MBA管理類英語聯(lián)考英語語法詞匯總結(jié)

1、名詞1. 名詞的數(shù)：修飾可數(shù)名字用many，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。2. 復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)：the old lady hired three men-servants, after tomorrow,we will be growns-ups.3. 名詞數(shù)的理解：he is running a furniture business.4. 名詞的雙重所有格：一般由數(shù)量詞+名詞of+名詞性物主代詞。I know that many friends of jerrys.5.名詞所有格的特殊意義：a car came to a stop outside the jewelers(可表示具體的“店家”)

2、。6.名詞在復(fù)合形容詞中的用法+名詞搭配He climbed this 3600-foot-high mountain on foot名詞在復(fù)合形容詞中且有連詞符連接時，要保持原形的形式。代詞1. 不定代詞在否認句中的用法：scarely在句中起到否認作用，否認句中一般使用anything,anybody和anywhere這類不定代詞。2. 不定代詞的常用搭配：he is something of a musician.某種程度上。3. 不定代詞的對應(yīng)搭配：it is one thing to enjoy listening to good music,but it is quite anot

3、her to perform skillfully yourself.one another.搭配表示比照，與but形成對應(yīng)，other，some，常修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不能與one形成予以搭配，any 常用于否認句中。4. some others=some other shoes.5. 代詞辨析：william the conqueror built the tower of london to protect himself from those he had conquered.空格后是省略了關(guān)系代詞that 或who、whom的定于從句，意思是他所征服的那些人，排除it指代物，them做代詞

4、，有明確的指向，無需加定語從句再加以限定或明確，也排除。6. 雙重所有格中的名詞性物主代詞：sam admired his friends frank and jerry.He imitated every action of theirs.雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)一般由數(shù)量詞+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。7. 相互代詞辨析：之間的相互：each other,三者之間相互： one another8. 代詞的格式與人稱的次序：my father asked tom and me to help9. our home is finer than yours or his:than 之后需用名詞性物主代詞。

5、10. 代詞辨析：when drinking from a well,one mustnt forget those who dug it.空格后是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定于從句，it 指代物體，them做代詞有明確指向，無需定語從句。排除。Those who。表示那些。人主謂一致1. not only I but also jane and mary are tires of having one examination after another.由or,nor,eitheror,neither.nor,not onlybut also,not.but等連接的并列主語，喂魚動詞通暢與最靠近的

6、主語保持一致遵循就近原則。2. 主謂一致。A library(with five thousand books) was offered to the nation as a gift.3. when and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.“疑問詞+to do sth”是“復(fù)合不定式短語”，其做主語時，即使用多個疑問詞，仍將其視為一個整體。所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。4. the numberof people invitedwas fifty，but(a number of)them were absent for diffe

7、rent reasons.the number后面謂語動詞用單數(shù)，but后面分句中的啊numberof。則是固定短語，意思是some，一些，可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或代詞，所以謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。5. a good deal of +不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。6. 由eitheror引導(dǎo)的名詞短語做主語時，后面的謂語根據(jù)就近原則，應(yīng)與它相近的名詞保持一致。7. as well as連接的前后名詞短語通暢將“前者”視為主語，謂語動詞與前者保持一致。8. 一般“山脈”，“群島”和“瀑布”可視為“復(fù)數(shù)形式”，謂語與其保持一致，也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. many a+名詞單數(shù)，故謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。10. t

8、he audience was so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.that從句中的謂語動詞是was left，故主句保持一致，同用過去時。Audience是幾何名詞，既可以視為整體，也可表示成員構(gòu)成，謂語動詞可以相應(yīng)的為單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)。同樣的有：family,team,class,crowd,government,crew,committee,public.11. everybody ,men and women,old and young,enjoys sports and games.主語時everybod

9、y，后面men and women,old and young是作為同位語存在，謂語需要和everybody一致。又是一般性的狀況，所以謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時。12. ten minutes seems an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.一段時間做主語視為一個整體時間段，表示一般性情況，用一般現(xiàn)在時。13. the secretary and principal is speaking at the meeting now.前共用一個定冠詞the,指代“同一個人兼有兩種身份”，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。14. it is not jane but h

