非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法概述：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞）不是真正意義上的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句中都不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。但都具有動(dòng)詞的某些特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。都不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制（即無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化），但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。如：He let me did it.（×）-He let me do it.（） Lily helps me does it.（×）-Lily helps me do it.（） She wanted to be punished by her father.掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)鍵在于：弄清三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞各種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、每種結(jié)構(gòu)所

2、表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念及其主被動(dòng)關(guān)系；弄清楚三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞各自所作的句子成分；不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作同一句子成分時(shí)的區(qū)別；三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他特殊用法。一、三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及每種結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念及其主被動(dòng)關(guān)系（一）不定式名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例一般式主動(dòng)（not）to do發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out. 被動(dòng)(not) to be done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作The teacher wanted the materials to be typed

3、soon.進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)(not) to be doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He happened to be working when the boss came in.完成式主動(dòng)(not) to have done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 被動(dòng)(not) to have been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作1. Im glad to have been invited to

4、visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.完成進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)(not) to have been doing在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前一直在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.（二）動(dòng)名詞名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例一般式主動(dòng)（not）doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作或無(wú)明顯的時(shí)間性（可表經(jīng)常）1. Mike is fond of playing football. 2. Would you min

5、d my opening the window？被動(dòng)(not) being done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或無(wú)明顯的時(shí)間性（可表經(jīng)常）1. He told his past without being asked2. Being scolded isnt a good thing.完成式主動(dòng)(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.被動(dòng)(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作I remembered

6、 having been taken to Beijing three times.（三）分詞 名稱語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式時(shí)間概念及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系舉例現(xiàn) 在 分 詞一般式主動(dòng)（not）doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作Singing a song, he was watching TV.被動(dòng)(not) being done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作Being punished, he is crying.完成式主動(dòng)(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作Having finished the course，we had an exam.被動(dòng)(not) havin

7、g been done發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作Having been warned several times，they became more careful in doing the job.過(guò)去分詞（not）done1. 可以只表一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；2. 可以只表一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作（即發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作）；3. 可以同時(shí)既表被動(dòng)又表完成的動(dòng)作（即發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)之前的動(dòng)作）；1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被動(dòng)） 2. The fallen leaves are yellow.（只表完成）3. The retur

8、ned books looks new.（既表被動(dòng)又表完成）二、三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞各自所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞具有各自不同的詞類特征，因此充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞忠哺鞑幌嗤?。不定式具有名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；動(dòng)名詞具有名詞和動(dòng)詞的特性，在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)；分詞具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，在句中可以作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。（見(jiàn)下面的圖表）。 不定式：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)名詞：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)分 詞： 表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ) 附：三大非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別一覽表非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞種類特征形式所作成分結(jié)構(gòu)否定不定式

9、vnadjadv6種主賓表定狀補(bǔ)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for/of sb. to donot to do動(dòng)名詞vn-4種主賓表定-復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)n's/one's doingnot doing現(xiàn)在分詞v-adjadv4種-表定狀補(bǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)n/pron doingnot doing過(guò)去分詞v-adjadv1種-表定狀補(bǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)n/pron donenot done注意：當(dāng)由現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞變化而來(lái)的形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人或事物時(shí)，可以作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：the dying，the wounded等。三、不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作同一句子成分時(shí)的區(qū)別 （一）、作主語(yǔ)（不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）

10、：1. 所表動(dòng)作的具體含義不同：不定式作主語(yǔ)多表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)多表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：To swim today is a good idea Eating too much is bad for your health. 2. it作形式主語(yǔ)的情況不同：不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢杂胕t作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的不定式主語(yǔ)后置。但動(dòng)名詞作后置主語(yǔ)的情況比較少見(jiàn)，一般限于名詞fun，good，luck，joy，use，pleasure或形容詞foolish，wonderful，good，nice，interesting，useless，worth等作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，才用it作形式

11、主語(yǔ)，將真正的動(dòng)名詞主語(yǔ)后置。如：In a shop，it is important to please customers. It is no use telling him the truth. 常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型有：a waste of time（浪費(fèi)） no good/use（沒(méi)有用處）It is/was + useless/senseless (沒(méi)有用處) doing. hardly any good/use（幾乎沒(méi)用） worthwhile（有價(jià)值、值得） no（無(wú)法） no sense in（沒(méi)道理）There is/was + no point/possibility in

