MBA管理類(lèi)英語(yǔ)聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詞匯總結(jié)

1、名詞1. 名詞的數(shù)：修飾可數(shù)名字用many，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。2. 復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)：the old lady hired three men-servants, after tomorrow,we will be growns-ups.3. 名詞數(shù)的理解：he is running a furniture business.4. 名詞的雙重所有格：一般由數(shù)量詞+名詞of+名詞性物主代詞。I know that many friends of jerrys.5.名詞所有格的特殊意義：a car came to a stop outside the jewelers(可表示具體的“店家”)

2、。6.名詞在復(fù)合形容詞中的用法+名詞搭配He climbed this 3600-foot-high mountain on foot名詞在復(fù)合形容詞中且有連詞符連接時(shí)，要保持原形的形式。代詞1. 不定代詞在否認(rèn)句中的用法：scarely在句中起到否認(rèn)作用，否認(rèn)句中一般使用anything,anybody和anywhere這類(lèi)不定代詞。2. 不定代詞的常用搭配：he is something of a musician.某種程度上。3. 不定代詞的對(duì)應(yīng)搭配：it is one thing to enjoy listening to good music,but it is quite anot

3、her to perform skillfully yourself.one another.搭配表示比照，與but形成對(duì)應(yīng)，other，some，常修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不能與one形成予以搭配，any 常用于否認(rèn)句中。4. some others=some other shoes.5. 代詞辨析：william the conqueror built the tower of london to protect himself from those he had conquered.空格后是省略了關(guān)系代詞that 或who、whom的定于從句，意思是他所征服的那些人，排除it指代物，them做代詞

4、，有明確的指向，無(wú)需加定語(yǔ)從句再加以限定或明確，也排除。6. 雙重所有格中的名詞性物主代詞：sam admired his friends frank and jerry.He imitated every action of theirs.雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)一般由數(shù)量詞+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。7. 相互代詞辨析：之間的相互：each other,三者之間相互： one another8. 代詞的格式與人稱(chēng)的次序：my father asked tom and me to help9. our home is finer than yours or his:than 之后需用名詞性物主代詞。

5、10. 代詞辨析：when drinking from a well,one mustnt forget those who dug it.空格后是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定于從句，it 指代物體，them做代詞有明確指向，無(wú)需定語(yǔ)從句。排除。Those who。表示那些。人主謂一致1. not only I but also jane and mary are tires of having one examination after another.由or,nor,eitheror,neither.nor,not onlybut also,not.but等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，喂魚(yú)動(dòng)詞通暢與最靠近的

6、主語(yǔ)保持一致遵循就近原則。2. 主謂一致。A library(with five thousand books) was offered to the nation as a gift.3. when and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.“疑問(wèn)詞+to do sth”是“復(fù)合不定式短語(yǔ)”，其做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使用多個(gè)疑問(wèn)詞，仍將其視為一個(gè)整體。所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。4. the numberof people invitedwas fifty，but(a number of)them were absent for diffe

7、rent reasons.the number后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，but后面分句中的啊numberof。則是固定短語(yǔ)，意思是some，一些，可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或代詞，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。5. a good deal of +不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。6. 由eitheror引導(dǎo)的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)就近原則，應(yīng)與它相近的名詞保持一致。7. as well as連接的前后名詞短語(yǔ)通暢將“前者”視為主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前者保持一致。8. 一般“山脈”，“群島”和“瀑布”可視為“復(fù)數(shù)形式”，謂語(yǔ)與其保持一致，也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. many a+名詞單數(shù)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)。10. t

8、he audience was so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是was left，故主句保持一致，同用過(guò)去時(shí)。Audience是幾何名詞，既可以視為整體，也可表示成員構(gòu)成，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以相應(yīng)的為單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)。同樣的有：family,team,class,crowd,government,crew,committee,public.11. everybody ,men and women,old and young,enjoys sports and games.主語(yǔ)時(shí)everybod

9、y，后面men and women,old and young是作為同位語(yǔ)存在，謂語(yǔ)需要和everybody一致。又是一般性的狀況，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。12. ten minutes seems an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.一段時(shí)間做主語(yǔ)視為一個(gè)整體時(shí)間段，表示一般性情況，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。13. the secretary and principal is speaking at the meeting now.前共用一個(gè)定冠詞the,指代“同一個(gè)人兼有兩種身份”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。14. it is not jane but h

