AlcoholAndAppetite

1、AlcoholAndAppetiteAlcoholAndAppetite:DoesThisDrinkMakeMeLookFat?喝酒會讓人長胖嗎？Itisn'tjustthebeerthatcontributestobeerbellies.Itcouldalsobetheextracalories,fatandunhealthyeatingchoicesthatmaycomewithmoderatedrinking.酒肚的形成并不只是因為啤酒本身。飲酒會使人攝入額外的卡路里和脂肪、選擇不健康的飲食，這些也都是形成啤酒肚的幫兇。Arecentstudyfoundthatmenconsum

2、eanadditional433calories(equivalenttoaMcDonald'sdoublecheeseburger)ondaystheydrinkamoderateamountofalcohol.About61%ofthecaloricincreasecomesfromthealcoholitself.Menalsoreporteatinghigheramountsofsaturatedfatsandmeat,andlessfruitandmilk,onthosedaysthanondayswhentheyaren'tdrinking,thestudyshow

3、ed.近期一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，男性在飲酒量適中的情況下，會額外攝入433卡路里熱量(相當于一個麥當勞雙層吉士漢堡)。約61%的多余熱量來自酒類本身。研究還表明，男性在飲酒時會比平日攝入更多飽和脂肪和肉類，而減少水果和牛奶的食用量。Womenfaredabitbetter,takinginanextra300caloriesonmoderate-drinkingdays,fromthealcoholandeatingfattierfoods.Butwomensincreaseincaloriesfromadditionaleatingwasntstatisticallysignificant,thes

4、tudysaid.女性的情況略好，適量飲酒時會多攝入300卡路里，來源于酒和油膩食物。研究也指出，從數(shù)據上來看，女性因食物攝入量增加而造成的熱量攝入增加并不顯著。'Menandwomenatelesshealthilyondaystheydrankalcohol,'saidRosalindBreslow,anepidemiologistwiththefederalNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismandleadauthorofthestudy.Poorerfoodchoicesondrinkingdayshavepublic

5、-healthimplications,'shesaid.流行病學家羅莎琳德布雷斯洛(RosalindBreslow)說：男性和女性喝酒的時候吃得都不太健康。她是這項研究的帶頭人，效力于美國國家酒精濫用及酗酒問題研究所(NationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism)。她說：是飲酒時的食物選擇不當給公眾健康造成了隱患。Thefindingsdovetailwithcontrolledlabstudiesinwhichparticipantsgenerallyeatmorefoodafterconsumingalcohol.Researchers

6、suggestthatalcoholmayenhance'theshort-termrewardingeffects'ofconsumingfood,accordingtoa2010reportinthejournalPhysiologyBehaviorthatreviewed研究發(fā)現(xiàn)previousstudiesonalcohol,appetiteandobesity.與實驗室對照實驗相吻合，在實驗中，參與者往往在喝酒之后食量更大。生理學與行為學(PhysiologyBehavior)期刊在2010年發(fā)表了一項關于酒精、食欲與肥胖的報告，研究者認為酒精會增進攝入食物時的短期獎

7、賞效應。Butotherstudieshavepointedtoadifferenttrend.Moderatedrinkersgainlessweightovertimethaneitherheavydrinkersorpeoplewhoabstainfromalcohol,particularlywomen,thisresearchhasshown.Moderatedrinkingisconsideredhavingabouttwodrinksadayformenandoneforwomen.但是其他研究的結果卻截然相反。一項研究表明，長期以來，適量飲酒的人體重增長比酒量大或者滴酒不沾的人

8、更慢，特別是在女性群體中。適量飲酒指的是，男性每天大約喝兩杯酒，女性為一杯。'Peoplewiogaintheleastweightaremoderatedrinkers,regardlessofalcoholicbeveragechoice,'saidEricRimm,anassociateprofessorofepidemiologyandnutritionatHarvardMedicalSchoolandchairmanofthe2010reviewofalcoholinthefederaldietaryguidelines.Theweight-gaindifferenc

