高三英語(yǔ)讀寫任務(wù)作文專題突破summary

1、高三英語(yǔ)讀寫任務(wù)作文專題突破-如何寫概括30個(gè)詞的摘要怎么寫？Part I. 什么是摘要？A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.概括部分包含幾種能力。第一要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二要具有意義篩選的能力，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力，用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言文字，不能抄襲原文。一、概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫作目的。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用浮凸式的表達(dá)方式

2、，第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。二、概括的寫作步驟：1. 確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒(méi)有主題句的需要自己組合。2. 尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。3. 重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱疲从硨懽髂康闹黝}句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。4. 重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補(bǔ)充過(guò)程或者提供證據(jù)?？谠E：簡(jiǎn)

3、括為：縮長(zhǎng)見(jiàn)短，省卻細(xì)膩。（括：概括性。見(jiàn)：間接引語(yǔ)。短：短的連詞。細(xì)膩：細(xì)節(jié)和例子）三、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句” 即“主題+主題的什么”。文體主題句支撐句議論文文章論點(diǎn)（一句）文章論據(jù)（兩三句）記敘文故事的寫作目的/ 主題（一句）故事大意（兩三句）說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明的對(duì)象/ 觀點(diǎn)/ 現(xiàn)象解釋/ 分述附：廣東高考概括部分評(píng)分細(xì)則：1完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分；2機(jī)械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分；3稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、原文詞序的，得2分；4創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。5結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。Part II. 寫概括

4、的具體方法.The Steps of Writing a SummaryA.定時(shí)態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過(guò)去時(shí)，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；不過(guò)，模板的開頭語(yǔ)一般為現(xiàn)在時(shí)如The passage tells us that- - -.B.定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來(lái)寫作。（特殊如書信的，可能會(huì)使用第一、二人稱；）C.定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。1)Use words of similar meanings同義替換法I didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.I didnt cat

5、ch any fish_ I was not patient.2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正話反說(shuō)法You will fail. = You will _. 3)Change the part of speech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patience is very important. Patience is of _ .4)Change the structure of a sentence句式變化法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換：Parents should give children more praise.Children should _ more

6、praise.簡(jiǎn)單句變復(fù)合句：Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.Children should be encouraged more, _ will help them learn faster.5)Use the shortest possible transitions連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。We sh

7、ould encourage children. We should not scold them.We should encourage children_ scolding them.6) Change the order of the words.詞序改變法D. 下列是常規(guī)的實(shí)用技巧。寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧： 1) 刪除細(xì)節(jié)（Omit (省略) the details）。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。2) 避免重復(fù)（Omit the repetitions）。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說(shuō)明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。 3) 刪除具體例子（Omit

8、 the examples）。不過(guò)，閱讀材料本身是由幾個(gè)具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達(dá)到30個(gè)詞，那就選擇一至兩個(gè)例子（即一兩個(gè)主要節(jié)日）。注：原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。4) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞（Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具體的) words），比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some te

9、xtbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”5) 把文章的對(duì)話或直接引語(yǔ)(的要點(diǎn))改成間接引語(yǔ)敘述（Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech）。 6) 把長(zhǎng)段的描述變成短小、簡(jiǎn)單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 7) 壓縮長(zhǎng)的句子。如下列兩例： “His

10、courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為： “He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.” 8) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。 II.練習(xí)篇- 學(xué)以致用。Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper

11、 skill from the above ones.1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1) Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future. 2). Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents yo

12、u are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Which skill: _Summary:_2. Sometimes, kids dont think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesnt like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether y

13、oure speaking to a boy or a girl. Which skill: _Summary: _3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. Its not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood o

14、r sandjust imagine bread without salt in it!” Which skill:_Summary:_Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage 段意合并法 (說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文) 第一步, 通讀全文, 領(lǐng)略大意;第二步,小結(jié)每一段的大意;第三步, 根據(jù)每一段的大意以及作者的側(cè)重點(diǎn), 綜合歸納全文的大意.對(duì)于說(shuō)明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字說(shuō)明某一現(xiàn)象。比如，可以概括如下 “This article points out the common phenomenon” 要素串聯(lián)法（記敘文） 記敘文主要是記

15、敘所發(fā)生的事情和經(jīng)歷。常見(jiàn)的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報(bào)道、游記等。記敘文通常要交待清楚五要素的內(nèi)容，即where, when, what, who, how, 給讀者一個(gè)內(nèi)容完整、細(xì)節(jié)清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時(shí)間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內(nèi)容之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點(diǎn)或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意。 主題概括法（議論文）第一、找出關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說(shuō)，主題詞通常是名詞、動(dòng)詞