10、er brothers who are to blame.本句中用到it is。who。構(gòu)成的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，撤掉此結(jié)構(gòu)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)本句的實(shí)質(zhì)是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞遵循就近原則，通暢與后者保持一致。15. the number of+名詞中，主語(yǔ)時(shí)number，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其保持形式一致，也用單數(shù)。16. the rich are not always happy,although the poor pay for all.the+形容詞，表示相應(yīng)的“一類(lèi)人”，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。17. it is reported that there are going to be heavy storms in

11、the coming month.題中that 引導(dǎo)的從句是there be 句型，該句型在本質(zhì)上屬于“倒裝”結(jié)構(gòu)，其主語(yǔ)是heavy storms，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。18. more than one student has been reported missing.“more than one +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，核心詞是one 后面的名詞單數(shù)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也通常用單數(shù)。19. more students than one 主語(yǔ)have been reported missing.不止一個(gè)學(xué)生被報(bào)告失蹤。中心詞是students，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。4動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)1. always表示“一

12、般性狀況”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”2. while I was reading a book,I fell asleep.while 表示“在。發(fā)生期間”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“進(jìn)行時(shí)”形式。3. I began to watch tv at eight last night.mary came at eight thirty.i was watching tv when mary came.,when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，其中came表示過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)，watch引導(dǎo)該過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。4. joan has already finished her homework.now she is

13、playing the piano.第一句中出現(xiàn)already，表示“截止到目前”已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，故finish用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has finished。5. “告訴told”是過(guò)去時(shí)，發(fā)生在過(guò)去，其并于從句理應(yīng)用“過(guò)去”，但考慮到后面都是在講述有關(guān)月亮的“客觀真理”，所以用一般時(shí)。6. so far 到目前為止。用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。7. perhaps it will be a long time before we see you again.本句是主從復(fù)合句，根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞see一般時(shí)，指“將來(lái)”可知本句時(shí)間點(diǎn)是“將來(lái)”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)時(shí)。It。will be+時(shí)間段+before句型

14、可以為“要過(guò)。時(shí)間才。”8. since january1st,there have been a lot of new tasks in the factory.根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞since,本句需要用完成時(shí)，而there be 倒裝句型中的主語(yǔ)是后面的new tasks，因此主謂一致原則，動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. nobody likes him because he is always criticizing others.always與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用時(shí)，表示強(qiáng)烈的主觀或感情色彩，尤其是不滿(mǎn)或厭煩的情緒，可以為“老是，一直”。表示經(jīng)常性的，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。10. it has been 4

15、years since I left my country.“it is+一段時(shí)間+since從句”是一個(gè)高頻句型，表示“自從。以來(lái)已有。時(shí)間”since從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞瞬間性動(dòng)詞因表示“過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)”，故需用“過(guò)去時(shí)”，而前面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be則比較靈活，既可以用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”也可以簡(jiǎn)化為“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”11. just go ahead,I will cover you .盡管往前走，我會(huì)保護(hù)你。前句是祈使句，相關(guān)動(dòng)作顯然屬于未發(fā)生的將來(lái)，后面用將來(lái)時(shí)。12. as soon as 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)是將來(lái)的時(shí)間概念動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一致I“一般時(shí)”表示將來(lái)I dedided to go to

16、the library as soon I finished my work(“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”表示“過(guò)去將來(lái)”)13. do you like the material?yes,it feels very soft.句子中的feel是系動(dòng)詞，意思是摸起來(lái)，或者感覺(jué)起來(lái)，后面常接著形容詞做表語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，用于說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)狀況、性質(zhì)或特征。系動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)形式，也不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。14. for +時(shí)間段用完成時(shí)15. 自然現(xiàn)象，客觀事實(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，太陽(yáng)升降，并非為人為，所以不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。16. hardly had we started when it began to sn

17、ow.我們已出發(fā)，天就開(kāi)始下雪了。否認(rèn)詞hardly置于句首做狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常使用“倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)”hardly had s+ved when s+ved是常見(jiàn)句型，表示“一。就。” 17. No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.他一到，天就開(kāi)始下雨了。No sooner hadS+Ved thanS”+Ved 與hardly had S+Ved when S+Ved 都是常見(jiàn)的句型，“一就.18. in the 19th century,it was the most handsome car that had ever been b

