Lesson 計(jì)算機(jī)與制造業(yè)

1、Lesson 45 計(jì)算機(jī)與制造業(yè) Lesson 45 The Computer and Manufacturing計(jì)算機(jī)與制造業(yè) The computer is bringing manufacturing into the Information Age. This new tool, long a familiar one in business and management operations, is moving into the factory, and its advent is changing manufacturing as certainly as the steam

2、engine changed it 100 years ago. 計(jì)算機(jī)正在將制造業(yè)帶入信息時代。計(jì)算機(jī)長期以來在商業(yè)和管理方面得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用,它正在作為一種新的工具進(jìn)入到工廠中,而且它如同蒸汽機(jī)在100年前使制造業(yè)發(fā)生改變那樣,正在使制造業(yè)發(fā)生著變革。 【擴(kuò)展1】：MIE，Manufacture Information Engineering制造業(yè)信息化。制造業(yè)信息化將信息技術(shù)、自動化技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)與制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，可以改善制造企業(yè)的經(jīng)營、管理、產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)等各個環(huán)節(jié)，提高生產(chǎn)效率、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 和企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新能力，降低消耗，帶動產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)方法和設(shè)計(jì)工具的創(chuàng)新、企業(yè)管理模式的創(chuàng)新、制造技術(shù)的

3、創(chuàng)新以及企業(yè)間協(xié)作關(guān)系的創(chuàng)新，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)制造和企業(yè)管理的信息化、生產(chǎn)過程控制的智能化、制造裝備的數(shù)控化以及咨詢服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，全面提升制造業(yè)的競爭力。 The basic metalworking processes are not likely to change fundamentally, but their organization and control definitely will. 盡管基本的金屬切削過程不太可能發(fā)生根本性的改變,但其結(jié)構(gòu)形式和控制方式必將發(fā)生改變。 In one respect, manufacturing could be said to be comi

4、ng full circle. The first manufacturing was a cottage industry家庭手工業(yè). The designer was also the manufacturer, conceiving and fabricating products one at a time. Eventually, the concept of the interchangeability互換性 of parts was developed, production was separated into specialized functions, and identi

5、cal parts were produced thousands at a time. 從某一方面可以說,制造業(yè)正在完成一個循環(huán)。最初的制造業(yè)是家庭手工業(yè):設(shè)計(jì)者本身也是制造者,產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思與加工由同一人完成。后來,形成了零件的互換性這個概念,生產(chǎn)被依照專業(yè)功能分割開來,可以成批地生產(chǎn)數(shù)以千計(jì)的相同零件。 【擴(kuò)展2】：in one respect在一個方面，在一點(diǎn)上。 coming full circle 回到原地，完成一個循環(huán)?；Q性指在機(jī)械和儀器制造工業(yè)中，零、部件的互換性是指在同一規(guī)格的一批零件或部件中，任取其一，不需任何挑選或附加修配（如鉗工修理）就能裝在機(jī)器上，達(dá)到規(guī)定的性能要求。

6、Today, although the designer and manufacturer may not become one again, the functions are being drawn close in the movement toward an integrated manufacturing system. 今天,盡管設(shè)計(jì)者與制造者不可能再是同一個人,但在向集成制造系統(tǒng)前進(jìn)的途中,這兩種功能已經(jīng)越來越靠近。 【擴(kuò)展3】：計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)CIMS （Computer Integrated Manufacturing System)是1973年美國的約瑟夫,哈林頓博士 針

7、對企業(yè)所面臨的激烈市場競爭形勢而提出 來的組織企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的一種哲理,是指從產(chǎn)品研 制到售后服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)周期是一個不可分割的 整體,每個組成部分應(yīng)緊密地連接安排,不能單 獨(dú)考慮-生產(chǎn)周期是一系列的數(shù)據(jù)處理過程,不 斷有數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生,產(chǎn)品要進(jìn)行分類、傳輸、分析， 最終形成的產(chǎn)品可作為數(shù)據(jù)的物質(zhì)表示。 CIMS把有關(guān)自動化單元技術(shù),或稱自動化子 系統(tǒng)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來, 充分利用與制造相關(guān) 的一切信息資源,在動態(tài)的競爭環(huán)境中尋求優(yōu) 化方案,其主要目的在于集自動化技術(shù)大成,創(chuàng)造一種整體優(yōu)化的生產(chǎn)模式.CIMS模式主要由工程設(shè)計(jì)、產(chǎn)品加工和生產(chǎn)管理等行為組成。CIMS工作的自動化支持系統(tǒng)主要有計(jì)算機(jī)輔助辦公CAO系

