（新課標(biāo)）天津市2018屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第三部分 閱讀理解 專題十六 主旨大意課件

1、專題十六主旨大意專題十六主旨大意-2-考情概覽?考試說(shuō)明?指出:任何一篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落,甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義,從這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會(huì)知道文章描述的是誰(shuí)或什么(即文章的主題),亦會(huì)了解作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí),文章的主旨要義那么需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。這類試題主要考査考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力,它對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力有一定的要求。主旨大意題主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題、標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。-3-1.主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的命題方式有以下幾種(1)The

2、 best title for this passage is .(2)The passage/the first paragraph is mainly about .(3)What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?(4)Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?(5)The passage chiefly discusses/deals with .(6)Which of the following best

3、 states the theme of the passage?(7)The passage mainly tells us that .(8)The main idea of the first/second/third/.paragraph probably is .(9)Whats the first/second/third/.paragraph concerned with?(10)What does the author try to express in Paragraph.?-4-2.主旨大意題解題策略主旨大意題解題策略(1)歸納文章大意歸納文章大意任何一篇文章都有自己的中心

4、思想。不少文章在全文或各段的任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段的開(kāi)頭便展示出文章的中心思想。首先開(kāi)頭便展示出文章的中心思想。首先,抓住每個(gè)段落的中心要點(diǎn)抓住每個(gè)段落的中心要點(diǎn),將每個(gè)段落的中心歸納綜合將每個(gè)段落的中心歸納綜合,即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每個(gè)即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每個(gè)段落的中心要點(diǎn)往往是通過(guò)主題句段落的中心要點(diǎn)往往是通過(guò)主題句(Topic Sentence)來(lái)表達(dá)的?？紒?lái)表達(dá)的?？忌鷳?yīng)采取略讀法生應(yīng)采取略讀法,以搜尋各段主題句為目標(biāo)以搜尋各段主題句為目標(biāo),快速掃視全文快速掃視全文,避免逐避免逐詞理解詞理解,把注意力集中在找主要信息上把注意力集中在找主要信

5、息上,而不是過(guò)分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。而不是過(guò)分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)一般來(lái)說(shuō),文章的主題或中心都在第一段或最后一段說(shuō)明。某一段文章的主題或中心都在第一段或最后一段說(shuō)明。某一段的主題句也常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾的主題句也常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾,在尋找主題句或中心段時(shí)在尋找主題句或中心段時(shí),要注要注意語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)。有些文章無(wú)明顯的主題句意語(yǔ)篇特點(diǎn)。有些文章無(wú)明顯的主題句,但字里行間無(wú)不表達(dá)主題。但字里行間無(wú)不表達(dá)主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)文中所表達(dá)的事實(shí)或者提供的線這就要求考生在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)文中所表達(dá)的事實(shí)或者提供的線索來(lái)概括總結(jié)主旨大意。索來(lái)概括總結(jié)主旨大意。-5-【典例分析】 (2017天津卷,A)Su

6、ppose youre in a rush,feeling tired,not paying attention to your screen,and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send.You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do?Here are four common email accidents,and how to recover.C

7、licking “send too soonDont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.-6-Writing the wrong nameThe sooner you notice,the quick

8、ly and briefly, apologising for your the tone measured:dont handle it too lightly,as people can be offended,especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their ordering of Chinese names).Clicking “reply all unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露透露)to the entire company what menu choices

9、 you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner,or what holiday youd like to this instance,the best solution is to send a quick,light-hearted apology to explain your it can quickly rise to something worse,when everyone starts hitting “reply all to join in a long and unpleasant this instance,step awa

10、y from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.-7-Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in write an unkind message about someone,intending to send it to a friend,but accidentally send it to the person youre that case,ask to speak in perso

11、n as soon as possible and say your frustrations calmly and sensibly see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.40.What is the passage mainly about? email errors. email mistakes. email accidents. email writing.主旨大意題。文章主要講述了四種常見(jiàn)的電子郵件事故主旨大意題。文章主要講述了四種常見(jiàn)的電子郵件事故,并

12、給出并給出了相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)救措施。應(yīng)選了相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)救措施。應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。項(xiàng)。-8-(2)概括文章標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題(title)是文章的眼睛,通過(guò)這雙“眼睛我們可以略知文章的大意。給文章加一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題,首先要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意,更不可把文章的細(xì)節(jié)看成文章的大意,從而給文章加上一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)片面的標(biāo)題。文章的標(biāo)題實(shí)際上是對(duì)文章大意最簡(jiǎn)潔的概括,標(biāo)題與文章大意息息相關(guān)。其次,給文章一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題還應(yīng)抓住文章的主題句。因?yàn)槲恼碌拇笠夂臀恼碌闹黝}句總是一脈相承的,抓住了主題句就抓住了文章的靈魂。再次,給文章加標(biāo)題應(yīng)注意文章的體裁和寫作目的。敘事類文章是為了記敘一件事或一個(gè)人物,表達(dá)

