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1、單選題的技巧一:如何做名詞從句和定語從句獻給2017屆高考考生2017年的高考即將來臨,經(jīng)過對歷年高考單選題的研究,本人總結了一些??嫉幕绢}型,現(xiàn)介紹如下。第一節(jié)首先,考生們要清楚單選題一般都是考某些語法知識,只是題目的語境很貼近現(xiàn)實生活,有時代氣息。暫不管題目的意思是什么,它主要還是考語法結構方面的知識,這是其一。其二就是先看單選題的ABCD四個選項(注意是選項不是題目),由選項判斷考什么知識,這一點尤其重要。附??贾R:復合句(2-3題),非謂語動詞(1-2題),情態(tài)動詞虛擬語氣(1題),時態(tài)語態(tài)(1-2題),特殊句式(1-3題),交際用語(1題),常用單詞的意思:名詞,動詞,動詞短語,
2、形容詞副詞,代詞,介詞,冠詞(4-5題)其次,復合句和非謂語動詞這兩個題型,考生需要有最基本的保證,那就是要清楚簡單句的五種基本句型,如下: 1.主系表結構(SVP) = 主語+連系動詞+表語2.主謂結構(SV) = 主語+謂語動詞3.主謂賓結構(SVO) =主語+謂語+賓語4.主謂雙賓結構(SVOiOd)=主語+謂語+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物體、事物)5.主謂賓賓補結構(SVOC)=主語+謂語+賓語(人)+賓語的補足語(動作)上面這五個基本句型您都會判斷嗎?趕緊去了解了解,不然會吃虧。可以這樣理解:既然是簡單句,就是只有一個動詞的句子,這個動詞就是主要的謂語動詞。(但考題中肯定不止一個動
3、詞!)所以考生一定要先把動詞找出來哦。只要你理解三類動詞一:be動詞:主要形式有is,am,are,was,were等。就把它們就叫做連系動詞吧。I am a boy二:及物動詞:可以直接加人或物體的動詞。例如“做事情的做-do,did,does?!?,“訪問-visit,”“花費-spent、cost,take”。 I visit Xiamen , I spent money 三:不及物動詞:不可以直接加人或物體的動詞。例如“死亡-die”“工作work”“同意-agree” She works , The man died請看:動詞前為 主語。連系動詞后為 表語。及物動詞和介詞后為 賓語。(
4、特此說明:雙賓是動詞后有一個人和一個物。賓補是動詞后先一個人/物,然后再加一個動作do,doing,to do,done,也可以是形容詞等)I spent money (spent后是money,那money是賓語)He gives me a book (give后是me和book,一個人一個物,me是間接賓語,book直接賓語,合在一起雙賓)He asked me to visit him (ask后是me,還有一個動作to visit him,me是賓語,to visit him是補充me的,做補語,可以構成-àI visit him)不及物動詞后用 狀語 修飾名詞和代詞前后用
5、定語 修飾。第二節(jié)在第一節(jié)的基礎上理解了五個基本結構,接下來我們再了解一個概念:什么是復合句(從句)可以這樣理解:復合句(從句)是由簡單句構成的,簡單句只有一個動詞,復合句就是有兩個或以上的動詞構成的句子。就是說題目中有好多個動詞。還有一個條件要滿足:在某個動詞的前面還必需有連接詞/關系詞。什么是連接詞/關系詞呢:請看:名詞從句:(主語、賓語、表語從句) *同位語從句高考不考,狀語從句的就不列了。連接詞WhatWhichWhoWhomWhenWhereHowWhyIfWhether ThatIt形式定語從句:關系詞WhichWhoWhomWhoseWhenWhereWhyThatAs上面框框里
6、的就是連接詞/關系詞了。我們再理解一遍:從句就是由“連接詞/關系詞”開始+動詞 一起構成的那個句子。分類:1.如果 連接詞/關系詞 后只有一個動詞了,一般連接詞/關系詞后面都是從句2.如果 連接詞/關系詞 后有兩個動詞,一般從句就是連接詞/關系詞開始到第二個動詞前的句子看例句:1. He said that the text was important. 兩個動詞,一是said二是was ,在was 前有連接詞或關系詞that 因此從句是that the text was important2. What we need is more time在這句話中有動詞“need”和be動詞“is”,
7、need動詞前有連接詞或關系詞“what”因此從句就是what開始到第二個動詞is前的句子 即:what we need 是從句。不知道此時你會不會找從句了?單選題的設置就是要我們選出合適的 連接詞或關系詞 嘛。因此你看到ABCD是連接詞或關系詞的,那就是考從句的題咯。 從句在哪呢,就是橫線后的那個句子嘛。到此我們就認清了從句的位置了,鼓掌一下。 第三節(jié)繼續(xù)從句有好多啊,主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句,定語從句。怎么才能知道是考什么從句呢?這個時候我們先找到從句的位置第二節(jié)知識(橫線后的那個句子),把那個句子當作一個整體,再看看這個整體是放在哪的。要用到第一節(jié)的知識了。還是一樣:動詞前為 主語從
8、句連系動詞be后為 表語從句及物動詞和介詞后為 賓語從句不及物動詞后用 狀語從句 修飾,名詞和代詞后 定語從句 修飾例句1:That we should learn English is important 句子中That we should learn English放在動詞is前是吧 因此就叫做主語從句??梢园阉兂蒊t做形式主語的句子,因為主語太長了:It is important that we should learn English 其實此處It就等于That we should learn English.例句2:He said that the text was importa
9、nt. 兩個動詞,一是said二是was ,在was 前有that 因此從句是that the text was important.,放在及物動詞said后做賓語,that the text was important.是賓語從句。例句3:He gave me what he had 兩個動詞,一是gave二是had(有),在had前有what 因此從句是what he had,放在及物動詞gave后做賓語,what he had.是賓語從句。例句4:The question is who can win the game 兩個動詞,一是is二是win,在win前有who,因此從句是who