10、er brothers who are to blame.本句中用到it is。who。構(gòu)成的強調(diào)句型，撤掉此結(jié)構(gòu)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)本句的實質(zhì)是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語動詞遵循就近原則，通暢與后者保持一致。15. the number of+名詞中，主語時number，謂語動詞與其保持形式一致，也用單數(shù)。16. the rich are not always happy,although the poor pay for all.the+形容詞，表示相應(yīng)的“一類人”，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。17. it is reported that there are going to be heavy storms in

11、the coming month.題中that 引導(dǎo)的從句是there be 句型，該句型在本質(zhì)上屬于“倒裝”結(jié)構(gòu)，其主語是heavy storms，故謂語動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。18. more than one student has been reported missing.“more than one +名詞”作主語時，核心詞是one 后面的名詞單數(shù)，故謂語動詞也通常用單數(shù)。19. more students than one 主語have been reported missing.不止一個學生被報告失蹤。中心詞是students，所以謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。4動詞時態(tài)1. always表示“一

12、般性狀況”，謂語動詞要用“一般現(xiàn)在時”2. while I was reading a book,I fell asleep.while 表示“在。發(fā)生期間”，謂語動詞常用“進行時”形式。3. I began to watch tv at eight last night.mary came at eight thirty.i was watching tv when mary came.,when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，其中came表示過去時間點，watch引導(dǎo)該過去時間點正在進行的動作。4. joan has already finished her homework.now she is

13、playing the piano.第一句中出現(xiàn)already，表示“截止到目前”已經(jīng)完成的動作，故finish用現(xiàn)在完成時has finished。5. “告訴told”是過去時，發(fā)生在過去，其并于從句理應(yīng)用“過去”，但考慮到后面都是在講述有關(guān)月亮的“客觀真理”，所以用一般時。6. so far 到目前為止。用現(xiàn)在完成時。7. perhaps it will be a long time before we see you again.本句是主從復(fù)合句，根據(jù)時間狀語從句中謂語動詞see一般時，指“將來”可知本句時間點是“將來”，謂語動詞用將來時。It。will be+時間段+before句型

14、可以為“要過。時間才?！?. since january1st,there have been a lot of new tasks in the factory.根據(jù)時間狀語引導(dǎo)詞since,本句需要用完成時，而there be 倒裝句型中的主語是后面的new tasks，因此主謂一致原則，動詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. nobody likes him because he is always criticizing others.always與現(xiàn)在進行時連用時，表示強烈的主觀或感情色彩，尤其是不滿或厭煩的情緒，可以為“老是，一直”。表示經(jīng)常性的，用一般現(xiàn)在時。10. it has been 4

15、years since I left my country.“it is+一段時間+since從句”是一個高頻句型，表示“自從。以來已有。時間”since從句中的謂語動詞瞬間性動詞因表示“過去時間點”，故需用“過去時”，而前面的謂語動詞be則比較靈活，既可以用“現(xiàn)在完成時”也可以簡化為“一般現(xiàn)在時”11. just go ahead,I will cover you .盡管往前走，我會保護你。前句是祈使句，相關(guān)動作顯然屬于未發(fā)生的將來，后面用將來時。12. as soon as 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句應(yīng)是將來的時間概念動詞時態(tài)與時間狀語一致I“一般時”表示將來I dedided to go to

16、the library as soon I finished my work(“一般過去時”表示“過去將來”)13. do you like the material?yes,it feels very soft.句子中的feel是系動詞，意思是摸起來，或者感覺起來，后面常接著形容詞做表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，用于說明主語狀況、性質(zhì)或特征。系動詞不能用于被動形式，也不用于進行時。所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。14. for +時間段用完成時15. 自然現(xiàn)象，客觀事實，用一般現(xiàn)在時，太陽升降，并非為人為，所以不能用被動語態(tài)。16. hardly had we started when it began to sn

17、ow.我們已出發(fā)，天就開始下雪了。否認詞hardly置于句首做狀語，修飾謂語動詞時，常使用“倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)”hardly had s+ved when s+ved是常見句型，表示“一。就?！?17. No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.他一到，天就開始下雨了。No sooner hadS+Ved thanS”+Ved 與hardly had S+Ved when S+Ved 都是常見的句型，“一就.18. in the 19th century,it was the most handsome car that had ever been b