18、uilt.在19世紀(jì)，它是以往制造出的最漂亮的車(chē)。最高級(jí)一般由對(duì)應(yīng)的比對(duì)范圍，句尾that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句五一表達(dá)出來(lái)，然后是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。19. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般時(shí)表示將來(lái)，The girl even wont have her lunch before she finishes t have表示將來(lái)，所對(duì)應(yīng)的before時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句也應(yīng)是“將來(lái)”的概念，但時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)用“一般時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)”20. I thought he was on a diet.我認(rèn)為他在節(jié)食。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是thought，其后面是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句，由于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，并于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用過(guò)去某種時(shí)態(tài)。2

19、1. tom died last summer.tom always liked reading poems to his family.湯姆去年夏天去世了，他省錢(qián)總喜歡給他的家人誦讀詩(shī)歌。生前習(xí)慣，用過(guò)去時(shí)。然后always不能跟進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，跟進(jìn)行時(shí)連用，表示不滿(mǎn)，強(qiáng)烈的主觀色彩。22. by the time you read this article tomorrow evening,we shall have left for london.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所用時(shí)態(tài)取決于相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，根據(jù)句首by the time。和tomorrow evening可知謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的發(fā)出時(shí)間是“明晚讀到文章前”

20、，即蘊(yùn)含一個(gè)“將來(lái)的時(shí)間截止點(diǎn)”，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”5. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1. the fire could not be put out until the next morning.被動(dòng)關(guān)系，火被撲滅。2. those students are often seen playing football in the field.see常用兩個(gè)搭配，see sb do sth?？匆?jiàn)某人做了某事，see sb doing sth看到某人在做某事。其相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)形式為sb be seen to do sth和sb be seen doing sth.3. this kind of glasses

21、manufactured by experienced craftsmen sells well.注意：英語(yǔ)中某些動(dòng)詞在于特定副詞連用時(shí)，可以“主動(dòng)”形式表示“被動(dòng)”含義，常用的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有wash,write,sell,clean,后常接副詞easily,well,quickly,和smoothly等。4. the cloth feels much softer.這種布摸起來(lái)很柔軟。系動(dòng)詞不存在被動(dòng)形式，經(jīng)常用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)義，如look,sound,smell,taste,prove,feel.5. in order to attend a dinner party,she was w

22、ell dressed.dress可做及物動(dòng)詞，表示“給。穿衣服”或“打扮?！苯?jīng)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式be dressed表示一種“衣著”或“裝扮”狀態(tài)。6. the professor didnt begin his lecture until all the audience were seated.seat是及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“使某人就座”主語(yǔ)是人，seat順理成章就是被動(dòng)，sb. Be seated注意：類(lèi)似seat這樣的動(dòng)詞還有interest、face、oppose、這些詞共同特點(diǎn)就是常用被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)含義，be interested in 對(duì)。感興趣，be faced with 面對(duì)

23、，be opposed to 反對(duì)。7. after such a long journey,my shoes want mending.want 和need類(lèi)似，共同用法：后接ving表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)義，相當(dāng)于need/want to be done.6. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. but for the fog,we should have reached our destination假設(shè)不是因?yàn)榇箪F，我們應(yīng)該早就抵達(dá)我們的目的地了。后半句的should have done結(jié)構(gòu)可看出這是一個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，but for意為：“要不是”“倘假設(shè)不是因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?，常用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Because of 引導(dǎo)的原因狀

24、語(yǔ)所對(duì)應(yīng)的句子主干不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。In spite of引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)所育英的句子主干不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。In case of引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句所對(duì)應(yīng)的句子主干也不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。2. supposing this ship were to sink,do you think therew would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?如果這艘船下沉，你認(rèn)為是否有足夠的救生衣給全部的乘客。Supposing意思是假假設(shè)，相當(dāng)于if，根據(jù)后面對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞形式would be可推知他引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)針對(duì)“將來(lái)時(shí)間段”的“虛擬條件句，”故其后從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用

25、將來(lái)時(shí)間段的虛擬形式，sank，should sink或were to sink。3. your secretary told me that you wold be coming over.Otherwise I would have felt compelled to call you at home.您的秘書(shū)說(shuō)您將要過(guò)來(lái)，否則我早就給您家里打 了。本劇中的otherwise表示對(duì)錢(qián)滿(mǎn)“已發(fā)生事實(shí)told”的虛擬假設(shè)，意思是“否則”，即“假設(shè)夫哦您的秘書(shū)過(guò)去沒(méi)有告訴我的話”，因此它屬于對(duì)“過(guò)去時(shí)間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，空格中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)相應(yīng)的使用“would/should/could/might