10、can win the game,放在is后做表語,who can win the game是表語從句例句5:The animal that is lost is a panda.兩個動詞,一是is 而是is 在第一個is前有that,因此從句就是that is lost放在名詞anima后,修飾animal。that is lost是定語從句。會判斷是什么從句了吧。提醒一點不管什么從句都是 主語加謂語的陳述語序That we should learn English we 主語, learn動詞that the text was important the text 主語, was 動詞wh
11、o can win the game who主語,win動詞第四節(jié)怎么解題呢?解題指導解題步驟:1.先判斷從句是什么從句 2.再分析從句本身的那個動詞缺少什么成分,缺什么補什么。如果你知道從句是考:主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,那就用下面的方法做。主要找橫線后的動詞,如果動詞:1.缺主語:選 what(指什么事物,) who (指誰)which(指哪個事物)2.缺賓語:選 what(指什么事物,) whom(指誰)which(指哪個事物)3.如果從句中不缺任何成分,而且句子意思也很完整。選 that (起連接作用,沒有意思,不做成分)4.如果從句中主語和賓語都有,但句子意思還不通順。選 whe
12、n(何時)where(何地)why(為什么)how(怎樣)if ,whether(是否)。其中when(何時)where(何地)why(為什么)how(怎樣)做狀語,if ,whether(是否)是連接作用,也不做成分,翻譯成是否。5.缺表語 除if,whether,和that、之外都可選,看題目的意思。例句:What we need is more time 從句中what就是做need 的賓語例句:He said that the text was important. 從句中that不做成分,只是連接前后句的作用例句:This is where our problem lies 從句中w
13、here做不及物動詞lies的地點狀語例句:please tell me where he is 從句中where做is的表語如果你知道從句是考:定語從句,那就用下面的方法做。定語從句:修飾名詞和代詞的從句,是放在名詞和代詞后面的。我們把名詞/代詞叫做先行詞。引導定語從句的詞叫做關系詞。在定語從句中,關系詞=先行詞(即用關系詞代替名詞/代詞),而且還可以做從句中的成分。 名詞/代詞本身有指人,指物,指時間,指地點,指原因,同樣關系詞也相應的用不同的詞來代替名詞/代詞??煞譃橄拗贫ㄕZ從句和非限制定語從句,非限制定語從句是有逗號隔開的。解題步驟:先看先行詞是指什么的,是限制的還是非限制的,再根據(jù)缺
14、什么補什么成分來做。先行詞是指什么關系詞及其所充當成分人Who主語 whom賓語物Which主語,賓語既可以指人又可以指物That主語,賓語Whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which(物) =the+名詞+of whom(人)定語時間When =介詞+which 狀語That、which 主語,賓語地點Where=介詞+which 狀語That、which 主語,賓語原因Why=for+ which 狀語指一件事情,前后句一般有逗號分開。非限定從句中Which主語,賓語 只放句中。(有因果關系)As主語,賓語 放句首句中都可例句:The animal that is lost is a
15、panda.兩個動詞,一是is 而是is 在第一個is前有that,因此從句就是that is lost放在名詞anima后,修飾animal。that is lost是定語從句。Animal的范圍是指物,可以用that,which代替animal, that,which做主語例句:The man whom you met just now is my friend兩個動詞,一是met 二是is 在第一個met前有whom,因此從句就是whom you met just now放在名詞The man后,whom you met just now是定語從句。The man 的范圍是指人,可以用t
16、hat,也可以用who,whom代替,met后少賓語所以用whom總的來說你判斷出是主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句 一般不選 as, 介詞+which的。This,there。實在不會建議你選擇 what定語從句 一般不選 what ,if,whether,it,there,there實在不會建議選 when/ where 高考題現(xiàn)場解題:(08福建卷)27. _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. A. It B. What C. As D. Which解析:選項中出現(xiàn)連詞的
17、題是考從句的題題目中的動詞有:is known ,is ,will take place,其中will take place前面有that連接可以看出是一個從句,它放在is 的后面,叫表語從句。 is known的前面要我們選連詞 ,那橫線開始到第二個動詞is前的句子就是從句 既:從句時 _ is known to us all ,它放在 is 前 ,動詞前的句子是考主語從句。這題就是考主語從句。主語從句不選As。再分析從句本身的動詞is known 少什么成分呢?動詞前是主語,what 和which中選,但which(哪個)要有一個范圍的,題目中沒有。What是指什么東西。因此就選what了
18、。(09福建)4. Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.A. that B. when C. which D. where解析:選項中出現(xiàn)連詞的題是考從句的題題目中的動詞有:s ,put , see 。橫線后的句子是從句。從句放在situation名詞后,是考定語從句。Situation是先行詞,指地點,可選ACD ,再分析從句后的動詞成分 主語有they 動詞有see 賓語有themselves就不會缺主語和賓語了,因此AC就排除了。選擇D。也可以這樣記憶先行詞是situ