18、uilt.在19世紀，它是以往制造出的最漂亮的車。最高級一般由對應(yīng)的比對范圍，句尾that引導(dǎo)的定語從句五一表達出來，然后是過去完成時。19. 時間狀語一般時表示將來，The girl even wont have her lunch before she finishes t have表示將來，所對應(yīng)的before時間狀語從句也應(yīng)是“將來”的概念，但時間狀語從句中應(yīng)用“一般時”表示“將來”20. I thought he was on a diet.我認為他在節(jié)食。謂語動詞是thought，其后面是省略了that的賓語從句，由于主句謂語動詞是過去時，并于從句中的謂語動詞也要用過去某種時態(tài)。2

19、1. tom died last summer.tom always liked reading poems to his family.湯姆去年夏天去世了，他省錢總喜歡給他的家人誦讀詩歌。生前習慣，用過去時。然后always不能跟進行時連用，跟進行時連用，表示不滿，強烈的主觀色彩。22. by the time you read this article tomorrow evening,we shall have left for london.謂語動詞所用時態(tài)取決于相關(guān)的時間狀語，根據(jù)句首by the time。和tomorrow evening可知謂語動作的發(fā)出時間是“明晚讀到文章前”

20、，即蘊含一個“將來的時間截止點”，故謂語動詞需用“將來完成時”5. 被動語態(tài)1. the fire could not be put out until the next morning.被動關(guān)系，火被撲滅。2. those students are often seen playing football in the field.see常用兩個搭配，see sb do sth?？匆娔橙俗隽四呈?，see sb doing sth看到某人在做某事。其相應(yīng)的被動形式為sb be seen to do sth和sb be seen doing sth.3. this kind of glasses

21、manufactured by experienced craftsmen sells well.注意：英語中某些動詞在于特定副詞連用時，可以“主動”形式表示“被動”含義，常用的這類動詞有wash,write,sell,clean,后常接副詞easily,well,quickly,和smoothly等。4. the cloth feels much softer.這種布摸起來很柔軟。系動詞不存在被動形式，經(jīng)常用主動形式表達其被動語義，如look,sound,smell,taste,prove,feel.5. in order to attend a dinner party,she was w

22、ell dressed.dress可做及物動詞，表示“給。穿衣服”或“打扮?！苯?jīng)常用被動語態(tài)的形式be dressed表示一種“衣著”或“裝扮”狀態(tài)。6. the professor didnt begin his lecture until all the audience were seated.seat是及物動詞，意思是“使某人就座”主語是人，seat順理成章就是被動，sb. Be seated注意：類似seat這樣的動詞還有interest、face、oppose、這些詞共同特點就是常用被動形式表示主動含義，be interested in 對。感興趣，be faced with 面對

23、，be opposed to 反對。7. after such a long journey,my shoes want mending.want 和need類似，共同用法：后接ving表示被動語義，相當于need/want to be done.6. 虛擬語氣1. but for the fog,we should have reached our destination假設(shè)不是因為大霧，我們應(yīng)該早就抵達我們的目的地了。后半句的should have done結(jié)構(gòu)可看出這是一個虛擬語氣，but for意為：“要不是”“倘假設(shè)不是因為”的意思，常用于虛擬語氣。Because of 引導(dǎo)的原因狀

24、語所對應(yīng)的句子主干不用虛擬語氣。In spite of引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語所育英的句子主干不用虛擬語氣。In case of引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句所對應(yīng)的句子主干也不用虛擬語氣。2. supposing this ship were to sink,do you think therew would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?如果這艘船下沉，你認為是否有足夠的救生衣給全部的乘客。Supposing意思是假假設(shè)，相當于if，根據(jù)后面對應(yīng)的動詞形式would be可推知他引導(dǎo)的是一個針對“將來時間段”的“虛擬條件句，”故其后從句謂語動詞應(yīng)使用

