專轉(zhuǎn)本英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)

1、 語法總復(fù)習(xí) 時態(tài)時態(tài)：時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時：在賓語從句中，盡管主句用過去時，在賓語從句中，盡管主句用過去時，但如果賓語從句所述內(nèi)容是客觀真理，但如果賓語從句所述內(nèi)容是客觀真理，從句謂語動詞仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。從句謂語動詞仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：如：The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east.1.be going to + 動詞原形：含有打算、計劃、動詞原形：含有打算、計劃、準(zhǔn)備將做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要發(fā)準(zhǔn)備將做某事的意思，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生的事。生的事。 2.若表示已安排或計劃好的將來動作或存若表示已安排或計

2、劃好的將來動作或存在狀態(tài)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來在狀態(tài)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，其謂語動詞常為時，其謂語動詞常為be, come, go, arrive, leave, start等。等。一般將來時中：一般將來時中： 3.表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作，可用現(xiàn)在表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時代替將來時。此用法多與表示位移的進(jìn)行時代替將來時。此用法多與表示位移的動詞動詞come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等連用。等連用。如：如：He is leaving for London. 4.be to + 動詞原形和動詞原形和be about to + 動

3、詞原動詞原形也表示將來。前者指形也表示將來。前者指“安排好的事安排好的事”，后，后者指者指“即將發(fā)生的事即將發(fā)生的事”。如：。如：The children are to learn English next week.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：表示目前這段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作表示目前這段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作（盡管此時此刻該動作并不進(jìn)行）。如：（盡管此時此刻該動作并不進(jìn)行）。如：- What is he doing this week?- He is translating a novel. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常與副詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時常與副詞always, constantly連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動作，含

4、有連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性動作，含有說話者的贊揚、不滿、討厭、遺憾等情緒。說話者的贊揚、不滿、討厭、遺憾等情緒。如：如：Youre always making the same mistake.Shes constantly changing her mind. 用進(jìn)行時可以表示過程。如：用進(jìn)行時可以表示過程。如：Its getting cold.The leaves on the trees are turning brown.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時have been 和和have gone 的區(qū)別：的區(qū)別：have / has been 用來表示以往的經(jīng)歷，譯為“來（到）過”，常與頻度狀語

5、once, ever等連用。如：Have you ever been there? 你曾去過那里嗎？（不能用has come）They have been to Beijing twice. 他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。（不能用have gone）have / has gone表示“走了”、“到去了” 如：He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。（他可能在途中，也可能已到上海，但不在這里。）過去完成時：可以表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖，常與hope, intend, mean, expect, think, want, suppose等動詞連用。如：I had hoped

6、to be able to take my seat in all this noise without being seen, but that morning the room was quiet and orderly. 原希望在那一陣陣喧鬧聲中趁人不注意偷偷溜到自己的座位上，可是那天早上，教室里卻是那么安靜而又有序。 l l 注：在含有由注：在含有由after, before等引導(dǎo)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，由于這類詞本的狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，由于這類詞本身的意義能夠明確表示時間的先后關(guān)系，身的意義能夠明確表示時間的先后關(guān)系，因此謂語動詞常用因此謂語動詞常用一般過去時代替完成一般過去時代

7、替完成時時。如：。如：After he finished his homework, he went to bed.將來完成時：將來完成時： 由由shall / will have + 動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成成 疑問式：將疑問式：將shall / will移至主語之前移至主語之前 否定式：否定式：shall / will not (shant / wont) have + 動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞代表性的時間狀語：代表性的時間狀語：by the end of +將來時間的詞將來時間的詞by+ 將來時間的詞將來時間的詞用法：用法： 表示在將來某一時間之前已完成的動作。 We sh

8、all have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到這個學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個單元。 表示推測，相當(dāng)于must have done結(jié)構(gòu)。 You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了這個信息 .表示某種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的時間 we will have been married a year on June 25th . 到6月25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿1年了 語態(tài)1 有些動

9、詞，如 need, require, want, worth, deserve等，后面接動名詞的主動式表示被動的含義。 e.g. The radio needs repairing. The book is worth reading. The house is to let.(出租) You are to blame.(該受責(zé)備)2、一些不及物動詞/短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie; take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。 e.g. Hi

