研究計(jì)劃ResearchProposal模板

1、每個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)研究者必須經(jīng)歷的一道關(guān)卡，就是ResearchProposal的寫作。它大致對應(yīng)中文里的開題報(bào)告”、選題報(bào)告”、研究報(bào)告”，是一項(xiàng)研究開始之前的提綱、規(guī)劃和陳述；既是為了幫助自己梳理文獻(xiàn)、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是寫給相關(guān)他人的說明：研究動(dòng)機(jī)和意義何在？可能有何成果？為什么它值得你的資助/認(rèn)可/支持/批準(zhǔn)？不知道是否可以說，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但實(shí)際而功利的說，如果你的proposal很爛，可能根本就不會(huì)有開始研究的機(jī)會(huì)。：Howtowritearesearchproposal?能否寫出漂亮的proposal,本質(zhì)上取決于你對研究的思考深度和專業(yè)水準(zhǔn)。但形式也很重要

2、。英文的ResearchProposal自有一套八股”。程式化和結(jié)構(gòu)化的好處就在于，可以讓讀者直接集中注意到最本質(zhì)的內(nèi)容上，而不是為形式分神。對于非英語nativespeaker的我們，如何理解英文學(xué)術(shù)世界的規(guī)范或日思維定勢，也是寫作proposal之前必備的背景知識(shí)。下面這篇流傳甚廣的ResearchProposal寫作指南，言簡意賅，頗具啟發(fā)，對我自己的寫作有所幫助，也希望能給更多的學(xué)界同仁帶來便利。點(diǎn)擊這里，查看更多關(guān)于RESEARCHPROPOSALSGRANTPROPOSALPROJECTPROPOS碌作的文章作者PaulT.P.Wong,.,.(ResearchDirector,G

3、raduatePrograminCounsellingPsychology.TrinityWesternUniversityLangley,BC,Canada).題為：HowtoWriteaResearchProposal.全文轉(zhuǎn)載如下：？Moststudentsandbeginningresearchersdonotfullyunderstandwhataresearchproposalmeans,nordotheyunderstanditsimportance.Toputitbluntly,one'sresearchisonlyagoodasone'sproposal.Ac

4、oiiHceivedproposaldoomstheprojectevenifitsomehowgetsthroughtheThesisSupervisoryCommittee.Ahighqualityproposal,ontheotherhand,notonlypromisessuccessfortheproject,butalsoimpressesyourThesisCommitteeaboutyourpotentialasaresearcher.?Aresearchproposalisintendedtoconvinceothersthatyouhaveaworthwhileresear

5、chprojectandthatyouhavethecompetenceandthework-plantocompleteit.Generally,aresearchproposalshouldcontainallthekeyelementsinvolvedintheresearchprocessandincludesufficientinformationforthereaderstoevaluatetheproposedstudy.?Regardlessofyourresearchareaandthemethodologyyouchoose,allresearchproposalsmust

6、addressthefollowingquestions:Whatyouplantoaccomplish,whyyouwanttodoitandhowyouaregoingtodoit.?Theproposalshouldhavesufficientinformationtoconvinceyourreadersthatyouhaveanimportantresearchidea,thatyouhaveagoodgraspoftherelevantliteratureandthemajorissues,andthatyourmethodologyissound.?Thequalityofyou

7、rresearchproposaldependsnotonlyonthequalityofyourproposedproject,butalsoonthequalityofyourproposalwriting.Agoodresearchprojectmayruntheriskofrejectionsimplybecausetheproposalispoorlywritten.Therefore,itpaysifyourwritingiscoherent,clearandcompelling.?Thispaperfocusesonproposalwritingratherthanonthede

8、velopmentofresearchideas.?TITLE:?Itshouldbeconciseanddescriptive.Forexample,thephrase,“Aninvestigationof.beomitted.Oftentitlesarestatedintermsofafunctionalrelationship,becausesuchtitlesclearlyindicatetheindependentanddependentvariables.However,ifpossible,thinkofaninformativebutcatchytitle.Aneffectiv