19、ation時用where以上是從句的一點心得,當然還有很多從句的一些細節(jié)東西沒有列出來。請大家自覺復習。 2010-03-21補充:名詞從句 要點總結從句中的語序是陳述句。It 做形式主語的情況that在主語,表語從句中不能省略,由連接詞that引導賓語從句時,that在句中不擔任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如:That she was chosen made us very happy / The fact is that we have lost the game(that 都不省)He has told me that h
20、e will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that he will visit his friends(第一個that可省,第二個不能suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等動詞的賓語從句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +動詞原形” 來表示愿望,建議, 命令,要求等; 由上述動詞派生或轉化的名詞suggestion, proposal, plan, motion,
21、recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 義不容辭的, 必須的 等的同位語從句或表語從句中也要用相應的虛擬形式. His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.另外,如suggest表達“暗示”,insist表示“堅持某種說法”時,后面的從句不用虛擬語氣例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did
22、 not kill the boy. It is/was + 某些形容詞 + that 從句的句型中,that從句中的謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣,即 “should + 動詞原形” 這些形容詞有: important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, mo
23、ved等. It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms. It is a pity that he should be so careless.當主語是reason時,表語從句要用that引導而不是because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning5. whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。 但在下列情況下,whether 不能被if 取代:1. whether引導主語從句并在句首2
24、. 引導表語從句 3. whether從句作介詞賓語4. 從句后有"or not" 另外if在賓語從句中=whether,if放在條件狀語從句中意思“假如”,whether不能。there be +doubt/possibility/need/reason/point(名詞)it be+doubtful/possible/important/necessary(形容詞)6.wh-ever和no matter+wh-的區(qū)別。7.插入語及插入句的用法:入語多半用逗號與句子隔開,用來表示說話者對句子所表達的意思的態(tài)度。插入語可能是一個詞、一個短語或一個句子。要把插入語去掉。I a
25、m sure我可以肯定地說, I believe我相信, I wonder我不知道, you know你知道, you see你明白, that is也就是說, it seems看來是, as I see it照我看來, what is important (serious)重要(嚴重)的是, I'm afraid恐怕, it is said據(jù)說等。1. It will result in success, I suppose.我想,這件事終于會成功的。2. One day, it is said, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.據(jù)說,有一天
26、牛頓見到一個蘋果從樹上掉下來。3. What is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.更重要的是,信息高速公路能把大量信息迅速、便宜地傳遍全國。例題:Give this book to whoever you think can do the work well 把插入語you think 去掉。定語從句 要點分析一, 定語從句不選 what ,非限制定語從句中(逗號后)不選 that。介詞
27、后不選 that。出現(xiàn)in that是“因為,在于”的意思二. 非限定從句中,which和As都可以指整個句子/一件事情,但是Which 只放句中,做主語,賓語,which還有因為所以的關系。As 放句首句中都可,做主語,賓語。另外the same、such后也用as,翻譯為“像.一樣的” 通常用下列句型as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect1.As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. A
28、s做賓語= smoking is harmful to one's health 2.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health As作主語= smoking is harmful to one's health3.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. Which作主語= The sun heats the earth4.I have got into the same trouble as he (has). the same as 像一樣的5.