10、s job consists of helping old people who live alone. When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 從句名詞性從句的注意事況 1、what與that 的區(qū)別：that 連詞在從句中不作成分連詞在從句中不作成分,不含有疑不含有疑問意義問意義,只起語法連接作用只起語法連接作用; 而而 what 連連詞在從句中作成分詞在從句中作成分,且含有疑問意義且含有疑問意義.(作作主語主語,賓語或表語）賓語或表語） That he stole a bike was true

11、. 他偷了一部自行車是真的The important thing is what you do , but not what you say .重要的是你做什么，而不是說什么。 2、whether 和和 if 的區(qū)別是的區(qū)別是:介詞后只能用介詞后只能用whether。 He is worried about whether he can get the job.動詞不定式前只能用動詞不定式前只能用 whether。 I cant decide whether to stay. Whetheror not固定結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用固定結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用whether。 She wants to know whe

12、ther he is here or not.賓語從句放句首表示強調(diào)時只能用賓語從句放句首表示強調(diào)時只能用Whether。 Whether he loves me or not, I dont care.3、疑問詞、疑問詞+ever與與 no matter+疑問詞的區(qū)別疑問詞的區(qū)別是是:疑問詞疑問詞+ever 比比 單獨用疑問詞引導(dǎo)從句單獨用疑問詞引導(dǎo)從句語氣要強語氣要強.如：如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. 定語從句中 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 當(dāng)先行詞前出現(xiàn) such , as ,the same時。 Yo

13、u are just the same as you were when I first met you. 非限制性定語從句： As is reported; As you can see; As you know, but= that not There is no one but knows it. 此事無人不知. There has not been a scholar but was a man of industry. 凡是有學(xué)問的人都是勤奮的 There is no man but errs. 凡是人都會犯錯誤. There no man but thanked him. B) 先

14、行詞是如下情況時，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用先行詞是如下情況時，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that,不不用用which。 不定代詞不定代詞：all, much, everything, something, nothing等。等。 All that I said was for your good. I never take anything that doesnt belong to me. 序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞： This is the first time that Ive been in China. 被被first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 及形容詞最高級等修飾及形

15、容詞最高級等修飾。 She is the prettiest girl that Ive ever seen. 先行詞是表示人和物的兩個并列名詞詞先行詞是表示人和物的兩個并列名詞詞組組： We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there. 狀語從句：狀語從句： 由由as soon as引導(dǎo)時，表示主句動作發(fā)生在從引導(dǎo)時，表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作的一瞬間之后（注意：句動作的一瞬間之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可都可做

16、連詞用，意思是做連詞用，意思是as soon as。）。） The moment I saw him, I knew that he was angry with me. 我一見到他，就知道他在生我的氣。 原因狀語從句 由由because, as, since, for或復(fù)合連接詞或復(fù)合連接詞now that，since , in that等引導(dǎo)。等引導(dǎo)。 because因為；因為；表直接原因表直接原因，回答，回答why的的提問；一般放主句之后，也可單獨存在：提問；一般放主句之后，也可單獨存在： We stayed at home because it rained. 因為下雨我們呆在家里。因

17、為下雨我們呆在家里。as由于，鑒于；由于，鑒于；主從并重主從并重，從句說明原因，從句說明原因，主句說明結(jié)果；為常用詞：主句說明結(jié)果；為常用詞： As it was late, I made haste to go. 由于晚了，我趕緊走了。由于晚了，我趕緊走了。 for因為，由于；表明附加或推斷的理由，引導(dǎo)的分句前常有逗號，for分句不放句首： He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因為他今天缺席了。 since既然，因為。側(cè)重主句，從句表示顯然的或已知的理由。 Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然問，我就告

18、訴你。結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句 由由sothat, suchthat等引導(dǎo)。等引導(dǎo)。 (1)“soadj./adv.that”， “soadj.(a/an) n.that”； (2)“such(a/an)(adj.)n.that”。 1.so只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，這個時候可以與such 互換。 so clever a boy = such a clever boy 2.如果修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，或不可數(shù)名詞，就要用such. such clever boys (不能說so clever boys) such nice weather!(不能說so nice weather) 3. 但如果碰到ma