26、 have done ”的一種形式。我將不得已。4. did you go to see the football match yesterday?no,I didnt feel well,but I would have gone if I hadwould have gone的形式可知but后的句義是針對(duì)“過(guò)去時(shí)間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，if從句的對(duì)應(yīng)形式應(yīng)是“had done”5. he told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I would have died of hunger and cold.他告訴

27、我他是如何給我提供庇護(hù)的，如果沒(méi)有這些庇護(hù)恐怕我早就死于饑寒交迫了。Which引導(dǎo)的定于從句，which指代前面“他過(guò)去給予我的庇護(hù)”，介詞without引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，以為“倘假設(shè)沒(méi)有這些庇護(hù)”因此是針對(duì)“過(guò)去時(shí)間段”的虛擬假設(shè)，后面謂語(yǔ)形式應(yīng)相應(yīng)使用would/could/might/should+have done6. the idea is that the nation send an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.這個(gè)建議是，國(guó)家應(yīng)該首先發(fā)射無(wú)人太空飛船去勘察這顆行星。一旦句中出現(xiàn)guggestion,proposal

28、,order,plan,idea,advise,decision等表示“命令”“建議”或“要求”的名詞，且存在與其內(nèi)容相關(guān)的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句，那么該從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式“should do”或者省略should 原形的“do”7. 一旦句子中出現(xiàn)suggest,propose,order,plan,advise,decide和urge等表示“命令”建議或要求的動(dòng)詞，且存在語(yǔ)氣內(nèi)容相關(guān)的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么該賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用虛擬形式“should do”或者略should的原形do。8. frankly,Id rather you didnt make any comment on the i

29、ssue for the time being.坦率的講，我希望針對(duì)當(dāng)前這個(gè)問(wèn)題你不要發(fā)表任何評(píng)論。Would rather 后常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示寧愿或希望的內(nèi)容，該that從句“一般過(guò)去式”的虛擬形式來(lái)表示對(duì)“當(dāng)前”和“未來(lái)”的愿望，或使用“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示對(duì)過(guò)去的愿望。具體到本劇，由句尾for the time being 可知是對(duì)“當(dāng)前”的愿望，故用“一般過(guò)去式”的虛擬形式，其否認(rèn)式是didnt+動(dòng)詞原形。9. if only I would not be there.if only 用于句首，表示不切實(shí)際的愿望，意思是“要是。就好了”，因此后面常接虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，

30、對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望是實(shí)用“did”，對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望實(shí)用“would do”，而對(duì)過(guò)去的愿望則實(shí)用“had done”10. I wish I had gone 斯德哥爾摩when I was in sweden,I hear its beautiful city.wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，以表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，針對(duì)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“過(guò)去時(shí)”的虛擬形式，針對(duì)將來(lái)時(shí)間段的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”的虛擬形式，而針對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間段的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句則常用“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”根據(jù)我在瑞典，可以看出是最后這，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。11. he would rather not have

31、kept his promise with his girlfriend.他寧愿當(dāng)初沒(méi)有遵守對(duì)女友的諾言。Would rather 意思是“寧愿?！北硎九c實(shí)施相反的愿望，后面要么接that賓語(yǔ)從句，要么接動(dòng)詞原形，即would rather do (對(duì)現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)的愿望)或would rather have done對(duì)過(guò)去的與愿望，其否認(rèn)形式是would rather not do 和would rather not have done.12. sometimes I wish I were living in a different time a different place.有時(shí)我真新網(wǎng)生

32、活在不同的時(shí)間、不同的地點(diǎn)。Wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，以表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，針對(duì)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“過(guò)去時(shí)”的虛擬形式，針對(duì)將來(lái)時(shí)間段的的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而針對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間段的愿望，賓語(yǔ)從句則常用“過(guò)去完成時(shí)?！?3. the business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.無(wú)論售貨還是運(yùn)貨，每天的業(yè)務(wù)都進(jìn)展很順利。本句雙逗號(hào)的外委表達(dá)是句子主干主句，雙逗號(hào)之間是whether.,or引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，省略whether后，再將be移動(dòng)到