12、（沒(méi)意義） doing. no good/use in（沒(méi)用處） nothing worse than（沒(méi)有比更糟糕的）注意：There is no need for sb to do sth.3. 主謂一致不同：一般情況下，不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：To see is to believe. Laying eggs is her full-time job. Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and連接的多個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大多用復(fù)數(shù)（如果前后動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)義一致，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)）。如：Lying and steal

13、ing are immoral. 說(shuō)謊與盜竊是不道德的。 Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.哭泣無(wú)濟(jì)于解決問(wèn)題。（weeping與wailing均表示“哭”）4. 注意主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的一致性：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也用不定式；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也用動(dòng)名詞。如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.附：動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征和用途，與被修飾詞之間無(wú)邏輯關(guān)系；而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在

14、分詞和被修飾詞（即主語(yǔ)）之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與分詞后面的名詞保持一致。如：The swimming pool is very large. Visiting foreigners were being given the glad hand. 來(lái)訪的外國(guó)人都受到熱烈的歡迎。（visiting為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)） （二）、作賓語(yǔ)（不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）： 不定式作賓語(yǔ)通常表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)通常表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如： Tom likes playing football, but he likes to play basket

15、ball today.1. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的情況不同：（1）有些動(dòng)詞后面只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。注意下面的口訣： 決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish設(shè)法拒絕愿假裝 manage, refuse, care, pretend主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃 offer, promise, choose, plan同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫 agree, ask/beg, help等待發(fā)生付得起 wait, happen, afford失敗威脅記心上 fail, threaten如：I plan to go to Shanghai next week. He

16、decided to help me.（2）有些動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。注意下面的口訣：避免錯(cuò)過(guò) (少) 延期 avoid, miss, delay / postpone建議完成 (多) 練習(xí) suggest / advise, finish, practise喜歡想象禁不住 enjoy/appreciate, imagine, resist/cant help承認(rèn)否定 (與) 嫉妒 admit, deny, envy逃脫冒險(xiǎn) (莫) 原諒 escape / envy, risk, pardon / excuse保持忍受 (不) 介意 keep / keep on, stand, mind

17、 如：Would you mind given me a cup of tea？ He missed catching the early bus. I have finished reading the book. Will you admit having broken the window？ She suggested having lunch at the new restaurant. 有些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后面也只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)： lead to, get down to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to，be addicted to

18、, adjust/adapt to, devote to，object to，get to/be used to（習(xí)慣于），preferto, can't stand（忍不?。?，give up，insist on，keep（on），put off，be worth，be/keep busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem（in），feel/look/seem like，set about，depend on，prevent sb. from，succeed in, thank you for, apologize for等。如：I feel like d

19、rinking a glass of milk.(3)有些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，又可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如：continue，begin，start，prefer，like，love，hate，fear，dread（害怕），propose（打算），can't bear，endure（忍耐），omit（忽略），neglect（忽視），disdain（輕視），scorn（蔑視），protect（保護(hù)），forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help。具體分為下面幾種情況： 、continue，b

20、egin，start等后面接不定式與接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義上沒(méi)有多大區(qū)別。如：The teacher said，“You begin writing now，”and the children began to write. 注意begin和start本身為進(jìn)行式時(shí)；或其前面的主語(yǔ)是物而不是人時(shí)；或其后面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示心理狀態(tài)或精神活動(dòng)時(shí)；begin和start后面要接不定式作賓語(yǔ)（不接不定式）。如：She is beginning to cook supper. It began to rain. I began to understand my past mistakes.、prefer，

21、like，love，hate等后面接不定式與接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義上沒(méi)有多大區(qū)別，但接不定式表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作；接動(dòng)名詞則表示經(jīng)常性的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：He likes swimming，but he doesn't like to swim today，because it is too cold.、forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try，be used to，can't help等動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)后接動(dòng)名詞與接不定式意義上差別很大。區(qū)別如下：a、remember/forget/regret to do sth記起/忘記/遺憾要去

22、做某事 remember/forget/regret doing sth記起/忘記/遺憾曾經(jīng)做過(guò)某事 如：I have forgotten to bring my umbrella. I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.b、go on to do sth表示“（做完一件事之后）接著做（另一件事）”；go on doing sth表示“繼續(xù)作某事（原事）”。如：You ought not to go on living this way. Then he went on to show us how to use it.c、mea

23、n to do sth表示“打算做某事”；mean doing sth表示“意味著某種情況”。如：What do you mean to do with it？ Missing the train means waiting for an hour.d、stop to do sth表示“停下做某事”（指停下來(lái)做另一件事）；stop doing sth表示“停止做某事”（指停止做原事）。如：They asked him to stop talking，but he still went on. He stopped to shake hands with us.e、try to do sth表示