9、etitlenotonlypricksthereader'sinterest,butalsopredisposeshim/herfavourablytowardstheproposal.?ABSTRACT:?Itisabriefsummaryofapproximately300words.Itshouldincludetheresearchquestion,therationaleforthestudy,thehypothesis(ifany),themethodandthemainfindings.Descriptionsofthemethodmayincludethedesign,

10、procedures,thesampleandanyinstrumentsthatwillbeused.?INTRODUCTION:?Themainpurposeoftheintroductionistoprovidethenecessarybackgroundorcontextforyourresearchproblem.Howtoframetheresearchproblemisperhapsthebiggestprobleminproposalwriting.Iftheresearchproblemisframedinthecontextofageneral,ramblinglitera

11、turereview,thentheresearchquestionmayappeartrivialanduninteresting.However,ifthesamequestionisplacedinthecontextofaveryfocusedandcurrentresearcharea,itssignificancewillbecomeevident.?Unfortunately,therearenohardandfastrulesonhowtoframeyourresearchquestionjustasthereisnoprescriptiononhowtowriteaninte

12、restingandinformativeopeningparagraph.Alotdependsonyourcreativity,yourabilitytothinkclearlyandthedepthofyourunderstandingofproblemareas.?However,trytoplaceyourresearchquestioninthecontextofeitheracurrent"hot"area,oranolderareathatremainsviable.Secondly,youneedtoprovideabriefbutappropriateh

13、istoricalbackdrop.Thirdly,providethecontemporarycontextinwhichyourproposedresearchquestionoccupiesthecentralstage.Finally,identify“keyplayers“andrefertothemostrelevantandrepresentativepublications.Inshort,trytopaintyourresearchquestioninbroadbrushesandatthesametimebringoutitssignificance.?Theintrodu

14、ctiontypicallybeginswithageneralstatementoftheproblemarea,withafocusonaspecificresearchproblem,tobefollowedbytherationalorjustificationfortheproposedstudy.Theintroductiongenerallycoversthefollowingelements:?1. Statetheresearchproblem,whichisoftenreferredtoasthepurposeofthestudy.?2. Providethecontext

15、andsetthestageforyourresearchquestioninsuchawayastoshowitsnecessityandimportance.?3. Presenttherationaleofyourproposedstudyandclearlyindicatewhyitisworthdoing.?4. Brieflydescribethemajorissuesandsub-problemstobeaddressedbyyourresearch.?5. Identifythekeyindependentanddependentvariablesofyourexperimen

16、t.Alternatively,specifythephenomenonyouwanttostudy.6. Stateyourhypothesisortheory,ifany.Forexploratoryorphenomenologicalresearch,youmaynothaveanyhypotheses.(Pleasedonotconfusethehypothesiswiththestatisticalnullhypothesis.)7. Setthedelimitationorboundariesofyourproposedresearchinordertoprovideaclearf

17、ocus.8. Providedefinitionsofkeyconcepts.(Thisisoptional.)L1TERATUREREVIEWSometimestheliteraturereviewisincorporatedintotheintroductionsection.However,mostprofessorspreferaseparatesection,whichallowsamorethoroughreviewoftheliterature.?Theliteraturereviewservesseveralimportantfunctions:?1. .Ensurestha

18、tyouarenot"reinventingthewheel".?2. Givescreditstothosewhohavelaidthegroundworkforyourresearch.?3. Demonstratesyourknowledgeoftheresearchproblem.?4. Demonstratesyourunderstandingofthetheoreticalandresearchissuesrelatedtoyourresearchquestion.?5. Showsyourabilitytocriticallyevaluaterelevantl

19、iteratureinformation.?6. Indicatesyourabilitytointegrateandsynthesizetheexistingliterature.?7. Providesnewtheoreticalinsightsordevelopsanewmodelastheconceptualframeworkforyourresearch.?8. Convincesyourreaderthatyourproposedresearchwillmakeasignificantandsubstantialcontributiontotheliterature.,resolv