9、eismodest,andistartingtodrinkisnotaweight-lossdiet,'hesaid.埃里克利姆(EricRimm)說:體重增長最少的人都是適量飲酒的人，無論選擇的是何種(酒精)飲料。他是哈佛醫(yī)學院(HarvardMedicalSchool)流行病學與營養(yǎng)學副教授，也是2010年美國飲食指南酒類評論的主席。他說，體重增長的差異并不顯著，所以開始喝酒并不是個減肥辦法。Thevariousresearcheffortsformpartofalong-standingdebateabouthowalcoholaffectspeople'sappetit

10、es,weightandoverallhealth.Researcherssaytherearen'tsimpleanswers,andsuggestthatindividuals'metabolism,drinkingpatternsandgendermayplayarole.各種各樣的研究促成了持久的爭論：到底酒精是如何作用于人的食欲、體重和整體健康的。研究者們說答案并不是單一的，每個人的新陳代謝、飲酒方式和性別都會有一定的影響。Alcoholis'arealwildcardwhenitcomestoweightmanagement,'saidKarenMi

11、ller-Kovach,chiefscientificofficerofWeightWatchersInternational.Atsevencaloriespergram,alcoholisclosertofatthantocarbohydrateorproteinincaloriccontent,shesaid.Alcoholtendstolowerrestraint,shenotes,causingapersontobecomemoreindulgentwithwhatthey'reeating.WeightWatchersInternational首席科學官卡倫米勒-科瓦奇(K

12、arenMiller-Kovach)說，酒精的確是控制體重時的一個未知數(shù)。她說，以每克七卡路里來計算，酒精的卡路里含量比起碳水化合物和蛋白質更接近脂肪。她還提到，酒精會減弱人們的自制力，這使得人在吃東西時更加放縱自己。Researchbolsteringtheroleofmoderatedrinkinginhelpingtocontrolweightgainwaspublishedin2004inthejournalObesityResearch.Thatstudyfollowednearly50,000womenovereightyears.Anearlierstudy,publishedi

13、ntheAmericanJournalofEpidemiologyin1994,followedmorethan7,000peoplefor10yearsandfoundthatmoderatedrinkersgainedlessweightthannondrinkers.Studiescomparingchangesinwaistcircumferenceamongdifferentgroupshaveyieldedsimilarresults.肥胖研究(ObesityResearch)期干ij在2004年發(fā)表的一項研究肯定了適度飲酒在幫助控制體重增長中的作用。這項研究在八年間追蹤了近50,

14、000名女性。更早的一項研究發(fā)表于1994年的美國流行病學雜志(AmericanJournalofEpidemiology),該研究對7,000人進行了10年的追蹤，并發(fā)現(xiàn)適量飲酒的人比不喝酒的人體重增長得更少。兩項研究都對不同組別腰圍的變化進行了比較，并得出了相似的結論。Dr.Rimmsaiditisn'tclearwhymoderatedrinkingmaybeprotectiveagainsttypicalweightgain,butitcouldhavetodowithmetabolicadjustments.Afterpeopledrinkalcohol,theirheart

15、rateincreasessotheyburnmorecaloriesinthefollowinghour.利姆說適量飲酒者似乎可以抵抗一般的體重增長，其原因尚不明確，但可能與代謝調節(jié)有關。人們飲酒后，心跳加快，所以他們會在接下來的一小時里燃燒更多卡路里。It'samodestamount,'hesaid.Butifyoutakeanindividualthateats100caloriesinsteadofaglassofwine,thepersondrinkingtheglassofwinewillhaveaslightincreaseintheamountofcalori

16、esburned.'這一消耗量并不算高，他說。但是如果一個人吃了100卡食物，而另一個人喝了一杯酒，喝酒的人消耗的卡路里會略多一些。Foodchoicescouldalsoplayarole.Somestudiessuggestthatwomenwhodrinkalcoholeatfewersweetfoods,possiblybecausealcoholstimulatesthesamepleasurecenterinthebrainassweets,saidDr.Rimm.Thatisn'tseenasconsistentlyinmen.酒后對于食物的選擇也有一定影響。利姆