24、“試圖做某事”(to do sth.往往表示某種目的)；try doing sth表示“試著做某事”(doing sth往往表示某種方法或方式)。如：He has been trying to get you on the phone.他一直在設(shè)法打電話找你。 Let's try knocking at the back door.咱們敲敲后邊的門試試。f、be used to do sth表示“被用來(lái)做某事”；be used to doing sth表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”。如：Wood is used to make paper. He is used to getting up ea

25、rly.g、can't help to do sth表示“不能幫助做某事；can't help doing sth表示“忍不住做某事”。如：We can't help to answer this question. We can't help laughing.（4）allow，advise，forbid，permit等動(dòng)詞的后面可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，則接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。故這類動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，應(yīng)接不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。即注意下面三種結(jié)構(gòu)：advise/allow/permit/forbid doing sth, advise/

26、allow/permit/forbid sb to sth-sb be advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden to do sth. 如：The doctor advise (us) not smoking. The doctor advised us to take a week's rest. We were advised to take a week's rest.（5）need，require，want表示主語(yǔ)“需要（被作某種處置）”，后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)均可（表示被動(dòng)含義），注意句式的互換。如：The TV set

27、 needs mending again.=The TV set needs to be mended again.（6）be worth doing.結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)含義，相當(dāng)于be worthy to be done和be worthy of being done結(jié)構(gòu)。如：This book is worth reading.=This book is worthy of being read.=This book is worthy to be read.2. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)的情況不同：不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)（但but/other than，except，besides除外）；動(dòng)名詞則常常作介

28、詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：I have no choice but to accept the fact. What do you like to do besides swim？ She went out of the room without saying anything. Mary is good at dancing.3. it作形式賓語(yǔ)的情況不同：有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如find，think，consider，make，feel等接不定式作賓語(yǔ)且其后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的不定式賓語(yǔ)后置。動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，也要用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的動(dòng)名詞賓語(yǔ)后置，此種情況比較少

29、見(jiàn)。如：I think it better to start off right now. We found it no use doing like that.附： 在動(dòng)詞hope, want, plan, expect, intend, mean, promise, wish的過(guò)去式之后用不定式的完成式作賓語(yǔ)，表示本來(lái)希望或打算做而未做的事，常可以與had + 這些動(dòng)詞ed + to do結(jié)構(gòu)互換。如：I hoped to have met you at the airport, but I was too busy. = I had hoped to meet you at the ai

30、rport, but I was too busy. （三）、作表語(yǔ)（不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）：1. 作表語(yǔ)時(shí)各自所表示動(dòng)作的具體含義不同：不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于名詞，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和具體內(nèi)容，表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或抽象性的概念，主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)常常可以互換；分詞作表語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于形容詞，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)（一般情況下，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)）。如：My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. My job is teach

31、ing English. = Teaching English is my job. Chinese is interesting，so Lucy is interested in Chinese 注意：當(dāng)人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用過(guò)去分詞作主語(yǔ)，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，此時(shí)他們的意義有所不同。如：He is frightened.（他感到害怕。） He is frightening.（他讓人/令人感到害怕。）2. 注意主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的一致性：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也用動(dòng)名詞；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也用不定式。如：Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.附：1.

32、 如果主語(yǔ)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有do，那么作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省去to。如：The only thing he could do was（to）tell the truth.2. 分詞作表語(yǔ)要注意和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、系表結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別開來(lái)：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài)或特征，可以用very修飾；而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，不能用very修飾。過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)也要注意和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)區(qū)別開來(lái)：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或特征；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。如：His speech is very encouraging. Her praise is encouraging us to wo

33、rk harder. The novel is well written. The novel was written by Lu Xun. （四）、作定語(yǔ)（不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）：1. 所表動(dòng)作的時(shí)間含義不同： 不定式作定語(yǔ)多表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，常常用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾的詞的性質(zhì)、特征和用途，不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間性（因?yàn)閯?dòng)名詞只能用一般主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)）?，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)主動(dòng)的、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式不能作定語(yǔ)；過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示一種被動(dòng)的、完成的或被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作，或沒(méi)有一定時(shí)間性的動(dòng)作。如：I h

