your schoolwork sweep you away.(開學(xué)初就得確定自己不會被功課累垮)”，C項中的it正是指代此事，從語意上二者銜接很好。 (3) 根據(jù)上文“Make sure that every time you find yourself in one of those between-class gaps you use t