25、將來時間段的虛擬形式，sank，should sink或were to sink。3. your secretary told me that you wold be coming over.Otherwise I would have felt compelled to call you at home.您的秘書說您將要過來，否則我早就給您家里打 了。本劇中的otherwise表示對錢滿“已發(fā)生事實told”的虛擬假設(shè)，意思是“否則”，即“假設(shè)夫哦您的秘書過去沒有告訴我的話”，因此它屬于對“過去時間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，空格中的謂語動詞應(yīng)相應(yīng)的使用“would/should/could/might

26、 have done ”的一種形式。我將不得已。4. did you go to see the football match yesterday?no,I didnt feel well,but I would have gone if I hadwould have gone的形式可知but后的句義是針對“過去時間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，if從句的對應(yīng)形式應(yīng)是“had done”5. he told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I would have died of hunger and cold.他告訴

27、我他是如何給我提供庇護的，如果沒有這些庇護恐怕我早就死于饑寒交迫了。Which引導(dǎo)的定于從句，which指代前面“他過去給予我的庇護”，介詞without引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣，以為“倘假設(shè)沒有這些庇護”因此是針對“過去時間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，后面謂語形式應(yīng)相應(yīng)使用would/could/might/should+have done6. the idea is that the nation send an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.這個建議是，國家應(yīng)該首先發(fā)射無人太空飛船去勘察這顆行星。一旦句中出現(xiàn)guggestion,proposal

28、,order,plan,idea,advise,decision等表示“命令”“建議”或“要求”的名詞，且存在與其內(nèi)容相關(guān)的表語從句或同位語從句，那么該從句的謂語動詞形式“should do”或者省略should 原形的“do”7. 一旦句子中出現(xiàn)suggest,propose,order,plan,advise,decide和urge等表示“命令”建議或要求的動詞，且存在語氣內(nèi)容相關(guān)的賓語從句，那么該賓語從句的謂語動詞需用虛擬形式“should do”或者略should的原形do。8. frankly,Id rather you didnt make any comment on the i

29、ssue for the time being.坦率的講，我希望針對當前這個問題你不要發(fā)表任何評論。Would rather 后常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，表示寧愿或希望的內(nèi)容，該that從句“一般過去式”的虛擬形式來表示對“當前”和“未來”的愿望，或使用“過去完成時”的虛擬語氣表示對過去的愿望。具體到本劇，由句尾for the time being 可知是對“當前”的愿望，故用“一般過去式”的虛擬形式，其否認式是didnt+動詞原形。9. if only I would not be there.if only 用于句首，表示不切實際的愿望，意思是“要是。就好了”，因此后面常接虛擬語氣形式，

30、對現(xiàn)在的愿望是實用“did”，對將來的愿望實用“would do”，而對過去的愿望則實用“had done”10. I wish I had gone 斯德哥爾摩when I was in sweden,I hear its beautiful city.wish后面的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣，以表示與事實相反的情況，針對現(xiàn)在時間段的愿望，賓語從句常用“過去時”的虛擬形式，針對將來時間段的愿望，賓語從句常用“過去將來時”的虛擬形式，而針對過去時間段的愿望，賓語從句則常用“過去完成時”根據(jù)我在瑞典，可以看出是最后這，表示與過去事實相反的情況。11. he would rather not have

31、kept his promise with his girlfriend.他寧愿當初沒有遵守對女友的諾言。Would rather 意思是“寧愿?！北硎九c實施相反的愿望，后面要么接that賓語從句，要么接動詞原形，即would rather do (對現(xiàn)在或未來的愿望)或would rather have done對過去的與愿望，其否認形式是would rather not do 和would rather not have done.12. sometimes I wish I were living in a different time a different place.有時我真新網(wǎng)生

32、活在不同的時間、不同的地點。Wish后面的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣，以表示與事實相反的情況，針對現(xiàn)在時間段的愿望，賓語從句常用“過去時”的虛擬形式，針對將來時間段的的愿望，賓語從句常用“過去將來時”的虛擬語氣，而針對過去時間段的愿望，賓語從句則常用“過去完成時?！?3. the business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.無論售貨還是運貨，每天的業(yè)務(wù)都進展很順利。本句雙逗號的外委表達是句子主干主句，雙逗號之間是whether.,or引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，省略whether后，再將be移動到