20、inganimportanttheoreticalissueorfillingamajorgapintheliterature)Moststudentsliteraturereviewssufferfromthefollowingproblems:?acoraniiondstrtuacitcoentoeepFailinCiinenetseflalithevlevoomuchonecentevloaperdarysources?s?s?s?YourscholarshipandresearchcompetencewillbequestionedifanyoftheaboveappliestoThe

21、rearedifferentwaystoorganizeyourliteraturereview.Makeuseofsubheadingstobringorderandcoherencetoyourreview.Forexample,havingestablishedtheimportanceofyourresearchareaanditscurrentstateofdevelopment,youmaydevoteseveralsubsectionsonrelatedissuesas:theoreticalmodels,measuringinstruments,cross-culturalan

22、dgenderdifferences,etc.?Itisalsohelpfultokeepinmindthatyouaretellingastorytoanaudience.Trytotellitinastimulatingandengagingmanner.Donotborethem,becauseitmayleadtorejectionofyourworthyproposal.(Remember:Professorsandscientistsarehumanbeingstoo.)?METHODS:?TheMethodsectionisveryimportantbecauseittellsy

23、ourResearchCommitteehowyouplantotackleyourresearchproblem.Itwillprovideyourworkplananddescribetheactivitiesnecessaryforthecompletionofyourproject.?TheguidingprincipleforwritingtheMethodsectionisthatitshouldcontainsufficientinformationforthereadertodeterminewhethermethodologyissound.Someevenarguethat

24、agoodproposalshouldcontainsufficientdetailsforanotherqualifiedresearchertoimplementthestudy.?Youneedtodemonstrateyourknowledgeofalternativemethodsandmakethecasethatyourapproachisthemostappropriateandmostvalidwaytoaddressyourresearchquestion.?Pleasenotethatyourresearchquestionmaybebestansweredbyquali

25、tativeresearch.However,sincemostmainstreampsychologistsarestillbiasedagainstqualitativeresearch,especiallythephenomenologicalvariety,youmayneedtojustifyyourqualitativemethod.?Furthermore,sincetherearenowell-establishedandwidelyacceptedcanonsinqualitativeanalysis,yourmethodsectionneedstobemoreelabora

26、tethanwhatisrequiredfortraditionalquantitativeresearch.Moreimportantly,thedatacollectionprocessinqualitativeresearchhasafargreaterimpactontheresultsascomparedtoquantitativeresearch.Thatisanotherreasonforgreatercareindescribinghowyouwillcollectandanalyzeyourdata.(HowtowritetheMethodsectionforqualitat

27、iveresearchisatopicforanotherpaper.)?Forquantitativestudies,themethodsectiontypicallyconsistsofthefollowingsections:?1. Design-Isitaquestionnairestudyoralaboratoryexperiment?Whatkindofdesigndoyouchoose?2. Subjectsorparticipants-Whowilltakepartinyourstudy?Whatkindofsamplingproceduredoyouuse?3. Instru

28、ments-Whatkindofmeasuringinstrumentsorquestionnairesdoyouuse?Whydoyouchoosethem?Aretheyvalidandreliable?4. Procedure-Howdoyouplantocarryoutyourstudy?Whatactivitiesareinvolved?Howlongdoesittake?RESULTS:?Obviouslyyoudonothaveresultsattheproposalstage.However,youneedtohavesomeideaaboutwhatkindofdatayou

29、willbecollecting,andwhatstatisticalprocedureswillbeusedinordertoansweryourresearchquestionortestyouhypothesis.?DISCUSSIONItisimportanttoconvinceyourreaderofthepotentialimpactofyourproposedresearch.Youneedtocommunicateasenseofenthusiasmandconfidencewithoutexaggeratingthemeritsofyourproposal.Thatiswhy