33、句首得來(lái)的省略表達(dá)。注意：whether it be。or。中間的be是虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，其前面省略了should；另，該形式經(jīng)常改寫(xiě)為“省略+倒裝”的形式be it。or。以示進(jìn)一步的強(qiáng)調(diào)。14. he is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.他在努力學(xué)習(xí)，以防考試失利。For fear that生怕，唯恐，和lest以防，所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”或“動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬形式，加強(qiáng)主觀語(yǔ)氣。15. its high time you started to work.你開(kāi)始工作的時(shí)間到了。

34、It ishightime that 。后面的從句謂語(yǔ)常使用虛擬形式，動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。16. the driver looked over the engine carefully lest it go wrong on the way.那個(gè)司機(jī)仔細(xì)檢查了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)以防車(chē)載路上拋錨。注意：in case that以防后面則既可以接虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+do也可以使用陳述語(yǔ)氣即真是語(yǔ)氣。具體選用何種形式，取決于主觀需要，防止的“可能”發(fā)生率較小就使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，反之，防止的“可能”發(fā)生率交大，則使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。7. 動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. used to do

35、 表示過(guò)去常常做某事，而現(xiàn)在往往不做了；be used to doing表示習(xí)慣于做某事。Be used to do表示。被用來(lái)做某事。2. 有根據(jù)的肯定推斷用must，語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈，其對(duì)應(yīng)的否認(rèn)形式為“cannot”，而非mustnt。should not be/may not be都可以用于表示“推測(cè)”，但都不是“有根據(jù)的”推斷。3. dare he come out at night？可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用于前者，其后的動(dòng)詞使用不定式形式，且有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)以及時(shí)態(tài)的變化。Dare 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后跟動(dòng)詞原形，主要用于疑問(wèn)句，否認(rèn)句，和條件句。8不定式1.i noticed the l

36、ady grab his wallet and run.我看見(jiàn)那位女士搶了他的錢(qián)包并且跑了。Notice作為感官動(dòng)詞，常接不帶to的不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞做并于補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Notice sb.do sth(注意到某人做了某事)和notice sb。Doing(注意到某人正在做某事)。此外還有watch2.have sb. do sth“讓某人做某事”he had his daughter play the volin two hours every day.此外還有make，she was made to leave at once.3.the boy walked quietly into the d

37、ormitory so as not to awake his roommates.這個(gè)男孩悄悄的走進(jìn)宿舍以防吵醒舍友。So as to和in order to均表示目的，其否認(rèn)形式為to前面加not。4.“主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞+to do”是英文中常見(jiàn)句式，后面的不定式與主語(yǔ)間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。I was wondering if the shoes are comfortable to wear.5.here we found little snow,as most of it seemed to have been blown off the mountain.在這里我們沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到一點(diǎn)雪，因?yàn)樗?/p>

38、們大多似乎從山上被吹走了。Seem用法1.seem to do。2.it seem thatS+V，此句應(yīng)該是found之前發(fā)生，所以用完成時(shí)。注意：I would rather read than watch tv.the programs seem to be getting worse all the time.我寧可看書(shū)也不愿看電視，現(xiàn)在的電視節(jié)目似乎正變得越來(lái)越糟。To be doing不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)。12.“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+to do”是復(fù)合不定式，相當(dāng)于名詞性從句的省略。I have no idea when to leave the city.=when I s

39、hall leave the city.在句中做idea的同位語(yǔ)。13.They expected there to be many more interesting movies directed by chinese directors.他們期待有更多中國(guó)導(dǎo)演執(zhí)導(dǎo)的有趣影片。There to be 也是復(fù)合不定式的一種，相當(dāng)于there will be。句式的省略。9動(dòng)名詞1. avoid的搭配用法是avoid doing sth2. need 可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般用于否認(rèn)形式neednt do，表示“不必”，而肯定句中多做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，表示需要，此事后面的動(dòng)詞需用不定式形

40、式或者動(dòng)名詞形式，而姐動(dòng)名詞形式時(shí)其語(yǔ)義是“被動(dòng)”的。The flowers need watering,otherwise they will wither.動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)。3. cease doing sth表示“有意識(shí)地停止做某事”，而對(duì)。感興趣。When jim had seen the film,he ceased being interested in the novel.4. without “如果不”，為介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。5. we were surprised at his not passing the exam.我們吃驚他沒(méi)通過(guò)考試。介詞at后面無(wú)疑要接名詞

