grammar1概述

1、English Grammar 語(yǔ)法的三個(gè)語(yǔ)法的三個(gè) 層面：形式、意義、用法層面：形式、意義、用法v形式：形式：某個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)怎樣構(gòu)成的。某個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)怎樣構(gòu)成的。 如：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是have been doing。這是使用語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的起點(diǎn)，即首先要做到能夠準(zhǔn)確地構(gòu)造某個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，這是語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確性問(wèn)題，v意義：某個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義。v如：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示“一個(gè)活動(dòng)從過(guò)去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)刻”。v對(duì)于一個(gè)句子，它的含義不僅僅是來(lái)自于句中所使用的詞匯的含義，而是還有來(lái)自于特定語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所含有的語(yǔ)法意義。用法：關(guān)于何時(shí)或?yàn)槭裁词褂媚骋徽Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的問(wèn) 題。 這與在實(shí)際交流中的語(yǔ)境有關(guān)

2、系， 即什么樣的語(yǔ)境中。采用何種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)特定的意義才合適。v語(yǔ)法形式、意義、用法三者之間的關(guān)系：v英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者要能夠準(zhǔn)確地、有意義地、恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。v做到這一點(diǎn)，才能真正靈活使用語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，并進(jìn)而在思維高度上來(lái)使用英語(yǔ)。vIve been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.v翻譯一：我來(lái)北京有十四年了。v翻譯二：在過(guò)去這十四年中，我常常來(lái)北京。v翻譯二正確。Have been doing 在英文中表示的是一個(gè)重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，用短暫動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。v因此，知道語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確構(gòu)造形式只是第一步，還

3、要清楚其表達(dá)的語(yǔ)法意義。但知其二并不能保證能夠正確使用，還要知道其用法。其用法與語(yǔ)言環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。v句子與語(yǔ)境v在真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言交際過(guò)程中，任何一個(gè)句子都不能孤立存在，都有一個(gè)賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境，甚至有時(shí)候，語(yǔ)境決定了一個(gè)句子真正要表達(dá)的意思。v比如下面這個(gè)電影對(duì)白發(fā)生在一位父親與自己女兒的男朋友之間。vFather: do you drink?vYoung man: No, thanks. Im cool.vFather : I am asking if you drink. Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my dau

4、ghter out？v這位父親問(wèn)他女兒的男朋友（其正準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)車(chē)帶她女兒出門(mén)）Do you drink? 他真正的意思是問(wèn)這個(gè)年輕男子是否有飲酒的習(xí)慣， 即在詢(xún)問(wèn)情況， 而不是問(wèn)他現(xiàn)在想不想喝酒， 即不是在提議。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的特點(diǎn)v一、漢語(yǔ)中有很多無(wú)主語(yǔ)句子或省略主語(yǔ)的句子。 在用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)，需補(bǔ)出主語(yǔ)（祈使句的情形除外）。v暑假過(guò)得很開(kāi)心。vThe summer vacation is happy. vWe hade a good time in the summer vacation.v天氣糟透了，整天刮大風(fēng)下大雨的。vThe weather is so bad. It blew hard and

5、 rained heavily all the day.v考試沒(méi)過(guò)別泄氣。vDont lose heart if you dont pass the exam.v二、漢語(yǔ)中有很多無(wú)生物名詞做主語(yǔ)，但在英語(yǔ)中要改用生物即人做主語(yǔ)。v你的英語(yǔ)真棒。vYour English is excellent.vYou are excellent in English.v史密斯先生雙目失明。vMr. Smiths eyes are blind.vMr. Smith is blind in both eyes.v三、漢語(yǔ)中的一些句子以生物即人作主語(yǔ)，但受表語(yǔ)形容詞的制約，在英語(yǔ)中不可以人為主語(yǔ)。v你方便的話(huà)，

6、請(qǐng)?jiān)诹c(diǎn)鐘來(lái)。vPlease come at six if you are convenient.vPlease come at six if it is convenient to you.v你很難說(shuō)服他不去逛街。vYou are difficult to persuade him out of going shopping.vIt is difficult for you to persuade him out of going shopping.v四、漢語(yǔ)中有大量的無(wú)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞句子，但英語(yǔ)是一種以動(dòng)詞為中心的語(yǔ)言，每個(gè)句子幾乎都少不了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（省略句除外）。v這本書(shū)值得一讀。vThe bo

