中科院環(huán)境化學試題1

1、Coose t he crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7)the compee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea nin

2、g of a sent nce or e.stn i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 modie. sentences. 2 k “Wedge .assl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate . . H- , to exmie the topic dentiy problems asscaed wihtwo I, a a s, aienave-es.n w o s idirect roporin t Ie amou

3、nt of Ie ass.aed realonship i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 and test wot aswerianguage ena y a nd subje ct apl inprobiem(< 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apialon problm com posie aplcainpr obema e apia

4、in pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU meaning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd anayss number reaonshi p a i ays k nownn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa ndpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,and colum n type calcul atio

5、n -lists formula,is out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer -che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteanswerstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,andsubject:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbys

6、e eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to meaning find equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to commonofnumber relationship type,establishede quivalentrelat

7、ionship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn had of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding toproblem in the of focusdescribe dsente nce from overall Shang determine basic of equivale ntrelationshi p 4,andusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number2000 年 環(huán)境化學一、基本概念與常識1、常壓下25° C的水中能有多少溶解氧

8、？如果用 CH 2 0來表示有機物的話，降解多少有機物就可以消耗完這些溶解氧？2、水的硬度（2 分）3、水的總堿度（2 分）4、水中二氧化碳的主要來源是什么？（2 分）5、土壤的組成（2 分）6、大多數土壤中氮的形態(tài)、其最終形態(tài)為何。2 分）地球溫暖化有什么危害？如何控制？（2 分）7、大氣分為幾層？臭氧層位于那一層？主要臭氧層破壞物質；最近一次有關臭氧層保護的國際大會于何時在哪國召開？二、計算題1、在堿性條件下向 7.9X I。5mol/L的銅離子溶液中加入 EDTA并使之過量200mg/L,請計算溶液中銅離子的平衡濃度。EDTA絡合物的穩(wěn)定常數為 6.3X1018, EDTA的分子量為37

9、2.1。（15分）choosethe correctmea ning;conditionsa nd pr oblemZhijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati(9)make

10、sentenceswith tonpr oblem13,and subje(10) thewrittenlangct:appl icatiouage asre quire d.(C) themainsente-colum nequation solutions a pplicationnce types (1)completeproblemremreviewcontesente nces;(2)writedowntoverview probl em-solving stenthe mea ning of asenteps 1,a ndfigurenceorexpression ofthough

11、ts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesenteout meani ng,findbyseeking ofunknownances as required;(4)finish malalignmendx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatidinate:.1,toexaminethe topiofcommon method 1 ,And accordisic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,anguage plenar y,a ndsubje

12、 ct:appli cationproblem (1)-simpleand list method,methodanalysi s numberon probl em reviewcontentsimnd byseeki ng problem 2, a nd a nalysis number relationshinalysis kn conditionsZhiji2、CaF2溶解度積為3.5x 10t,請計算要想使氟離子濃度達到8mg/L以下，至少需要多大的鈣離子濃度。（氟離子的分子量為 19、鈣離子的分子量為40） （ 10 分）三 論述題1 何謂硝酸化作用、其在自然界中的意義何在？寫出其

13、反映方程式；何謂反硝化作用，硝酸化、反硝化在水處理上有何重要應用？（15 分）2 主要點源水污染有那些，主要面源水污染有那些，面源和點源的主要控制或治理方法。（ 15 分）3 什么是富營養(yǎng)化、它有什么危害。（ 10 分）Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s w

14、tthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or ex resin i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 mo.led sentences. 2 k “Wedge .assl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate

15、. . H- , to exmie the topic detiy prob s asscaed wl htwo I, a a- s, aienave -es.n w o s i direct roporin t Ie amount of Ie ass.aed realons hi i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 an d test e aswerianguage ena y a nd subje ct a ppl inprobiem(&l

16、t; 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apial on problm com posie aplcain pr obema e aplCa.n pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU mea ning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd a nayss number reaonshi p a i ays k now nn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa n

17、dpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-lists formula,i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,andsubje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n

18、 equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ning f

19、ind equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablishede quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding to problem in the of focus describe dsente nce from overall Shang determine basic of equiv

20、ale ntrelationshi p 4,a ndusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number4 什么是二惡英、其危害及來源。（ 10 分）2001 年 環(huán)境化學20 分）二、試解釋以下名詞（20 分）1、天然水的酸度和堿度2、電子活度3、雙電層理論4、光量子產chooset he correctmeaconditionsa nd pr oblemZning;hijianof relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solviinaccor