33、句首得來的省略表達。注意：whether it be。or。中間的be是虛擬語氣形式，其前面省略了should；另，該形式經(jīng)常改寫為“省略+倒裝”的形式be it。or。以示進一步的強調(diào)。14. he is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.他在努力學習，以防考試失利。For fear that生怕，唯恐，和lest以防，所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，常用“should+動詞原形”或“動詞原形”的虛擬形式，加強主觀語氣。15. its high time you started to work.你開始工作的時間到了。

34、It ishightime that 。后面的從句謂語常使用虛擬形式，動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形，should可以省略。16. the driver looked over the engine carefully lest it go wrong on the way.那個司機仔細檢查了發(fā)動機以防車載路上拋錨。注意：in case that以防后面則既可以接虛擬語氣should+do也可以使用陳述語氣即真是語氣。具體選用何種形式，取決于主觀需要，防止的“可能”發(fā)生率較小就使用虛擬語氣，反之，防止的“可能”發(fā)生率交大，則使用陳述語氣。7. 動詞：情態(tài)動詞1. used to do

35、 表示過去常常做某事，而現(xiàn)在往往不做了；be used to doing表示習慣于做某事。Be used to do表示。被用來做某事。2. 有根據(jù)的肯定推斷用must，語氣強烈，其對應(yīng)的否認形式為“cannot”，而非mustnt。should not be/may not be都可以用于表示“推測”，但都不是“有根據(jù)的”推斷。3. dare he come out at night？可做實義動詞，也可用作情態(tài)動詞，用于前者，其后的動詞使用不定式形式，且有人稱和數(shù)以及時態(tài)的變化。Dare 用作情態(tài)動詞，后跟動詞原形，主要用于疑問句，否認句，和條件句。8不定式1.i noticed the l

36、ady grab his wallet and run.我看見那位女士搶了他的錢包并且跑了。Notice作為感官動詞，常接不帶to的不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞做并于補足語。Notice sb.do sth(注意到某人做了某事)和notice sb。Doing(注意到某人正在做某事)。此外還有watch2.have sb. do sth“讓某人做某事”he had his daughter play the volin two hours every day.此外還有make，she was made to leave at once.3.the boy walked quietly into the d

37、ormitory so as not to awake his roommates.這個男孩悄悄的走進宿舍以防吵醒舍友。So as to和in order to均表示目的，其否認形式為to前面加not。4.“主語+be+形容詞+to do”是英文中常見句式，后面的不定式與主語間存在動賓關(guān)系。I was wondering if the shoes are comfortable to wear.5.here we found little snow,as most of it seemed to have been blown off the mountain.在這里我們沒有見到一點雪，因為他

38、們大多似乎從山上被吹走了。Seem用法1.seem to do。2.it seem thatS+V，此句應(yīng)該是found之前發(fā)生，所以用完成時。注意：I would rather read than watch tv.the programs seem to be getting worse all the time.我寧可看書也不愿看電視，現(xiàn)在的電視節(jié)目似乎正變得越來越糟。To be doing不定式的進行時可以表示動作一直持續(xù)。12.“特殊疑問詞+to do”是復(fù)合不定式，相當于名詞性從句的省略。I have no idea when to leave the city.=when I s

39、hall leave the city.在句中做idea的同位語。13.They expected there to be many more interesting movies directed by chinese directors.他們期待有更多中國導(dǎo)演執(zhí)導(dǎo)的有趣影片。There to be 也是復(fù)合不定式的一種，相當于there will be。句式的省略。9動名詞1. avoid的搭配用法是avoid doing sth2. need 可做實義動詞也可作情態(tài)動詞，情態(tài)動詞一般用于否認形式neednt do，表示“不必”，而肯定句中多做實義動詞，表示需要，此事后面的動詞需用不定式形

40、式或者動名詞形式，而姐動名詞形式時其語義是“被動”的。The flowers need watering,otherwise they will wither.動名詞表示被動。3. cease doing sth表示“有意識地停止做某事”，而對。感興趣。When jim had seen the film,he ceased being interested in the novel.4. without “如果不”，為介詞，后接動名詞或動名詞做賓語。5. we were surprised at his not passing the exam.我們吃驚他沒通過考試。介詞at后面無疑要接名詞