7、ok worth reading.vThe book is worth reading.v我父母每天都很忙。vMy parents very busy every day.vMy parents are very busy every day.v五、漢語(yǔ)中及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞、狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞的差別不大，界限不明。但在英語(yǔ)中卻有嚴(yán)格區(qū)別和固定的用法模式。v他與她結(jié)婚了。vHe married with her.vHe married her.v 凡是黨和人民所要求的，我一定做到。vIll do what the Party and the people require me.vIll do

8、what the Party and the people require me of.v我開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)到現(xiàn)在已有十年了。vIve begun to learn English for ten years.vIt has been ten years since I began to learn English.v這本雜志我可以借多久？vHow long can I borrow this magazine?vHow long can I keep this magazine?v父親直到半夜才睡覺(jué)。vFather went to bed until midnight.vFather didnt

9、go to bed until midnight.v在漢語(yǔ)中詞形沒(méi)有變化，在英語(yǔ)中卻有豐富的詞形變化。v醫(yī)生建議他每天喝兩杯牛奶。vThe doctor suggest that he drinks two glass of milk every day.vThe doctor suggests that he (should) drink two glasses of milk every day.v英語(yǔ)中名、形、副、動(dòng)、數(shù)詞等均有詞形變化，其中以動(dòng)詞的形式變化最多。v西瓜切成了八等份。vThe watermelon divides into eight equal shares.vThe

10、watermelon is divided into eight equal shares.v從這一角度看，情況似乎沒(méi)那么令人失望。vLooking at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.vLooked at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.v如何掌握英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法:v英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)得好不好，主要不是看你讀了多少語(yǔ)法書(shū)，記了多少條語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，而是要看你在實(shí)踐中能否正確掌握所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則能聽(tīng)懂，說(shuō)得好，寫(xiě)得好，理解得好，譯得準(zhǔn)確。v要掌握好一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)

11、目，就得靠多聽(tīng)、多說(shuō)、多寫(xiě)、多讀、多譯。也就是做反復(fù)的、大量的、多樣化的練習(xí)。v 1._in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.v A. Unpopular has as white been v B. White has been as unpopularv C. Unpopular has been as white v D. Unpopular as white has beenv 2._for a long time, the fields are all dried up.v A. The

12、re has been no rain v B. Having no rain v C. There having been no rain v D. There being no rainv 3. The millions of calculations involved, _by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.v A. had they been done v B. they had been done v C. having been done v D. they were

13、 donev 4. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment_.v A. which they are happening v B. they are happening v C. which they happen v D. they have happenedv 5._me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.v A. That am

14、azed v B. It amazed v C. Which amazed v D. What amazedv 6. Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very young, _she was twenty-five.v A. her first real success did not come until v B. her real first success came until notv C. since her first real success did not come untilv

15、D. not until her first real successv 7. You should know better than_ your little sister at home by herself.v A. to leave v B. leaving v C. to have left v D. leftv 8. As the train will not leave until one hour later, we _grab a bite at the snack bar.v A. may well v B. just as well v C. might as well

16、v D. as wellv 9. She resorted to _ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.v A. have stolen v B. steal v C. stole v D. stealingv 10. The boy has admitted to _ the window while playing football yesterday.v A. breaking v B. having been broken v C. break v D. be breaking中式英語(yǔ)舉隅中式英語(yǔ)舉隅v1. 桌上放著

17、好些東西。vThere are a lot of things lying on the table.v2. 路不遠(yuǎn)，咱們走著去吧。vIts quite near. Lets go there on foot.v3. 他老低著走路。vHe always walks with his head bent down.v4. 她想著想著笑了起來(lái)。vShe thought and thought and then burst out laughing.v5. 那條路難走著呢。vThe going is very hard on that road.v6. 他這才知道鍛煉身體的好處。vOnly now

18、does he see the good of taking exercise.v7. 把針腳縫得密一些。vMake your stitches closer together.v8. 斟酌情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。vMake appropriate adjustments according to the circumstances.v9. 隨著機(jī)械化的發(fā)展，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)蒸蒸日上。vWith the development of mechanization, agriculture is flourishing.v10. 忠誠(chéng)于教育事業(yè)vbe devoted to the educational taskv11. 恣意踐踏vWillfully trample onv12. 他在我手下工作，就得聽(tīng)我的。vHe has to listen to me since he is working under me.v13. 報(bào)上刊登了一則廣告。vA public notice was published in the newspaper.v14. 黑夜中他迷途了。vHe lost his way in the dark night.v15. 你的理由很勉強(qiáng)。vThe reason you give is rather unco