30、youalsoneedtomentionthelimitationsandweaknessesoftheproposedresearch,whichmaybejustifiedbytimeandfinancialconstraintsaswellasbytheearlydevelopmentalstageofyourresearcharea.?ProposalWrommonMistakesin1.Failuretoprovidethepropercontexttoframetheresearchquestion.?2.Failuretodelimittheboundaryconditionsf

31、oryourresearch.?4.FaiFailuretoluretoaccuratelypresentcitelthetheoreticalndmarkstuandempiricalcontributionsbyotherstayfocusedontheresearchque6.Failuretodevelopacoherentandpersuasiveargumentfortheproposedresearch.?7.Toomuchdetailonminorissues,butnotenoughdetailonmajorissues.?8. Toomuchrambling一goingal

32、loverthemapwithoutaclearsenseofdirection.(Thebestproposalsmoveforwardwitheaseandgracelikeaseamlessriver.)?Toomanycitationlapsesanincorrectrefer1.aililongorhortngtofollowthstyle.?loppingriin大多數(shù)學(xué)生和剛起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究計(jì)劃，也不知道其重要性。簡單的說，一個(gè)人研究計(jì)劃的好壞決定了其研究的好壞。一個(gè)構(gòu)思欠佳的研究計(jì)劃會(huì)毀了整個(gè)項(xiàng)目，即使它勉強(qiáng)通過了論文答辯委員會(huì)。另一方面，一個(gè)高質(zhì)量的研究計(jì)劃，不

33、僅確保了研究項(xiàng)目的成功，你作為一個(gè)研究者的潛力也會(huì)給論文委員會(huì)留下一個(gè)好印象。？一個(gè)研究計(jì)劃是為了說服別人你有一個(gè)有價(jià)值的研究計(jì)劃，同時(shí)你有這個(gè)能力和相應(yīng)的工作計(jì)劃來完成它。總之，一個(gè)研究計(jì)劃應(yīng)包含所有研究過程中的關(guān)鍵步驟，同時(shí)也會(huì)給讀者足夠的信息來評(píng)估這個(gè)擬定的研究。？不論你的研究領(lǐng)域是什么，你選擇了什么樣的方法，所有的研究計(jì)劃必須解決以下問題：你打算完成什么，為什么你要做這件事，以及你打算怎樣去完成它。？研究計(jì)劃應(yīng)該有足夠的信息來向你的讀者證明你有一個(gè)重要的研究想法，你對相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和主要問題有很好的把握，同時(shí)你的方法是切實(shí)可行的。？研究計(jì)劃的質(zhì)量不僅取決于研究項(xiàng)目本身，同時(shí)也取決于你的計(jì)劃書

34、寫作。一個(gè)好的研究項(xiàng)目也可能會(huì)有僅僅因?yàn)椴缓玫膶懽鞫环駴Q的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，非常值得你去寫得連貫，清晰并且令人信服。？這篇文章強(qiáng)調(diào)的是計(jì)劃書的寫作，而非研究思路的開展。？標(biāo)題：？標(biāo)題應(yīng)該簡明扼要。比如，幺個(gè)關(guān)于的研究”，這樣的句子就應(yīng)該避免。通常，標(biāo)題是表達(dá)功能關(guān)系，因?yàn)檫@樣的標(biāo)題清晰的表達(dá)了獨(dú)立和相關(guān)的變量。然而，應(yīng)盡可能，想一個(gè)內(nèi)容翔實(shí)又吸引人的標(biāo)題。一個(gè)有效的標(biāo)題不僅會(huì)激發(fā)讀者的興趣，也預(yù)示了他們會(huì)喜歡這個(gè)計(jì)劃。？摘要：？摘要是一個(gè)300字左右的簡要?dú)w納。它應(yīng)該包括研究問題，研究的理論基礎(chǔ)，假說（如有的話），方法以及主要發(fā)現(xiàn)。對方法的描述可能包括試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，步驟，樣本，還有任何將被用到的手段。