41、或動名詞形式，構(gòu)成介賓搭配。注意：動名詞短語的動作發(fā)出這既可使用所有格形式如his也可使用賓格形式如him6. be regarded as“被認為是?！盿s是介詞，后接名詞或動名詞短語做賓語。7. confress可做及物動詞+doing，也可作不及物動詞to+doing。Jack，scolded by his mother,finally confressed to having stolen the money.由于媽媽的斥責，jack最終承認偷了錢。注意：動名詞的完成時常強調(diào)一個具體動作之前另一個具體動作的“已然完成。”10非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞1. many things c

42、onsidered impossible in the past are common today.在過去看來不可能的事情，今天已經(jīng)變得司空見慣了。Are是系動詞，點睛：過去分詞短語做后置定語。2. the great depression was the longest and most period of economic depressionever experienced by united states經(jīng)濟大蕭條是美國所經(jīng)歷的持續(xù)時間最長，最嚴峻的經(jīng)濟危機。Theperiod of economic depression與the united states之間的語義關(guān)系顯然是“被美國

43、經(jīng)歷的”而非“經(jīng)歷美國的”。點睛：過去分詞短語做后置定語。3. the vacuum tube,(invented near the beginning of our century).gave us the use of radio waves,(an energy source)never before capturedand later opened the road for television.發(fā)明于本世紀初的真空電子管使得我們能夠利用無線電波這種過去從未發(fā)現(xiàn)的能約，他為后來的電視機發(fā)明鋪平了道路。本句的主干是the vacuum tubegave.and later opened;

44、第一處小括弧表達invented。是過去分詞短語做后置定語，對前面的tube做補充說明；第二處小括弧表達an。是同位語，對前面的radio waves做解釋說明；大括弧表達never。是后置定語，修飾限定其前面的energy source，考慮energy source與capture的被動關(guān)系。點睛：過去分詞短語做后置定語。4. Television is an instrument of communication,permitting us to see us as well as to hear the performer.電視是一種通訊工具，不進可以讓我們聽到表演者的聲音還可以讓我們

45、看到自己。本句都好后面的表達可視為“非限制性定語從句的省略”，對前面“一種通訊工具的說明”即：which permits us to.as well as to=permitting. 點睛：現(xiàn)在分詞短語做非限制性后置定語相當于非限制性定語從句的省略。例子：1.the amazon rain forest,functioning as the earths lungs,converts carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.非限制性定語從句which functions as the earths lungs可省略為function

46、ning as。 2. The name nebraska comes from the old indian word“nebrathka”,meaning(=which means flat water) flat water. 點睛：現(xiàn)在分詞短語做非限制性后置定語相當于非限制性定語從句的省略。5. Judged the best in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships totaling$21000 由于最近的科技競賽中這三個學生被評為最正確，他們被授予總計21000美元獎學金

47、。主語三個學生與核心詞judge顯然存在“被動”的語義關(guān)系。過去分詞短語做原因狀語。點睛：在doing，done，to do。，S+V結(jié)構(gòu)中，逗號前面的do須與后面的S保持語義的一致。主動關(guān)系用doing。被動關(guān)系用done。表將來則用to do。同理：believing the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.首先句子主語many 和句首空格詞believe之間顯然是主動關(guān)系，排除被動，所以用believing，現(xiàn)在分詞做原因狀語，修飾謂語動詞feared，表示其發(fā)

48、生的原因。6. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances.吃完一頓豐富的午餐之后，這位法官準備認真思考這個問題。點睛“在having done,S+V結(jié)構(gòu)中，逗號前面的having done 與V有著明確的先后關(guān)系，該結(jié)構(gòu)語義等于After doing,S+V.7. 狀語從句的省略：he opened his lips as if to say something.他張開嘴仿佛想說些什么似的。As if意思是好似，仿佛，作為連接詞，后面常接從句，本來應(yīng)該為

49、he opened his lips as if he were/was to say something.從句主語和主句主語一致，都是he，所以簡化成as to say something。11獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語義上相當于一個“狀語從句”，其中名詞充當邏輯主語，而現(xiàn)在分詞短語則充當邏輯謂語：Other things being equal,a man(who expresses himself effectively) is sure to succed more rapidly than a man(whose command of languag