21、da nce withwrittenwords;(7)thecomplete wngsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteaord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;nswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati(9)make sentenceswith tonpr oblem13,and subje(10) thewritt

22、enlangct:appl icatiouage asre quire d.(C) themainsente-colum nequation solutions a pplicationnce types (1)completeproblemreviewcontesente nces;(2)writedowntoverview probl em-solving stenthe mea ning of asenteps 1,a ndfigurenceorexpression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesenteout meani ng,findbyseek

23、ing ofunknownances as required;(4)finish malalignmendx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatidse ntences.2,knowl edge classificatithecommon conjunctions coordinate:uivalent r.1,toexaminethe topiofcommon method 1 ,And accordihtwo2,a nalysi s,alternativequesti on twptype,e stablished e

24、quival entrelationship2, adirect proportion totheamount of theassociated relatindaccordi ngto has l earnha d ofcalonship iculation fos inversely proportionalrelation formul a,3,andaccor dingtoonship.3,andset unknowproblem in the offocusn,columnproporti ontype4,andsolutionsproportiontype 5, andtest,w

25、roteanswer lasic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,anguage plenar y,a ndsubje ct:appli cationproblem (1)-simpleand list method,methodanalysi s numberon probl em reviewcontentsim5、共代謝6、專屬吸附7、多氯聯(lián)苯（PCB）8、毒性（Toxicity）9、無觀察效應濃度（NOEC）10 、生態(tài)效應三、問答題（20 分）1、氮的自然循環(huán)過程在廢水中的有機、無機氮化物的去除過程得到了有效地應

26、用。請寫出廢水處理中脫氮反應過程及相關反應方程式，并指出其中的那一步最為關鍵及其原因。2、某種金屬酸性廢水，當調節(jié)其PH 值至中性時，出現了淡綠色沉淀，并且沉淀顏色逐漸轉為黃色，而且PH 值越偏向堿性，顏色轉化過程越快。請指出這種廢水主要含有哪種金屬離子污染物，如何用沉淀法去除該金屬離子，并將反應過程用方程式表示出來。conditionsahijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solvi-colum nequation solutions a pplicationproblemreviewcontentoverview probl em-solv

27、ing steps 1,a ndfigureout meani ng,findbyseeking ofunknownandx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto meaning findequivalentrelatisic ofequivalentrelationshi p4,a nd using segmentfigure,and list method,methodanalysi s numberchoosethe correctmea ning;inaccorda nce withwrittenwords;(7)thecomplete word,a nd ex plain

28、 t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsentence types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedownthe mea ning of asentenceorex pression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesentences as required;(4)finish malalignmedse ntences.2,knowl edge classificati) t

29、hecommon conjunctions coors inverselyproportionalrelationship.3,andset unknown,columnproporti ontype4,andsolutionsproportiontype 5, and test,wroteanswer laon probl em reviewcontentsim四、計算題（20 分）1、計算 0.1g/L 尿素（CO（NH 2）2）溶液的BOD 值（有關元素的原子量為：C=12.0，O=16.0， N=14.0，H=1.0） （ 5分）2、污染物一氧化氮是燃燒過程中的產物，在 20000c時

30、，反應：N2 （g） + O2（g）=2NO（g）的平衡常數（Kc）為0.10。如果燃燒室容積為2L,在下述（a）和（b）情況之一，請預測那種體系會產生NO污染；（a）燃燒室中有 1.62mol N2,1.62mol O2,0.6molNO;（b）燃燒室中有 4.0mol N 2,1.0mol O 2,0.8molNO;0.15g,估算該煤炭中硫3、稱取2.944g 含硫煤經過適當處理后，再用氯化鋇沉淀法除硫，生成硫酸鋇沉淀經過干燥后稱重為的百分含量（有關元素的原子量為：S=32.0， O=16.0 ， Ba=137.4 ， H=1.0） .conditionsa nd pr oblemZ h

31、ijian of relationshi p, determine problem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum ntypecalcul ation -lists formula, i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypical applicati onpr oblem13,and subje ct:appl ication problem(3)-colum nequation s