16、或形容詞。第二、根據(jù)原文的詞句(一般指關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句), 進(jìn)行改寫: 或用相應(yīng)的同義詞，或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換(如主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句等等). 千萬(wàn)不要原封不動(dòng)地抄寫原文的詞句.第三、用連詞連接各部分，使它連貫；第四、整合中心要點(diǎn)，使用形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)合并、簡(jiǎn)化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)(30個(gè)詞左右)。議論文通常用來(lái)講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點(diǎn)和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。盡可能客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)?？梢圆捎萌缦路椒ǜ爬ǎ篢he write

17、r of this article thinks that 或者你認(rèn)為本材料的觀點(diǎn)代表了一些人的思想，就可以說(shuō)Some people think 還可以從中立的角度或用“無(wú)人稱”的方式來(lái)說(shuō)The article gives the view thatExercise: Match the main idea with the proper skill.4. It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but

18、 she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the

19、 ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “ I enjoy cleaning windows at night.” “So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to

20、 the station?” “Well, Id prefer to stay here,” I said. “ You see, Ive forgotten my key.” “Your what?” he called. “My key,” I shouted.Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me Which skill: _點(diǎn)撥：1） 這是一篇記敘文，請(qǐng)從原文中劃出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情的經(jīng)過(guò)

21、和結(jié)果。2） 填充下面所給的summary, 注意如何借用詞法，語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)化句子。Summary: On arriving home _ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up _ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _, but was found by _. Soon his shouting woke his wife.5. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable i

22、nformation about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They

23、can be taken along to the shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops. Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that w

24、hat they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, “ Getaway people use XYZ petrol.” The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovel

25、y beach. Some people may feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars. Skill: _Summary: _ 6. Students should think now about what extracurricular (課外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricul

26、ar activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didnt previously know.You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to me

27、et people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissi

28、ons officers and employers youre well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participati

29、ng are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.Skill: _Summary: _.積累模板: 要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如議論文的概要通?？梢匀绱碎_頭：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/autho

30、r discusses the impact of email.The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.B.而記敘文的概要?jiǎng)t可以從以下模板中選擇：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about

31、a _.The passage is a story about _.C.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis article is mainly aboutThe writer states/ says thatAs can be learn from this passage, - - -In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of.另外，更具體一點(diǎn)：(1) 記敘文概要模板a.點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：The writer tells us（主題）by showing us

32、 an example of, who/which（故事情節(jié)）.b.作者經(jīng)歷類：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, whichc. 他人經(jīng)歷類：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.(2) 議論文概要模板The article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt（主題）.（補(bǔ)充論據(jù)）.The passage highlights(強(qiáng)調(diào)) the importance of sth

33、.The author argues that(3) 說(shuō)明文概要模板a. 現(xiàn)象揭示類：This article points out the common phenomenon -（主題), which.（補(bǔ)充解釋）.b. 利弊對(duì)比類：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact(影響)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.c. 研究顯示類：The study reveals(揭露)

34、thatThe purpose of the report is to show thatPart III. 概括大意時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)事項(xiàng)1. 不可忽略, 忘記寫. 概括要點(diǎn)占5分.2. 不可一字不漏地完全照抄原文.( 但可以靈活地抄，特別對(duì)基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué))3. 不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn). 必須忠于原文、忠于作者.4. 不要概括太廣，缺乏針對(duì)性，也不要只針對(duì)原文某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)太狹窄.5. 不要用列舉、描繪性語(yǔ)言當(dāng)成概括性語(yǔ)言.6. 不要只用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)概括.或?qū)懙锰嗑渥樱▎卧~）。7. 要注意文體特征. 文體不同, 概括的方式也不同.8. 不要把概括跟下文寫成一起。（即要求分段）9不要用序號(hào)標(biāo)概括和下文，注意

35、概括和下文構(gòu)成一個(gè)不可分隔、完整的文章。附：練習(xí)參考答案：I. “定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。”練習(xí)1) because 2) not succeed 3) of great importance 4) be given； which 5) instead ofII. 練習(xí)篇- 學(xué)以致用。1.Skill1: 刪除細(xì)節(jié)There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.2. Skill2: 避免重復(fù).It is quite natural that we chil

36、dren look at the same problem differently from our parents.3. Skill4: 把文章的對(duì)話或直接引語(yǔ)(的要點(diǎn))改成間接引語(yǔ)敘述Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 4. Summary: On arriving home at about two in the morning, the writer failed to wake up h

37、is wife by the doorbell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife.(40 words) 5. Skill: 段意合并法 (topic sentences or key words，if no topic sentences) Summary: Advertising can be useful when it provides customers with reliable information

38、，while some advertisements are not the case as they are produced only to persuade customers to buy what they dont need.(31 words) 6. 主題概括法(適合于議論文)Summary: The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)教師寄語(yǔ)：對(duì)于成績(jī)較差的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，可能對(duì)概括感到無(wú)從下手，下面我就介紹一個(gè)