50、e is poor)在其他條件等同的情況下，一個語言表達能力強的人必定要比一個語言表達能力弱的人更快成功。實際上相當于一個條件狀語從句：If other Things are equal.2 Some many directors being absent,the board meeting had to be put off.由于許多董事缺席，這次董事會不得不推遲?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語可以構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語義上相當于一個狀語從句，其中名詞充當邏輯主語，而現(xiàn)在分詞短語則充當邏輯謂語。相當于as so many directors were absent.3 All things considere

51、d,the planned trip will have to be called off.綜合考慮所有的因素，原定的旅行計劃將不得不取消。鑒于all things和consider是被動的語義關(guān)系，過去分詞與前面的all things可以構(gòu)成“名詞+過去分詞”的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語義上相當于一個狀語從句，其中名詞充當邏輯主語，而過去分詞短語則充當邏輯謂語，它相當于一個條件狀語從句：if all things are considered.4 The speech having been delivered,a lively discussion started.演講結(jié)束后，開始了激烈的討論。鑒

52、于逗號后面的句子是主干，前面在缺乏連接詞的情況下不可能是句子形式，名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但考慮到deliered和started兩個動作行為的發(fā)生時間，可知兩者并非“同時發(fā)生”，而是有明確的“先后”順序。語義上相當于一個時間狀語從句：after the speech was delivered.5 A new technique having been worked out,the yieds as a whole increased by 20 percent.由于研發(fā)出了新的技術(shù)，總產(chǎn)量增長了20%。鑒于技術(shù)與研發(fā)是被動關(guān)系，考慮獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但是worked out和incr

53、eased兩個動作行為有先后順序，且前者是后者發(fā)生的原因，語義上：相當于一個原因狀語從句：as a new technique had been worked out.6 All flights having been cancelled,because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.由于暴風雪，所有的航班被迫取消了，許多旅客不得不改乘火車。原因狀語從句：As all flights had been cancelled because of the snow7 All the task

54、s having been fulfilled ahead of time,they decided to go on holiday for a week.所有任務(wù)已經(jīng)提前完成，所以我們決定度假一周。分析句子可以知道，逗號之后是個句子，故逗號之前不能為句子。詞句相當于一個原因狀語從句：As all the tasks had been fulfilled ahead of time8 As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with most(of what furnace is allowed)saved for the dawn.至

55、于冬天，寒冷使得人們生活不方便，因為大部分撥給的燃料須節(jié)省下來留待黎明時使用。本句劃線表達是“with+名詞most+過去分詞saved”構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，做原因狀語，對前面的句子主干做原因解釋：理解難點是括弧表達，他是“介詞of+名詞從句”構(gòu)成的介賓短語做前面most的后置定語，介詞of后面的名詞從句只能由what引導(dǎo)，該詞的本質(zhì)是what+名詞=the名詞+定語從句，具體到本句what furnace fuel is allowed=the furnace fuel(which is allowed),由此可知，本句的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是：with most(of what furnace is

56、 allowed)saved for the dawn.，即with most of the furnace which is allowed)saved for the dawn。9 介詞with引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做伴隨狀語，修飾前面的謂語動詞was brought in，表示伴隨的狀況，The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.那個殺人犯被帶進來時，雙手被反綁在后面。10 Just as the value of a telephone network increase with each new pho

57、ne added to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.正像 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的價值會隨著每部新增 的增加而增加一樣，電腦系統(tǒng)的價值也會隨著每個程序的出現(xiàn)而增加。句子中with引導(dǎo)獨立主格做原因狀語，又是被動關(guān)系。11. with引導(dǎo)的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做伴隨狀語，修飾前面的謂語動詞：The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience seated on benches,chairs,

58、or boxes.還有：After the Arab states won independence,great emphasis was laid on expanding education,with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.12定語從句：1. The manwhom/who/that/省 you saw jogging over thereis my father.You是主語，saw是謂語動詞，jogging。是賓語補足語，考慮先行詞，指人whom,who和that，此外鑒于他充當賓語角色，還可以省略。2. The best mealthat/省 I have ever hadis onewhich/what/省I h