34、aven't a pen to write with. a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking waterThe falling leaves are yellow. The fallen leaves are everywhere. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式和及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞都可以表示被動(dòng)，但前者表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而后者多表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成了的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。如：The problem being discussed now has something important to do with our everyday life. The p

35、roblem discussed yesterday has something important to do with our everyday life2. 所用形式不同： 不定式可以用各種形式作定語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞只能用一般主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)（被動(dòng)式和完成式不能作定語(yǔ)），分詞只能用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式一般不能作定語(yǔ)，但可以作后置定語(yǔ)）。3. 位置不同：不定式作定語(yǔ)常常放在它所修飾的詞之后；動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)常常放在它所修飾的詞之前（因?yàn)閯?dòng)名詞只能用一般主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)）；單個(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在它所修飾的詞之前（如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感，則要放在后面），分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)常常放在它所修飾的詞后面

36、。如：There is nothing to worry about. a swimming pool，a sleeping car，drinking water （動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)） boiling water，boiled water I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感） 4. 所指不同：不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾詞的動(dòng)作，與被修飾詞之間有邏輯關(guān)系（主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）；動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明被修飾

37、詞的性質(zhì)、特征和用途，與被修飾詞之間無(wú)邏輯關(guān)系。如：the way to do the work, the sleeping car/the swimming pool, falling/fallen leaves附： 1. 常用不定式作定語(yǔ)的情況：(1) 當(dāng)名詞被the first，the last等序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或no，all，any等修飾時(shí)，常用不定式的一般式作定語(yǔ)，而不管動(dòng)作是否已經(jīng)完成。如：He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

38、He has no right to do it.(2)不定式常用來(lái)修飾表示抽象意義的詞，常見(jiàn)的有right（權(quán)利），ability，chance，answer, belief, reason, reply，attempt，key，way，moment，time, idea, fact, excuse, promise, 等。如：Could you at least make an attempt to smile，Jim？（吉姆，你起碼試著笑一笑，行嗎？） Do you have the ability to read and write in English？2. 不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾的名

39、詞或代詞之間常常構(gòu)成的幾種關(guān)系。（1）邏輯主謂關(guān)系：不定式和它所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。如：He is the first person to come and the last one to leave.注意：此時(shí)不定式常常用主動(dòng)形式。（2）邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：不定式和它所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：He has nothing to do. 注意：A、此時(shí)要求不定式為及物動(dòng)詞（如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面必須有相應(yīng)的介詞，即“不及物動(dòng)詞 + 介詞”）；并且不定式常常也用主動(dòng)形式。如：He has nothing to do. T

40、here is nothing to worry about. The boy cried as he had no children to play games with. There is no room to live in. I haven't a pen to write with.B、不定式修飾名詞time，place，way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。如：He had no money and no place to live.（不是no place to live in）C、這種“動(dòng)詞不定式 + 介詞”修飾名詞/代詞，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞（which，w

41、hom）+ 不定式”。如：Jim had only ten yuan to buy a present with.=Jim had only ten yuan with which to buy a present （3）同位關(guān)系：不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。如：His wish to become an artist has never come true3. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與被修飾詞之間的位置詳解：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)的分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在它所修飾的詞的前面（如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感，單個(gè)的分詞也要放在后面；同時(shí)，如果被修飾的詞是every/some/any/nothing/nobody/no one所形

42、成的不定代詞或指示代詞those時(shí)，即使單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，也要放在被修飾的詞后面），分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在它所修飾的詞的后面。如：boiling water，boiled water He is the only one of those invited.I don't know the doctor sitting on the chair. Look！The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感）4. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與被修飾詞之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系及主被動(dòng)關(guān)系）：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)（指現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式），多表示“說(shuō)話時(shí)正

43、在進(jìn)行”或“與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)進(jìn)行”或“經(jīng)常性的”動(dòng)作，且被修飾的詞是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作邏輯上的執(zhí)行者；而過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，多表示分詞動(dòng)作“先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作”或“沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性”，且被修飾的詞是過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)作邏輯上的承受者。如：Do you know the boy lying under the big tree？（表同時(shí)或正在進(jìn)行） The man selling vegetables has gone.（表經(jīng)常） The book borrowed from the library returned yesterday.（先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作） He is a teacher respected b