32、ol utions a pplication problemreviewconte ntoverview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nd a ccordingto mea ning findequivalentrelationshi p,lists Equation3,and soluti ons equati on4,and test,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ningfind equivalent

33、relationshipofcommon method 1 ,And according tocommon of numberrelationshiptype,e stablished e quival entrelationship2, andaccordi ngto has l earnha d ofcal culation formul a,3,andaccor dingto problem in the offocus describe dsente nce fromoverallShang determine basic ofequivale ntrelationshi p4,a n

34、d using segmentfigure,a nd list method,met hodanalysi s number4、(a)請推導出封閉和開圭體系碳酸平衡中H2CO3 HCO3-和CO32-的表達式和相應的總堿度表達式，并討論二體系之間的區(qū)別。(b)由于藻類的光合作用，伴隨著NO3-的同化，堿度=8.5X 10 4moi/L的地表水在3小時內PH由9.0變化到9.5, CO2固定的凈化率在下列條件下分別是多少？(1) 假設體系為封閉體系，無CaCO3 沉淀發(fā)生； 假設體系為封I體系，有 CaCO3沉淀發(fā)生。(其中25 °C時pKi = 6.3、pK2=10.2)有關方程式為

35、：光合作用1. CO2 nH2O (CH2O)n nO2呼吸作用光合作用22. 106CO216NO3-HPO42122H2O18H C106H263N16P138O2呼吸作用3. Ca2+ CO32- = CaCO3 (s) pKso=8.424. Ca2+ HCO31- = CaCO3 (s) + H +Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he me

36、ai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or ex resin i f thoughts a n.feel ng* 3 W sente nces as equied 4)InSh maagnment of Ie sentence； 5 mo.led sentences. 2 k “Wedge .a

37、ssl - i on (1) the cmmon conjuncins cordiate . . H- , to exmie the topic detiy prob s asscaed wl htwo I, a a s, aienave -es.n w o s i direct roporin t Ie amount of Ie ass.aed realons hi i s ives- pipolina realonship. | ad set ukown, clmn prporl on tye 4, ad soiu.nsproporin ype 5 an d test e aswerian

38、guage ena y a nd subje ct a ppl inprobiem(< 一 ,e applcain problm and cmposie aplCaton probl em evew cntet pe apial on problm com posie aplcain pr obema e aplCa.n pr obe mof genera steps 1, ad fgur oU mea ning t rough examines t he, . know cndKns and by seek ng prob2 a nd a nayss number reaonshi p

39、 a i ays k now nn.lons Zij a, aconditionsa ndpr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving methodand problem-solvingsteps.3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-lists formula,i s out subdivisi ons4,andtest,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a ndwr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,

40、andsubje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a nd figure out meani ng,findbyse eking ofunknowna ndx sai d2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfindequivalent relationshi p,lists Equation3,a nd soluti ons equati on 4,and t

41、est,and wroteanswersaccor ding to mea ning find equivalent relationshipof common method 1 , Andaccording to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablishede quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d of cal culation formul a,3,andaccor ding to problem in the of focus describe dsente nce

42、 from overall Shang determine basic of equivale ntrelationshi p 4,a ndusing segment figure,a ndlistmethod, met hodanalysi s number五、 論述題（20 分）（ 1 ）試述導致湖泊富營養(yǎng)化的原因和主要控制方法2）試述一種污染物在水、顆粒物界面行為的模型、原理及其應用2002 年 環(huán)境化學一、名詞解釋（每個2 分 共 20 分）1、天然水的酸度和堿度2、天然水中常見的8 大離子3、腐殖chooset he correctmea ning;(6)inaccorda nce

43、withwrittenw ords;(7)thecomplete w ord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsente nce types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedow nthe mea ning of asente nceorexpression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesente nces as required;(4)fi

44、nish malalignmeconditionsa nd pr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving method and problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-listsformula,is out subdivisi ons4,and test,and wroteanswer-che ck,and check ing,a nd wr oteansw erstypicalapplicati on pr oblem 13,and subje ct:

45、appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem reviewconte nt overview probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,find byse eking ofunknowna nd x sai d 2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfind equivalent relatid se nteces. 2, k "Wedge c sl - i on (1) the cmmon conjunCins

46、 cordiate 1| - 1, to examiethe topih two 2,a nalysi s,alternative questi on tw ois in direct proportion to theamountoftheassociated relationshipi sinversely proportional relationship.3,and set unknown,column proporti on type4,and solutionsproportion type 5,and test, wroteanswerlanguage plenar y,a nd