8、統(tǒng).管理信息系統(tǒng)MIS.決策支系統(tǒng)DSS.辦公室信息系統(tǒng),智能管理系統(tǒng)。工程設(shè)計(jì)工作的自動化支持系統(tǒng)主要有計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(Computer Aided Design ，CAD)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝規(guī)劃(Computer Aided Process Planning ，CAPP)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程（Computer Aided Engineering，CAE）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造Computer Aided Manufacturing, CAM）等系統(tǒng)。 It is perhaps ironic that, at a time when the market demands a high degree o

9、f product diversification, the necessity for increasing productivity and reducing costs is driving manufacturing toward integration into a coherent system, a continuous process in which parts do not spend as much as 95% of production time being moved around or waiting to be worked on. 可能具有諷刺意味的是,在市場

10、需求高度多樣化的產(chǎn)品的時候,提高生產(chǎn)率和降低成本的必要性促使著制造業(yè)朝著集成為單調(diào)關(guān)聯(lián)系統(tǒng)方向變化。這是一個連續(xù)的過程,在其中零件不需要花費(fèi)多達(dá)95%的生產(chǎn)時間用在運(yùn)輸和等待加工上。 The computer is the key to each of these twin requirements. It is the only tool that can provide the quick reflexes, the flexibility and speed to meet a diversified market. And it is the only tool that enable

11、s the detailed analysis and the accessibility of accurate data necessary for the integration of the manufacturing system. 計(jì)算機(jī)是滿足這兩項(xiàng)要求中任何一項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵。它是能夠提供快速反應(yīng)能力、柔性和來滿足多樣化市場的唯一工具。而且,它是實(shí)現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)集成所需要的、能夠進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析和利用精確數(shù)據(jù)的唯一工具。 It may well be that, in the future, the computer may be essential to a companys survival

12、. Many of todays businesses will fade away to be replaced by more-productive combinations. Such more-productive combinations are super quality, super productivity plants. The goal is to design and operate a plant that would produce 100% satisfactory parts with good productivity. 在將來計(jì)算機(jī)可能會是一個企業(yè)生存的基本條

13、件,許多現(xiàn)今的企業(yè)將會被生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合所取代。這些生產(chǎn)能力更高的企業(yè)組合是一些具有非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率的工廠。目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)行一個能夠以高生產(chǎn)率的方式生產(chǎn)100%合格產(chǎn)品的工廠。 A sophisticated, competitive world is requiring that manufacturing begin to settle for more, to become itself sophisticated. To meet competition, for example, a company will have to meet the somewhat co

14、nflicting demands for greater product diversification, higher quality, improved productivity, and low prices. 一個采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的、競爭的世界正在促使制造業(yè)開始做更多的工作,使其本身采用先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。為了適應(yīng)競爭,一個公司會滿足一些在某種程度上相互矛盾的要求,諸如產(chǎn)品多樣化、提高質(zhì)量、增加生產(chǎn)率、降低價格。 The company that seeks to meet these demands will need a sophisticated tool, one that will a

15、llow it to respond quickly to customer needs while getting the most out of its manufacturing resources. 在努力滿足這些要求的過程中,公司需要一個采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)的工具,一個能夠?qū)︻櫩偷男枨笞龀隹焖俜磻?yīng),而且從制造資源中獲得最大收益的工具。 The computer is that tool. 計(jì)算機(jī)就是這個工具。 Becoming a “super quality, super productivity” plant requires the integration of an extremel