44、y all. （沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性）5. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有兩種詞性情況：一種是具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，此時(shí)分詞和它所修飾的詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；另一種是分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成了形容詞，不再具有動(dòng)詞特性，此時(shí)可以用very修飾，甚至有比較級(jí)的變化。如：falling/fallen leaves developing/developed countries a（more）promising young man（一個(gè)有前途的青年，promising已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成了形容詞）6. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式）不能作定語(yǔ)（但非限制性后置定語(yǔ)則可以用分詞的完成式）,若要表達(dá)此含義，應(yīng)分別用定語(yǔ)從句和過(guò)去分詞代替

45、。如：The teacher criticized the student having broken the window.（×） -The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.（） At last we found the house having been built several years ago. （×）-At last we found the house built several years ago.（）The old man, having worked for 20 yea

46、rs, is on the way to his motherland.（)分詞完成式作非限制性后置定語(yǔ) （五）、作狀語(yǔ)（不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別）：1. 作狀語(yǔ)的種類不同： 不定式多作目的、結(jié)果、程度和原因狀語(yǔ)；分詞多作時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。注意：某些表示喜怒哀樂(lè)的形容詞在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后面常常用不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)，其余時(shí)間多用分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示出乎意料之外的結(jié)果；而分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示意料之中的結(jié)果。在帶有enough或too得句子里，常用不定式作程度狀語(yǔ)。如：She swept to hear the bad news. Im very glad

47、 to hear the good news. Having been late for class，he says sorry to his teacher. （作原因狀語(yǔ)） He tried his best to arrive there only to find some waste paper. He died，leaving his wife alone.（作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)） He is old enough to go to school. She is too tired to do the job. 2. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)（多作目的、結(jié)果、程度和原因狀語(yǔ)）： （1）作目的狀語(yǔ)（可以放在

48、句首或句中，在句中作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)一般不用逗號(hào)隔開）：He stopped to have a rest.=To have a rest，he stopped. 注意：in order to和so as to后面都可以接不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，但in order to可以放在句首或句中，而so as to則只能放在句中。如：In order to catch the first bus，he got up early.=He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus. （2）作結(jié)果/程度狀語(yǔ)： 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)為意料之外的結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果/

49、程度狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的五種搭配：so.as to do.，such.as to do.，enough（.）to do.，too.to do.（程度狀語(yǔ)）；only to do.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）。如：Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police. It is such a good book for me as to read it three times. He is old enough to go to school. She is too young to go to school. He broke into the room，only to f

50、ind an empty box.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，意料之外） （3）作原因狀語(yǔ)：不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)與作目的狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別在于：前者表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作，而后者后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作；同時(shí)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以在不定式前面加上in order或so as，而不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)則不能，并且當(dāng)句中表語(yǔ)為喜怒哀樂(lè)的形容詞時(shí)，其后面才用不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)。如：She swept to obtain sympathy.（作目的狀語(yǔ)） She swept to hear the bad news.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）Im pleased to meet you.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）3. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)（多作時(shí)間、條件

51、、原因、方式和伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以用相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)代替）：（1）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：Walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine.=When（I was） walking in the street，I came across an old friend of mine. While/When waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily.=While/When he was waiting for the bus，he read a copy of China Daily. H

52、aving finished his homework，the boy went out.=After he had finished his homework，the boy went out. Taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.=After we had been taken round the city，we were impressed by the city's new look.（2）作條件狀語(yǔ)。如：Walking ahead，you will see a white hous

53、e.=If you walk ahead，you will see a white house. Given another chance，I can do it better.=If I had been given another chance，I can do it better.注意：當(dāng)分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和條件狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)可以根據(jù)需要在分詞前面加上相應(yīng)的表時(shí)間和條件的引導(dǎo)詞when, while, before, after, if等, 還可以變成相應(yīng)的時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句（見(jiàn)上面（1）、（2）。（3）作原因狀語(yǔ)。如：Being ill，he didnt go to school.=As h

54、e was ill，he didnt go to school. Tired out，they stopped to have a rest.=Because they were tired out，they stopped to have a rest.（4）作方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ)：如：He sat on the sofa，watching TV.=He sat on the sofa and watched TV. Laughing and talking，they went into the classroom.=They laughed，talked and went into the cl

55、assroom. He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall. 注意：、作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞表示的動(dòng)作，必須是主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）同時(shí)發(fā)生（不可能發(fā)生在之前），或是對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)）作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，所以一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式、過(guò)去分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，只用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。、分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若表示“正在被.”的概念，常常用過(guò)去分詞，而不用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式。如：Being followed by some officials，he went out.（×）-Followed by some officials，he went out.（）（5）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)（意料之中的結(jié)果）。如：Her mother died in 1990，leaving