13、作者的某種感情,所加標(biāo)題應(yīng)表達(dá)敘事類文章的特點(diǎn)。說(shuō)明文是為了說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物或過(guò)程,標(biāo)題應(yīng)表達(dá)說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一些幽默類文章,應(yīng)挖掘其深層含義,所給標(biāo)題應(yīng)表達(dá)文章幽默的特點(diǎn)。-9-【典例分析】 (2016全國(guó)卷,D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or may be viewed

14、 by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.-10-Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among

15、people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before these cultures,silence is a call for reflection.-11-Other

16、 cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use

17、 silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in authority.-12-Nurses and other care-givers need to be awar

18、e of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of

19、silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.-13-35.What may be the best title for the text? and Silence It Means to Be Silent to Native Americans Is Silver;Silence Is Gold主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知,文章主要說(shuō)明沉默具有文化特異性,在不同的文化中,沉默表達(dá)的含義和作用各不相同。因此B項(xiàng)最具概括性。-

20、14-(3)總結(jié)段落大意每個(gè)段落通常都有個(gè)中心,中心思想通常會(huì)在首句表達(dá)出來(lái),這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。采用歸納法的段落,細(xì)節(jié)表述在前,歸納概括在后,主題句會(huì)在段尾;采用演繹法的段落,先提出觀點(diǎn),后舉例子,由一般到特殊,主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段首,這種情況主要出現(xiàn)在說(shuō)明文和議論文中;假設(shè)作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段中。有時(shí)候,作者沒(méi)有明確寫出主題句,需要讀者根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容去歸納概括本段的大意。-15-【典例分析】 Working with a group of baboons(狒狒) in the Namibian Carter of the Department o

21、f Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,while others had to learn for work out how brave or anxious the baboons presented them either

22、with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.-16-She found that personality had a major impact on braver baboons learnt,but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones effe

23、ct,despite being made aware of what to do,they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even though they spent more time watching.-17

24、-This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in co

25、gnitive(認(rèn)知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social some individuals are unable to get information from others becaus

26、e they dont associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.-18-What is the first paragraph mainly about? significance of s re

27、search. purpose of s research. design of s research. results of s research.段落大意題。通讀第一段內(nèi)容可知,該段主要介紹了艾蕾西婭卡特博士研究狒狒學(xué)習(xí)能力的方案是如何設(shè)計(jì)的。答案為C項(xiàng)。-19-A AB BC C(2017天津卷,C)This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛).They would define the dr

28、ivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.-20-A AB BC C

29、Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email,say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The

30、 change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving, says will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers,he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers,consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the bigg

31、est one of them all, says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds,UK.-21-A AB BC CAn assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars,introduced earlier this year,insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking

32、 of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars,people expect driverless cars.Merat says.“You know no driver.Because of the confusion,Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rat

33、her than vehicles you own,says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, is happening in the UK and Singapore,where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.-22-A AB BC CThat would go down poorly in the US,however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them

34、 as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here, says Calo.【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為一篇議論文。德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)就無(wú)人駕駛汽車做出了一些提議,并推進(jìn)了完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車的運(yùn)行,那么,如果無(wú)人駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)交通事故,應(yīng)該誰(shuí)負(fù)主要責(zé)任呢?是生產(chǎn)商還是車主?-23-A AB BC C1.What does the phrase “death valley in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impo

35、ssible. area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.D解析 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句可知,交通部長(zhǎng)的提議將會(huì)明確司機(jī)的責(zé)任。根據(jù)第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.可知,這個(gè)提議旨在處理半自主駕駛與完全自主駕駛之間的不明確的情形,應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。-24-A AB BC C2.The pro

36、posal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . people from breaking traffic rules promote fully automatic driving drivers of all ages and races serious property damageB解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving.可知,道路交通法的改變將會(huì)使完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車獲得許可。它將把完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車與人類司機(jī)置于一個(gè)平等的法

37、律基礎(chǔ)。因此,他的提議有利于推進(jìn)完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車的進(jìn)程,應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。-25-A AB BC C3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars? should get the attention of insurance companies. should be the main concern of law makers. should not cause deadly traffic accidents. should involve no human responsibility.D解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段可知,

38、當(dāng)提到“完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車時(shí),人們期待的是完全沒(méi)有司機(jī)的汽車,也就是說(shuō),人們認(rèn)為,所謂的完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車不涉及人類的責(zé)任,應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。-26-A AB BC C4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in . UK USC解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的第一句“That would go down poorly in the US,however.以及“The idea.would get absolutely nowhere here.可知,在美國(guó),完全無(wú)人駕駛汽車被用作公共設(shè)施是不太可能的。應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。-2

