虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想

1、虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式 來表示。If I were you, I would go at onee.如果我是你，我馬上就會(huì)去。（非真實(shí)，虛擬語氣）If there were no air, people would die.如果沒有空氣，人就會(huì)死亡。（非真實(shí)，虛擬語氣）用法及動(dòng)詞形式一、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況：從句：主語+過去時(shí) 主句：主語+should/would/could/might+do1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella

2、.如果我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。（事實(shí)：我不可能是你）2.lf I knew his telepho ne number, I would tell you.如果我知道他的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)告訴你。（事實(shí)：不知道）3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果沒有水和空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生物。（事實(shí)：地球上既有空氣也有水）4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我?guī)уX了，我就會(huì)借給你些。（事實(shí)：沒帶錢）5.If he s

3、tudied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通過考試了。（事實(shí)：沒有努力）二、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況從句：主語 +had done 主句：主語 +should/would/could/might+have done1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早至U那兒，我就會(huì)見到她。（事實(shí)：去晚了）2.If he had take n my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.女口果他聽我的勸告的話，

4、就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。（事實(shí)：沒有聽我的話）三、表示對(duì)將來情況的主觀推測從句：if+主語+were to do主句：主語 +should/would/could/might+do if+ 主語 +did/were 主語 +should/would/could/might+do if+ 主語 +should+do 主語+should/would/could/might+do1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.女口果他哪天來這兒的話，我就跟他談?wù)?。（事?shí)：來的可能性很?。?.If there were a he

5、avy snow n ext Sun day, we would not go skat ing.女口果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了。（事實(shí)：不知能否下雪）3.If she were to be there next Mon day, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一來這兒的話，我就會(huì)告訴她這件事的始末。四、有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，結(jié)果主句和條件從句的謂語動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生 時(shí)，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 從句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí) 不符。女口：If I had worked hard at schoo

6、l, I would be an engin eer, too.女口果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會(huì)成為一個(gè)工程師了If they had in formed us, we would not come here now.女口果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)來這里了。 從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。If he were free today, we would have se nt him to Beiji ng.女口果他今天有空的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her.要是他認(rèn)識(shí)她的話，他肯

7、定會(huì)去問候她了。五、當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞含有 were, should, had時(shí)，if可以省略，這 時(shí)條件從句要用倒裝語序，即將 were, should, had等詞置于句首，這種多用于 書面語。女口：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us.如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。Had he lear nt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如

8、果他懂一些電腦知識(shí)的話，我們已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。六、非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來，只暗含在副詞、介詞短 語、上下文或其他方式表示出來，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句，在多數(shù)情況下，條 件會(huì)暗含在短語中，如 without.,but for 等.But for his help, we would be worki ng now.要不是他的幫助，我們還會(huì)在工作呢。Without your in structi on, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)取得如此大的進(jìn)步。We didn ' t know hi

9、s telephone number; otherwise we would have telepho ned him.我們不知道他的電話號(hào)碼，否則我們就會(huì)給他打電話。七、有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來表示說話人 的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。省略從句 He would have fin ished it.他本該完成了。You could have passed this exam.你應(yīng)該能通過這次考試了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it.要是我得到它了該多好啊。、用在wish后的賓語從句a、表示與

10、現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式eg. I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。（事實(shí)：我根本比不上你）b、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞：had+do neeg:.I wish I had kn ow n the truth of the matter.我希望我原來知道這件事的真相。（事實(shí)：原來不知道）c、表示將來難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望謂語動(dòng)詞：should/would +動(dòng)詞原形eg. I wish I should have a cha nee aga in.我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。(事實(shí)：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了)(注：if only和as if/a

11、s though也有相同用法)用在目的狀語從句中1. 在for fear that, in case, lest引導(dǎo)的從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為： should +動(dòng)詞原形。并且should不能省略She exam ined the door aga in for fear that a thief should come in.她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。2、在so that, in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為：can / may

12、 / could / might / will / would / should +動(dòng)詞原形。He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近說話的人以便能聽得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信 讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個(gè)單詞。其他用法1、一想要(desire)二寧愿(prefer)三命令(order. comma nd) 四建議(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(dema

13、nd. require. request. desire.insist) 中，無論主 句謂語動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都用：“should +動(dòng)詞原形”或只用 動(dòng) 詞原形”。He suggested that we (should) takethe teacher' s advice.He insisted that we (should) takethe teacher' s advice.He d ema nd that we (should) takethe teacher' s advice.He ordered that we (should) taket

14、he teacher' s advice.insist如果翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種動(dòng)作才用虛擬語氣；翻譯成堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)就不用虛 擬語氣。女口： He insists he is a student.他堅(jiān)持說他是個(gè)學(xué)生。這個(gè)語句表示的是事實(shí)，因此在這個(gè)語句中不能使用虛擬語氣。suggest意為建議”才用虛擬語氣，意為 暗示”則不用虛擬語氣。女口： His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。這個(gè)句子本身是事實(shí)，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。2、表情緒.觀點(diǎn)的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如:necessary、important、 impos