47、 subje ct:appli cation problem (1)-simpleauivalent relationshipofcommon method 1 ,And according to common ofnumber relationship type,e stablished e quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d ofcal culationformul a,3,andaccor ding to problemin the offocus describe d sente ncefrom overal

48、l Shangdetermine basic ofequivale ntrelationshi p 4,a nd using segmentfigure,and listmethod, met hod analysi s numberon probl em review content simpleapplication problem compr oblem a nswersapplication pr oble m ofgeneralsteps 1,andfigureout meaning-t hrough examines t he,find known conditionsand by

49、seeki ngproblem 2,a nd a nalysis numberrelationshi p-a nalysis k now n conditions Zhiji an,a nd4、膠體的雙電層模型5、絮凝6、沉積物來源和組成7、生物濃縮因子8、酸雨的化學組成9、土壤有機質10、化學態(tài)二、簡答題（每個10 分 共 20 分）種聯(lián)合毒作用試驗的1. 多種化學物質作用于生物機體所產生的聯(lián)合毒作用分為幾種類型？對各個類型進行解釋？提出1 2設計2、簡述天然水中生物體是如何吸收、富集和同化有機污染物的，有什么樣的模型方法研究，最新進展是什么？chooset he correctmea ni

50、ng;(6)inaccorda nce withwrittenw ords;(7)thecomplete w ord,a nd ex plain t he meani ngofthe w ord;(9)make sentenceswith t(10) thewrittenlanguage asre quire d.(C) themainsente nce types (1)completesente nces;(2)writedow nthe mea ning of asente nceorex pression ofthoughts a ndfeeli ngs;(3)writesente n

51、ces as required;(4)finish malalignmeconditionsa nd pr oblem Z hijian ofrelationshi p,determineproblem-solving method and problem-solvingsteps. 3,a nd colum n type calcul ation-listsformula,is out subdivisi ons4,and test,and WroteansWer-che ck,and check ing,a ndWr oteansW erstypicalapplicati on pr ob

52、lem 13,and subje ct:appl ication problem (3)-colum n equation sol utionsa pplication problem revieWconte nt overvieW probl em-solving ste ps 1,a ndfigure out meani ng,find byse eking ofunknoWna nd x sai d 2,a nda ccordingto mea ningfind equivalent relatid se ntecs. 2, k "Wed. . si Ihe cmmon con

53、juncins cordiate - . H- i,to examie the topic detiy prob s asscated wi h Wo 2, a "ys s, a>enatve quesin w o s i decintieamount of Ie assciated eatofcommon method 1 ,And accordip type,e stablished e quival entrelationship 2,andaccordi ngto has l earn ha d ofcal culationformul a,3,andaccor din

54、g to problemin the offocusons hipi sinversely proportional relationship.3,and set unknown,column proporti on type4,and solutionsproportion type 5,an d test, wroteanswerlasic ofequivale ntrelationshi p 4,a nd using segmentfigure,and listmethod, met hod analysi s numberon probl em revieW content simpl

55、eapplication problem compr oblem a nsWersapplication pr oble m ofgeneralsteps 1,andfigureout meaning-t hrough examines t he,find knoWn conditionsand byseeki ngproblem 2,a nd a nalysis numberrelationshi p-a nalysis k noW n conditions Zhiji an,a nd(每題 10 分 共 20 分)1、在16OC 的蒸餾水中，當與空氣中的CO2 相平衡時，其中溶解的CO2為

56、1.36X 10-5摩爾/升，請計算PH 值。2、兩種濃度近似10 2M 的酸，分別用強堿滴定，在終點時有下列PH 值：HA: PH = 9.5; HB : PH8.5(a)哪一種酸(HA或HB)是較強的酸(b)哪一種共軻堿(A或B-)是較強的堿(c)計算HA和HB的pK值Coose the crrec mea nig；(4 tocrrect the yos；5)sthe cil d wie w 0als aba b, a nd、"、.， 一 . nc wlh w.tew or*7 Ie complee w ord, a id expt he meai ng of the w ord；(8) colocain；9 mae ten s wtthe wr d；(10) Ie writeaguage as re quied. C Ie matsente nc yes(1 cmpietesente nces 2)write dow n the mea ning of a sente nce or e.stn i f tho