39、7-A AB BC C5.What could be the best title for the passage? Driving:Whose Liability? Automatic Cars:A New Breakthrough Vehicles:Driver Removed! Cars:Root of Road AccidentsA解析 主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知,文章主要是圍繞自主駕駛車輛展開(kāi)的討論,并討論了如果出現(xiàn)交通事故時(shí)的法律責(zé)任歸屬問(wèn)題。應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。-28-A AB BC C(2016天津卷,D)Failure is probably the most exhausting ex

40、perience a person ever is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.We experience this tiredness in two ways:as start-up fatigue(疲憊) and performance the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too the longer we delay it,the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is

41、very real,even if not actually physical,not something in our muscles and solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply:always handle the most difficult job first.-29-A AB BC CYears ago,I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous my own rule,I determined to write them in

42、alphabetical order(按字母順序),never letting myself leave out a tough I always started the days work with the difficult task of essay- proved that the rule works.Performance fatigue is more difficult to willing to get started,we cannot seem to do the job difficulties appear so great that,however hard we

43、work,we fail again and such a situation,I work as hard as I canthen let the unconscious take over.When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(?大英百科全書?),I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its like this had ever been done before,and day after day I kept coming up with solutions,but

44、none of them fatigue became almost unbearable.-30-A AB BC COne day,mentally exhausted,I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself,not with me.Relieved,I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.An hour later,I woke

45、 up suddenly with the solution clearly in the weeks that followed,the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every I worked as hard as before,I felt no was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.Human beings,I believe,must try to succeed.Success,then,means never

46、feeling tired.-31-A AB BC C【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為一篇夾敘夾議文。你在完成一件事情時(shí),是否感到過(guò)疲勞?其實(shí)只要我們克服了做事情的兩種疲勞啟動(dòng)疲勞和執(zhí)行疲勞,我們就能獲得成功。-32-A AB BC C1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to . tasks hard help failureA 解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第二句“In the former case,we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.

47、可知,在前一種情況下(啟動(dòng)疲勞),由于任務(wù)太枯燥或是太難,我們不斷推遲任務(wù)開(kāi)始的時(shí)間。應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。-33-A AB BC C2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue? essays in strict order. up physical strength. out the toughest ideas. with the hardest task first.D解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句“The solution is obvious though.:always handle the most

48、 difficult job first.可知,作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)對(duì)啟動(dòng)疲勞的方法是先從最困難的工作開(kāi)始。應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。-34-A AB BC C3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue? starting a difficult task. all the solutions fail. the job is rather boring. finding a way out.B解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句可知本段講述performance fatigue;由第三句“Its difficulti

49、es appear so great that,however hard we work,we fail again and again.可推知,在我們所有的方法都不能解決難題時(shí),人們?nèi)菀桩a(chǎn)生執(zhí)行疲勞。應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。-35-A AB BC C4.According to the author,the unconscious mind may help us . mental problems some nice sleep complete relief the right solutionD解析 推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段第二句中的“the solution which had come up i

50、n my unconscious mind proved correct at every step.可推知,人們?cè)跐撘庾R(shí)下能夠想到難題的解決方法。應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。-36-A AB BC C5.What could be the best title for the passage? Is Built upon Failure to Handle Performance Fatigue over Fatigue:A Way to SuccessD.Fatigue:An Early Sign of Health ProblemsC解析 主旨大意題。文章介紹了人們工作時(shí)會(huì)遇到兩種疲勞:啟動(dòng)疲勞和執(zhí)行疲勞

51、。作者結(jié)合自身經(jīng)歷告訴讀者應(yīng)對(duì)這兩種疲勞的方法。最后得出結(jié)論:只要克服了這兩種疲勞,人們就能獲得成功。故C項(xiàng)最適合作文章標(biāo)題。-37-A AB BC CHolland Finley is a senior at the University of Texas in has always been an athlete,but at a young age she had no idea that her growth as a competitor would help her set the path for her growth as a student,leader,and commun

52、ity member.Holland has been involved in a large number of sports her whole life,but her onset of asthma(哮喘) in middle school caused her to reevaluate her athletic of giving up,however,she decided to focus on sports that required more strength than endurance(忍耐力).-38-A AB BC CHolland quickly began ch

53、eerleading and wakeboarding(尾流跳板運(yùn)動(dòng)),and even though she had to suffer from serious injuries,she became a s World Champion in wakeboarding and made the UT Cheer squad(小隊(duì)) in her freshman won the 2013 Collegiate Womens National Cable Wakeboarding Championship title.-39-A AB BC CWhile Hollands commitment to athletics is strongly influential in her life,it is her commitment to service and the community that makes her challenges herself to excel further in the classroom than she does on the water,and uses her drive to help by the power of will and creativity,Holland has sought