15、sible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity 等。句型：It isthat +主語從句，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用should+原型 或只用動(dòng)詞原型。3、在even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如:Eve n if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。（事實(shí)：他沒來）Nobody could save him eve n thou

16、gh Hua Tuo should come here.即使華佗在世也救不了他。（事實(shí)：華佗不在世）4、在 whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever ，however, no matter wh-word等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚簃ay +動(dòng)詞原形。We will fin ish it on time no matter what may happe n.不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時(shí)完成。We will find him wherever he may be.無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。Iwill wait f

17、or him no matter how late he may come.不管他來的多么晚，我都會(huì)等他。指過去：may +完成式。女口：You mustn ' t be proud whatever great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲。We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.不管他犯過什么錯(cuò)誤，我們必須尊敬他。5、 一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客 觀事實(shí)不相符

18、的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：過去had +過去分詞現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)（be用were ） 將來過去時(shí)（be用were ）I ' d rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。I ' d ratherou were here now.我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。we d rather you went here tomorrow.我們倒想你明天去那兒6、 虛擬語氣還可用在定語從句中，表示： 早該做某事了 ”時(shí)，定語從句中的謂 語動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is （high / about） tim

19、e that + 主 語+動(dòng)詞的過去式/ should +動(dòng)詞原形，即從句用虛擬過去式。It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。It is high time you should go to work.你早該上班了。7、簡單句中的虛擬語氣（1）說話時(shí)，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。 其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should +動(dòng)詞原形。Would you mi nd my shutt ing the door?我把門關(guān)起來你介意

20、嗎？You should always lear n this less on by heart.你要把這個(gè)教訓(xùn)牢記于心。Ishould agree with you.我應(yīng)該同意你的觀點(diǎn)。（2）表示 祝愿”時(shí)，常用may +主語+動(dòng)詞原形。 女口： May you have a good journ ey! 祝你一路順風(fēng)。May your youth last for ever!祝你青春永駐。（3）表示強(qiáng)烈的 愿望” 祝愿”時(shí)，常用動(dòng)詞原形。Long live theCommu nist Party of Chi na.中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲。God bless us.上帝保佑。（4）習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的

21、虛擬語氣。提出請求或邀請。女口： Would youlike to have a talk with us this eve nin g?今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的單車嗎？ 陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會(huì)很高興。 I wouldtry my best to help you.我會(huì)盡力幫助你。提出勸告或建議。如：You' d better ask your father first.你最好先問一問你的父親。You shouldmake a full invest

22、igation of it first.你應(yīng)該先全面調(diào)查一番。 提出問題。如： Do you thi nk he could get here on time?你認(rèn)為他能按時(shí)來嗎？Do you expect he would tell us the truth?你期望他會(huì)告訴我們真相嗎？ 表示對(duì)過去情況的責(zé)備時(shí)，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have + 過去分詞。女口：You should have got here earlier.你應(yīng)該早就至 U這里了。You should have returned it to him.你應(yīng)該把它還給他了。省略連詞if有時(shí)可將條件從句的連

23、詞if省略，但此時(shí)應(yīng)用倒裝句型，即將從句中的were,should, had 等提到句首：Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是湯姆，我會(huì)拒絕。 I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要，我會(huì)去的。Had it notbee n for the bad weather we would have arrived in time.若不是天氣壞，我們就準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)了。 【注】若條件從句為否定句，否定詞 not應(yīng)置于主語之后，而不能與 were, should, had 等縮略成 Weren t, Shouldn ' t, Had

24、而置于 句首。 有時(shí)省略if后提前的had不是助動(dòng)詞：Had I time, I would come.假若我有時(shí)間，我會(huì)來的。(=If I had time )省略條件句的主語和其后的動(dòng)詞 be若主從句主語一致，且謂語部分包含有動(dòng)詞be,通?？蓪⒅髡Z和動(dòng)詞be省略:If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 下，拖拉機(jī)就不會(huì)拋錨了。（=If it had bee n repaired earlier省略 “ it+be ”要是早點(diǎn)兒修一)If n ecessary, I would send more farm-h

25、a nds to help you. 會(huì)派更多的民工去幫你。（=If it was necessary, I would 省略整個(gè)條件從句如果需要的話我)這樣的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略條件從句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：I might see her perso nally. It wouldbe better.我可以親自去看她，這樣好一些。(二- If I saw her personally, it would be better.)編輯本段在含蓄條件句中的用法 條件暗含在短語中。如：We didn ' t know his telephone

26、number;otherwise we would have telepho ned him.我們不知道他的電話號(hào)碼，否則我們就會(huì)給他打電話。(暗含條件是 otherwise ) Without your help, we wouldn have achieved so much.沒有你的幫助，我們不可能取得這么大的成績。(暗含條件是介詞短語 without your help ) But for your help, I would nothave succeeded in the experime nt.如果沒有你的幫助，我的實(shí)驗(yàn)就不會(huì)成功。（暗含條件是 but for your help

27、 ） It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the beari ng immediately.不立即潤滑軸承就會(huì)引起很大的故障。（暗含條件是 not to lubricate the bearing immediately ）（2）條件暗含在上下文中。如： I would not have done it that way.我是不會(huì)那么做的。（可能暗含 if I were you ） I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come toif I hadn' t been你可以參加我們