16、y complex system. This can be accomplished only when all elements of manufacturing-design, fabrication and assembly, quality assurance, management, materials handling-are computer integrated. 成為一個具有“非常高的質(zhì)量、非常高的生產(chǎn)率"的工廠,需要對一個非常復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行集成。這只有通過采用計(jì)算機(jī)對機(jī)械制造的所有組成部分一一設(shè)計(jì)、加工、裝配、質(zhì)量保證、管理和材料裝卸及輸送進(jìn)行集成才能完成。 In

17、 product design, for example, interactive computer-aided-design (CAD) systems allow the drawing and analysis tasks to be performed in a fraction of the time previously required and with greater accuracy. And programs for prototype testing and evaluation further speed the design process. 例如,在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)期間,交

18、互式的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)使得完成繪圖和分析工作所需要的時間比原來減少了幾倍,而且精確程度得到了很大的提高。此外,樣機(jī)的試驗(yàn)與評價程序進(jìn)一步加快了設(shè)計(jì)過程。 In manufacturing planning, computer-aimed process planning permits the selection, from thousands of possible sequences and schedules, of the optimum process. 在制訂制造計(jì)劃時,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助編制工藝規(guī)程可以從數(shù)以千計(jì)的工序和加工過程中選擇最好的加工方案。 On the shop floor

19、, distributed intelligence in the form of microprocessors controls machines; runs automated loading and unloading equipment, and collects data on current shop conditions. 在車間里,分布式智能以采用微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制機(jī)床、操縱自動裝卸料設(shè)備和收集關(guān)于當(dāng)前車間狀態(tài)的信息等形式得到了應(yīng)用。 But such isolated revolutions are not enough. What is needed is a totally

20、 automated system, linked by common software from front door to back. 但是這些各自獨(dú)立的改革還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。我們所需要的是由一個共同的軟件從始端到終端進(jìn)行控制的全部自動化的系統(tǒng)。 The benefits range throughout the system. Essentially, computer integration provides widely and instantaneously available, accurate information, improving communication between

21、departments, permitting tighter control, and generally enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of the entire system. 整個系統(tǒng)都會從中受益。基本上,計(jì)算機(jī)集成可以提供廣泛的、及時的和精確的信息,可以改進(jìn)各部門之間的交流與溝通,實(shí)施更嚴(yán)格的控制,而且通常能增強(qiáng)整個系統(tǒng)的全面質(zhì)量和效率。 Improved communication can mean, for example, designs that are more producible. The NC program

22、mer and the tool designer have a chance to influence the product designer, and vice versa. 例如,改進(jìn)交流和溝通意味著會使設(shè)計(jì)具有更好的可制造性。數(shù)控編程人員和工藝裝備設(shè)計(jì)人員有機(jī)會向產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)人員提出意見,反之亦然。 Engineering changes, thus, can be reduced, and those that are required can be handled more efficiently. Not only does the computer permit them to

23、be specified more quickly, but it also alerts subsequent users of the data to the fact that a change has been made. 因而可以減少技術(shù)方面的變更,而對于那些必要的變更,可以更有效地進(jìn)行處理。計(jì)算機(jī)不僅能夠更快地對變更之處做出詳細(xì)說明,而且還能能把變更之后的數(shù)據(jù)告訴隨后的使用者。 The instantaneous updating of production-control data permits better planning and more-effective schedu

24、ling. Expensive equipment, therefore, is used more productively, and parts move more efficiently through production, reducing work-in-process costs. 利用及時更新的生產(chǎn)控制數(shù)據(jù)可以制訂更好的工藝規(guī)程和更有效率的生產(chǎn)進(jìn)度。因而,可以使昂貴的設(shè)備得到更好的利用,提高零件在生產(chǎn)過程中的運(yùn)送效率,減少在制品的成本。 Product quality, too, can be improved. Not only are more-accurate designs produced, for example, but the use of design data by the quality-assurance department helps eliminate errors due to misunderstandings. 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也可以得到改進(jìn)。例如,不僅可以提高設(shè)計(jì)精度,還可以使質(zhì)量保證部門利用設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),避免由于誤解而產(chǎn)生錯誤。 People are enabled to do their jobs better. By eliminating tedious calculations an