17、說，一些研究表明，女性在飲酒后較少吃甜食，很可能是由于酒精與甜食一樣刺激了腦部愉悅中樞。這一點在男性身上并無明顯規(guī)律。Menhavemoreofthealcoholdehydrogenasegroupofenzymesthatmetabolizesomealcoholinthestomachthanwomen,saidAndreaN.Giancoli,spokeswomanfortheAcademyofNutritionandDietetics,aprofessionalorganization.安德烈婭N詹科利(AndreaN.Giancoli)說，相較于女性，男性體內擁有更多乙醇脫氫？，可

18、將胃里的酒精分解代謝。她是專業(yè)機構營養(yǎng)與飲食學會(AcademyofNutritionandDietetics)的新聞發(fā)言人。Onetheoryforwhatthismightmeanisthatwomen'sbodiesdivertalcoholnotbeingbrokendowninthestomachtoadifferentmetabolicpathwaythatresultsinmorecaloriesbeingburned,saidMs.Giancoli,aregistereddietitiannearLosAngeles.Asaresult,fewercaloriesfro

19、malcoholmaybestoredinwomenasfat,shesaid.這位身處洛杉磯附近的營養(yǎng)學家詹科利還說，有一個理論可以解釋這種說法，女性的身體會將酒精轉移，而不是在胃里分解輸送到不同的代謝通道，這會導致消耗更多卡路里。她說，結果是，較少的來自酒類中的卡路里會被轉化為脂肪儲存于女性體內。Anotherfactorisdrinkingpatterns.A2005studyintheAmericanJournalofEpidemiologylookedatdatafrom45,896drinkers.Itfoundthatasthequantityofdrinkingincrease

20、dfromonetofourdrinksinaday,thesubjects'body-massindexincreased.另一個影響因素是飲酒習慣。美國流行病學雜志2005年的一項研究參照了45,896名飲酒者的數(shù)據。結果表明，隨著每日飲酒量從一杯到四杯逐漸遞增，飲酒者的身體質量指數(shù)也會上升。'PeoplewhodranktheleastoftenbutdrankmoreonthedaysthattheydrankhadhigherBMI,'saidDr.Breslow,whoco-authoredthestudy.研究合著者布雷斯洛說：平時很少喝酒但偶爾大量飲酒的

21、人身體質量指數(shù)更高。Dr.Breslow'slateststudy,whichfoundcaloricintakeincreaseswithmoderatedrinking,didn'tlookatassociationsbetweenalcoholandbodyweightortrackfoodchoicesanddietsovertime.Shesuggestedthatpeoplewhoincreasetheircaloricintakewithmoderatedrinkingonedaymightcompensatethenextdaybyconsumingless.布

22、雷斯洛的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，卡路里吸收會因適量飲酒而增多，但研究并未考察酒精和體重之間的聯(lián)系，也未追蹤食物選擇和長時間的飲食規(guī)律。她認為因適量飲酒而攝入了更多卡路里的人會在第二天少吃一點作為彌補。Thestudy,whichappearedintheMayissueoftheAmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition,analyzeddatafromtheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyandincluded1,864mostlymoderatedrinkers.這項研究發(fā)表于5月的美國臨床營養(yǎng)學雜志(AmericanJ

23、ournalofClinicalNutrition),其對美國國家健康與營養(yǎng)檢測調查(NationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey)中1,864名通常適量飲酒的人的數(shù)據進行了分析。Anotherstudy,whichlookedatdatafromnearly16,000individualsoverayear,concludedthatasalcoholconsumptionincreasedtherewasadeclineindietquality.另一項研究參考了近16,000人全年的數(shù)據，得出的結論是飲食的質量隨著酒精攝入量的增加而降低。Tha

24、tresearchwaspublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociationin2010.這項研究刊登在2010年的美國營養(yǎng)協(xié)會雜志(JournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociation)上。DavidJensen,a56-year-oldwhoconsidershimselfoverweight,sayscuttinghisdailydrinkortwohelpedhimreducenighttimesnacking.Youhaveaglassofwineandthenit's,ohman,Ineedcheesewiththat,orIneedchocolate.Youendupeatingallthisotherstuff,'saidMr.Jensen,wholivesnearSeattleandworksasatranslatorforfinancialclients