29、 As is known to all, China is a developing country As作主語= China is a developing country注意:上面的1.2.3.5.句都是有逗號分開的。如果不是逗號而是句號,分號,and,but時就要選It,there,them,he,this等代詞。例如1.:He had thousands of students, many of _ gained great success in their own field.A. whom B. them C. which D. who例如2. He tol
30、d me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _ knew anything about the other.A. them B. whom C. which D. who區(qū)別:the same.as.(兩個東西是一樣的) the same that.(同一個東西)1.She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。2.She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
31、 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。3.I want to use the same tool that you used just now.4.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 區(qū)別:such如此 that 以至 引導的結果狀語從句。That后的句子不會少成分 Suc
32、h。as。像。一樣,正如。一樣 As在句子中作主語,賓語,等于前面的名詞1.He is such lovely children that we love him much. that后主語we謂語動詞love賓語them狀語much2. Such books as you bought are useful as后主語you謂語動詞bought少了賓語,as作賓語= books例題:David is such a good boy _ all the teache
33、rs like.A. that B. who C. as D. whom補充:當主句和從句語義一致時,用as;反之,用which來引導非限制性定語從句。He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.當非限制定語從句為否定時,常用which引導。Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.3.當主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關系時,常
34、用whichTom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.三 先行詞是時間,地點時。選項中when,where,that,which,介詞+which都可以選擇,區(qū)別在于它們的成分不同,解題時分析從句中缺的是什么成分即可。 When =介詞+which 做狀語 That、which 做主語,賓語Where=介詞+which 做狀語 That、which 做主語,賓語例如:She says that shell never forget the time _shes spent working as a secretar
35、y in our company.A. which B. when C. how D. where spent是及物動詞后少了賓語time,選which例如:She says that shell never forget the time _ she works as a secretary in our company.A. which B. when C. how D. where work是不及物動詞,不接賓語,要用狀語when例如:Our company will move to a ta
36、ll building _ we bought last month.A. whichB. when C. how D. where 選A,which 在定語從句中用作動詞 bought 的賓語。例如:Our company will move to a tall building _ has just been complete.A. whichB. when C. how D. where 選A,which 在定語從句中用作主語。例:Our company will move to a tall
37、 building _ we worked two years ago.A. whereB. when C. that D. which 選A,where 在定語從句中用作狀語四Whose(作定語)+名詞=the+名詞+of which(物) =the+名詞+of whom(人)1.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.2.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired3.He h
38、as a friend whose father is a doctor.4. He has a friend the father of whom is a doctor.例題:I live in the house _ windows face south. A. whichB. whoseC. whereD. in that五關系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)應由先行詞決定。The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The man是單數(shù) livesThe students who are in Grad
39、e Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. The students是復數(shù)用are注意:one of +復數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復數(shù) The only、the very+one of+復數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)例題:One of the boys who_ my friends_very good at English. A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is&
40、#160;D. are; are 選BHe is one of the students who are late for class. He is the only one of the students who is late for class.六 Is this 開頭的定語從句,Is this后面沒有the,則選the one,有the則選關系詞例1
41、. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 選D例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 選A七 介詞+which/whom中介詞的選擇。一看固定短語的搭配,二看介詞在句子中的意思注意:含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等。只有在不及物動詞后的介詞才可以分開 (1) T
42、his is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)(3)The house where =in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down(4)The house which I lived in ten years ago has been pulled downOf which 含有所屬關系,即of 后的人或物屬于前面的范圍,但要注意是逗號后。There are many books,and one of them is mine. (注意這里有and)=There are many books; one of them is mine.(注意這里是分號) =There are many books, one of which is mi
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