41、或動(dòng)名詞形式，構(gòu)成介賓搭配。注意：動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作發(fā)出這既可使用所有格形式如his也可使用賓格形式如him6. be regarded as“被認(rèn)為是?！盿s是介詞，后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做賓語(yǔ)。7. confress可做及物動(dòng)詞+doing，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞to+doing。Jack，scolded by his mother,finally confressed to having stolen the money.由于媽媽的斥責(zé)，jack最終承認(rèn)偷了錢(qián)。注意：動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)常強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)具體動(dòng)作之前另一個(gè)具體動(dòng)作的“已然完成。”10非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞1. many things c

42、onsidered impossible in the past are common today.在過(guò)去看來(lái)不可能的事情，今天已經(jīng)變得司空見(jiàn)慣了。Are是系動(dòng)詞，點(diǎn)睛：過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)。2. the great depression was the longest and most period of economic depressionever experienced by united states經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條是美國(guó)所經(jīng)歷的持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，最嚴(yán)峻的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。Theperiod of economic depression與the united states之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系顯然是“被美國(guó)

43、經(jīng)歷的”而非“經(jīng)歷美國(guó)的”。點(diǎn)睛：過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)。3. the vacuum tube,(invented near the beginning of our century).gave us the use of radio waves,(an energy source)never before capturedand later opened the road for television.發(fā)明于本世紀(jì)初的真空電子管使得我們能夠利用無(wú)線電波這種過(guò)去從未發(fā)現(xiàn)的能約，他為后來(lái)的電視機(jī)發(fā)明鋪平了道路。本句的主干是the vacuum tubegave.and later opened;

44、第一處小括弧表達(dá)invented。是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的tube做補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；第二處小括弧表達(dá)an。是同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的radio waves做解釋說(shuō)明；大括弧表達(dá)never。是后置定語(yǔ)，修飾限定其前面的energy source，考慮energy source與capture的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。點(diǎn)睛：過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)。4. Television is an instrument of communication,permitting us to see us as well as to hear the performer.電視是一種通訊工具，不進(jìn)可以讓我們聽(tīng)到表演者的聲音還可以讓我們

45、看到自己。本句都好后面的表達(dá)可視為“非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的省略”，對(duì)前面“一種通訊工具的說(shuō)明”即：which permits us to.as well as to=permitting. 點(diǎn)睛：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做非限制性后置定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的省略。例子：1.the amazon rain forest,functioning as the earths lungs,converts carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which functions as the earths lungs可省略為function

46、ning as。 2. The name nebraska comes from the old indian word“nebrathka”,meaning(=which means flat water) flat water. 點(diǎn)睛：現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做非限制性后置定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的省略。5. Judged the best in a recent science competition,the three students were awarded scholarships totaling$21000 由于最近的科技競(jìng)賽中這三個(gè)學(xué)生被評(píng)為最正確，他們被授予總計(jì)21000美元獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金

47、。主語(yǔ)三個(gè)學(xué)生與核心詞judge顯然存在“被動(dòng)”的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做原因狀語(yǔ)。點(diǎn)睛：在doing，done，to do。，S+V結(jié)構(gòu)中，逗號(hào)前面的do須與后面的S保持語(yǔ)義的一致。主動(dòng)關(guān)系用doing。被動(dòng)關(guān)系用done。表將來(lái)則用to do。同理：believing the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.首先句子主語(yǔ)many 和句首空格詞believe之間顯然是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除被動(dòng)，所以用believing，現(xiàn)在分詞做原因狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞feared，表示其發(fā)

48、生的原因。6. Having eaten a hearty luncheon,the judge was ready to seriously consider the circumstances.吃完一頓豐富的午餐之后，這位法官準(zhǔn)備認(rèn)真思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題。點(diǎn)睛“在having done,S+V結(jié)構(gòu)中，逗號(hào)前面的having done 與V有著明確的先后關(guān)系，該結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)義等于After doing,S+V.7. 狀語(yǔ)從句的省略：he opened his lips as if to say something.他張開(kāi)嘴仿佛想說(shuō)些什么似的。As if意思是好似，仿佛，作為連接詞，后面常接從句，本來(lái)應(yīng)該為

49、he opened his lips as if he were/was to say something.從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致，都是he，所以簡(jiǎn)化成as to say something。11獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)“狀語(yǔ)從句”，其中名詞充當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)，而現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)則充當(dāng)邏輯謂語(yǔ)：Other things being equal,a man(who expresses himself effectively) is sure to succed more rapidly than a man(whose command of languag