28、的討help you.我那天很忙。否則我會(huì)來幫你的。（可能暗含busy.） You might come to join us in the discussion.論。(可能暗含 if you wan ted to ) I would have bought the DVD player. 我 是會(huì)買下那臺(tái)影碟機(jī)的。(可能暗含if I had the money ) But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.要不是碰到暴雨，我們還會(huì)早些到。(可能暗含if it had not bee n for the storm )。虛擬語氣一.概念

29、：用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。二真實(shí)條件句用陳述語氣1 真實(shí)條件句表示的假想是真實(shí)的或有可能性2 .句型：條件從句（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）+主句（shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形3. 注意：當(dāng)表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)三.虛擬語氣用于非真實(shí)條件句中1 .表示同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假想，可以表示現(xiàn)在，過去或?qū)淼那闆r2 .表示同過去事實(shí)相反的假想句型：條件從句（過去完成時(shí)had done ） +主句（should/would have+過去分詞）3 .表示對(duì)將來的假想句型：條件從句為一般過去式；主句為should+

30、動(dòng)詞原形 條件從句為were+動(dòng)詞原形；主句為would 條件從句為should+動(dòng)詞原形；主句為would4. 表示錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的條件有時(shí)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去，一個(gè)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在。5. 虛擬條件句的倒裝虛擬條件句的從句部分含有 were, should,或had時(shí),可省略if，再把were, should或had移到從句的句首，實(shí)行倒裝。6. 特殊的虛擬語氣詞should1）在主語從句中的應(yīng)用It is dema nded / necessary / a pity + that等結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用should加動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。It is可用的詞有三

31、類 that （should） dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, dema nded, requested, in sisted等importa nt, n ecessary, n atural, imperative, stra nge等a pity, a shame, no won der 等2）在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用像 order, suggest, propose,在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中,require, dema nd, request, i nsist, comma nd, in sist +(should ) d

32、o 等。例如:I suggest that we (should ) hold a meeting next week. 我建議下周召開個(gè) 會(huì)議。He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建議"或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)"，即它們 用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí)，賓語從句用陳述語氣。3）在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用suggesti on, proposal, idea, pla n, order,

33、 advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。wish的用法1）wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 其賓語從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：主句從句從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作（be的過去式為were）現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（had +過去分詞）過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí) 將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望將來時(shí)would/could +動(dòng)詞原形8. 比較 if only 與 only ifonly if表示"只有"；f only則表示"如果就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語氣。9 .It i

34、s （high） time thatIt is （high） time that后面的從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。1O.need "不必做"和"本不必做"did n't need to do表示過去不必做某事，事實(shí)上也沒做。need n't have done 表示過去不必做某事，但事實(shí)上做了。相關(guān)練習(xí)題1. （B） The volleyball match will be put off if it.A. will rainB. rai nsC. rainedD. is rained考點(diǎn)：真

35、實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。1 ）在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.（錯(cuò)）If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.（對(duì)）If you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用 shall （will）+動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式1. （C） to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID.

36、 Was I考點(diǎn)：在虛擬條件狀語中如果有 were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略， 主語提前，變成were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從 句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were Inot to do,而不能說 Weren't I to do 。2. (D) There was pienty of time. She.A. must n't have hurriedB. could n't have hurriedC. must not hurryD. n eed n't h

37、ave hurried考點(diǎn)：need n't have don e.意為"本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不 必要。Must n't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為could n't have don e,"不可能已經(jīng)"。must n ot do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。虛擬語氣經(jīng)典習(xí)題1. If I had had eno ugh time, Imy work.A. would fin ishB. must have fini shedC. would have fini shedD.

38、had fini shed2. Ten minu tes earlier, theythe pla ne.A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught3. Mr. Gree n requires that the stude ntsa compositi on every other week.A. writeB. writte nC. would writeD. will write4. Had he studied hard, he the exam.A. would passB. could pass

39、C. had passedD. would have passed5. I wish Iwhat is happe ning there in his room.A. knowB. knownC. knewD. should know6. It is importa nt that yousports every day.A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have7. If there were no water in the world, everythi ngA. will dieB. would dieC. would have diedD.

40、 would have bee n dead8. What was going to happe n ,I would n ever have left her alone.A. Had I knownB. If I knowC. If I knewD. If had I known9. He ordered that the workA. should finishB. fini shedC. would be fini shedD. be fini shed.10. Shall we go to the movie ton ight?No, I ' d rather at home

41、 with our baby. You ' d better not leave it to the babysitter at ni ght.A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay11 . in your positi on, I would help him.A. Was IB. Were IC. If I amD. If I had been12. I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain.A. mean to comeB. meant to comeC. had meant to comeD. me

42、ant coming13. Mrs. Black in sistsin that old hotel.A. not to stayB. not stay ingC. stay ing notD. that he not stay14. If you had spoke n clearly, you would.A. un dersta nd itB. have un derstoodC. be un derstoodD. have bee n un derstood15. If youthat late movie last night, you wouldn' t be so sleepy.A. haven ' t watchedB