35、？引言：？引言的主要目的是為你的研究問題提供必要的背景。如何設(shè)定研究問題可能是計(jì)劃書寫作最難的部分。？如果研究問題被限定在一個(gè)概括的，不著邊際的文獻(xiàn)回顧里，研究問題就會(huì)顯得瑣碎和無趣。然而，如果同樣的問題被設(shè)定在一個(gè)當(dāng)前非常被關(guān)注的研究領(lǐng)域里，它的重要性就變得不言而喻了。？不幸的是，對如何設(shè)定你的研究問題并沒有任何硬性規(guī)定，正如沒有對如何寫出有趣和翔實(shí)的開頭段的規(guī)定一樣。很大程度上要靠你自己的創(chuàng)造力，要取決于你清晰思維的能力和你對問題領(lǐng)域理解的深度。？首先，嘗試著把你的研究問題放到當(dāng)前的熱門領(lǐng)域，或是一個(gè)陳舊但依然可行的領(lǐng)域;其次，你需要提供一個(gè)簡要而適當(dāng)?shù)臍v史背景；再者，提供該問題的當(dāng)下背景

36、，在這里，你提出的研究問題應(yīng)該是關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。最后，確定關(guān)鍵角色"（keyplayers）,參考最相關(guān)和最有代表性的論文?？傊涯愕难芯繂栴}放到一個(gè)大的背景下，但同時(shí)體現(xiàn)出他的重要性。？引言一般以對該領(lǐng)域的簡單描述開始，同時(shí)關(guān)注某一特定的研究問題，接下來是擬定研究的基本原理。？引言部分通常包含以下內(nèi)容：？1 .描述該研究問題，一般也叫研究目的；？2 .為你的研究問題提供背景，設(shè)定其范圍，以體現(xiàn)出它的必要性和重要性；？3 .說明你研究問題的理論依據(jù)，要清楚的指出為什么該研究是值得去做的；？4 .簡要描述該研究要解決的主要及次要問題；？5 .確定你試驗(yàn)中關(guān)鍵的獨(dú)立或相關(guān)變量?；蛘?，明確說

37、明你想要研究的現(xiàn)象；6 .闡述你的假說或理論，如有的話。對于探索性或現(xiàn)象解釋型的研究，你可能不會(huì)有任何假說。（請不要混淆假說和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的零假設(shè)）；？7 .設(shè)定你研究計(jì)劃的局限或邊界，以提供一個(gè)清晰的研究重點(diǎn)；？8 .給關(guān)鍵概念下定義（此項(xiàng)為可選）；文獻(xiàn)綜述：？文獻(xiàn)綜述有時(shí)也包括到簡介部分。然而，大多數(shù)教授更喜歡一個(gè)單獨(dú)的部分，這樣可以更全面地回顧相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。？文獻(xiàn)綜述有以下一些重要功能：？1 .確保你不是重新發(fā)明車輪”（意即不是重復(fù)前人已有的成果）；？2 .向奠定該研究基礎(chǔ)的前人致謝；？3 .說明你對該研究問題的了解；？4 .闡述你對該問題相關(guān)的理論和研究的理解；？5 .展現(xiàn)你對相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料的批判評(píng)價(jià)能力；？6顯示你整合現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的能力；？7 .提供新的理論見解或發(fā)展一種新的模式，作為你研究的概念框架；？8 .向你的讀者證明該研究計(jì)劃會(huì)對現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)做出重要的和實(shí)質(zhì)性的貢獻(xiàn)。（比如，解決一個(gè)重要的理論問題或者填補(bǔ)一個(gè)主要空白）；？大多數(shù)學(xué)生的文獻(xiàn)綜述都有以下問題：？* 缺乏組織結(jié)構(gòu)？* 缺乏重點(diǎn)，整體性和連貫性？*冗長重復(fù)？* 沒有引用重要文獻(xiàn)？* 沒有跟上最新進(jìn)展？* 沒有對所引文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行批判分析？* 引用了不相關(guān)或不重