50、e is poor)在其他條件等同的情況下，一個(gè)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力強(qiáng)的人必定要比一個(gè)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力弱的人更快成功。實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：If other Things are equal.2 Some many directors being absent,the board meeting had to be put off.由于許多董事缺席，這次董事會(huì)不得不推遲?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，其中名詞充當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)，而現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)則充當(dāng)邏輯謂語(yǔ)。相當(dāng)于as so many directors were absent.3 All things considere

51、d,the planned trip will have to be called off.綜合考慮所有的因素，原定的旅行計(jì)劃將不得不取消。鑒于all things和consider是被動(dòng)的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，過(guò)去分詞與前面的all things可以構(gòu)成“名詞+過(guò)去分詞”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，其中名詞充當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)，而過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)則充當(dāng)邏輯謂語(yǔ)，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if all things are considered.4 The speech having been delivered,a lively discussion started.演講結(jié)束后，開(kāi)始了激烈的討論。鑒

52、于逗號(hào)后面的句子是主干，前面在缺乏連接詞的情況下不可能是句子形式，名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但考慮到deliered和started兩個(gè)動(dòng)作行為的發(fā)生時(shí)間，可知兩者并非“同時(shí)發(fā)生”，而是有明確的“先后”順序。語(yǔ)義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：after the speech was delivered.5 A new technique having been worked out,the yieds as a whole increased by 20 percent.由于研發(fā)出了新的技術(shù)，總產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)了20%。鑒于技術(shù)與研發(fā)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，考慮獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，但是worked out和incr

53、eased兩個(gè)動(dòng)作行為有先后順序，且前者是后者發(fā)生的原因，語(yǔ)義上：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：as a new technique had been worked out.6 All flights having been cancelled,because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.由于暴風(fēng)雪，所有的航班被迫取消了，許多旅客不得不改乘火車(chē)。原因狀語(yǔ)從句：As all flights had been cancelled because of the snow7 All the task

54、s having been fulfilled ahead of time,they decided to go on holiday for a week.所有任務(wù)已經(jīng)提前完成，所以我們決定度假一周。分析句子可以知道，逗號(hào)之后是個(gè)句子，故逗號(hào)之前不能為句子。詞句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：As all the tasks had been fulfilled ahead of time8 As for the winter,it is inconvenient to be cold,with most(of what furnace is allowed)saved for the dawn.至

55、于冬天，寒冷使得人們生活不方便，因?yàn)榇蟛糠謸芙o的燃料須節(jié)省下來(lái)留待黎明時(shí)使用。本句劃線表達(dá)是“with+名詞most+過(guò)去分詞saved”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，做原因狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的句子主干做原因解釋?zhuān)豪斫怆y點(diǎn)是括弧表達(dá)，他是“介詞of+名詞從句”構(gòu)成的介賓短語(yǔ)做前面most的后置定語(yǔ)，介詞of后面的名詞從句只能由what引導(dǎo)，該詞的本質(zhì)是what+名詞=the名詞+定語(yǔ)從句，具體到本句what furnace fuel is allowed=the furnace fuel(which is allowed),由此可知，本句的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是：with most(of what furnace is

56、 allowed)saved for the dawn.，即with most of the furnace which is allowed)saved for the dawn。9 介詞with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，修飾前面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞was brought in，表示伴隨的狀況，The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.那個(gè)殺人犯被帶進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，雙手被反綁在后面。10 Just as the value of a telephone network increase with each new pho

57、ne added to the system,so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.正像 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的價(jià)值會(huì)隨著每部新增 的增加而增加一樣，電腦系統(tǒng)的價(jià)值也會(huì)隨著每個(gè)程序的出現(xiàn)而增加。句子中with引導(dǎo)獨(dú)立主格做原因狀語(yǔ)，又是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。11. with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，修飾前面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience seated on benches,chairs,

58、or boxes.還有：After the Arab states won independence,great emphasis was laid on expanding education,with girls as well as boys being encouraged to go to school.12定語(yǔ)從句：1. The manwhom/who/that/省 you saw jogging over thereis my father.You是主語(yǔ)，saw是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，jogging。是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，考慮先行詞，指人whom,who和that，此外鑒于他充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)角色，還可以省略。2. The best mealthat/省 I have ever hadis onewhich/what/省I h