19、ny, much, few, little這四個詞，就必須用so. so many students so much money so few students so little money 特殊的讓步狀語從句 Adj.+as +sb/sth+is/was, 也可以用來表示讓步。 Young as she is, she performs very well in the competition.比較狀語從句比較狀語從句 由由than, the morethe more, asas引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。 As A is to B, so C is to D. As water is to fish,

20、so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。 非謂語動詞： 動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別 1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。 They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個計劃。(伴隨) They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。(目的) 2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。 R

21、eading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因) Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔細(xì)讀書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間) Reading carefully，youll learn something new只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件) 非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型 （1）動名詞作主語的句型 1）Doing.+ v. Seeing is believing.眼見為實。 2) It is + no

22、 use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.) +doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。 It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。 It is a great fun playing football打籃球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain 設(shè)法解釋是浪費時間。 3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth It i

23、s useless speaking.光說沒用。 It is nice seeing you again 真高興又遇到了你。 It is good Playing chess after supper 晚飯后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car 開這種小車是浪費。 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式 1名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系。主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系。 The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘

24、兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。允許的話，我們明天去郊游。 2 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞 名詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關(guān)主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動賓關(guān)系。系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 He

25、r glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。 3 名詞/主格代詞+不定式 名詞名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。 They said good-bye to

26、 each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。 4 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。 5 名詞/主格代詞+副詞 He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。

27、The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。 6 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語 The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。 7 There being +名詞（代詞） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no f

28、urther business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 8 It being +名詞（代詞） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關(guān)都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。 虛擬語氣知識點歸納 1. 虛擬語氣在if條件句中的應(yīng)用1) if 從句 主句 過去 had done would (should, could, might)+

29、have done 現(xiàn)在 did/were would (should, could, might)+動原 將來 did, were to, should+v., 同上 2) 虛擬條件句中有were, had, should時, 可把if省略,而把were, had, should放在主語前,用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu), 這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于書面語中. 如: Were it necessary, I might resign. Had you informed me earlier, I would not have signed the contract. Should I have time, I would

30、 call on her. Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Summer Palace. 有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個介詞來表示或通過上下文或其他方式表示 如“but for ”，“without ”及“but that ” “ except for和“supposing ” “otherwise等表示含蓄的虛擬： But for your help,I would have failed. Without the money,I would not be alive n

31、ow. Supposing there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped. She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early. She would leave her husband except for children. 3）含蓄虛擬條件句）含蓄虛擬條件句 2. 賓語/主語從句中的虛擬語氣1).wish后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，表示與事后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反的愿

32、望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將從句的謂實相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將從句的謂語動詞退后一個時態(tài)。例如語動詞退后一個時態(tài)。例如: 與與現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在事實相反事實相反 : wish + (that)+did(were) I wish I were as healthy as you.I wish that I had a plane.與與過去過去事實相反事實相反 : wish + (that)+had doneI wish I had been to the concert last night.I wish you had written to him.與與將來將來事實相反事實相反 : wish + wou

33、ld/could/might+doI wish he would forgive me. 3. as if /as though 后有時用虛擬語氣 1) 從句所設(shè)想的時間與主句動作同時發(fā)生,從句動詞用過去時(be用were) It looks as if she were sick.He looks as though he knew the girl.2) 從句所設(shè)想的時間動作先于主句謂語發(fā)生,從句動詞用had+過去分詞. 如:I feel as if we had known each other for yearsHe talks about pyramids as though he

34、had seen them himself 4. would rather, had better, would prefer后的句子的虛擬語氣1) 接動詞原形, 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r間, 表示主語的主觀愿望和選擇I would rather do it today.You had better not go dancing tonight. 2) 接不定式的完成式, 表示過去的某種不恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇. 如:I would rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. 3) 接從句, 用一般過去時, 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?用過去完成時,

35、表示過去的愿望.如:I would rather you paid the money yourself.I would rather she had not done that.5 It is (high, about, low) time that一般過去時一般過去時should + 動詞原形動詞原形此處的此處的should一般不省略一般不省略注意注意:It is the first time that從句從句 現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時It was the first time that從句從句 過去完成時過去完成時if only過去完成時過去完成時一般過去時一般過去時 對過去虛擬對過去虛擬

36、對現(xiàn)在虛擬對現(xiàn)在虛擬could + 完成時完成時6 if only 從句從句if only 若是若是.那該多好啊那該多好啊; 真希望真希望.; 只要只要.就好就好 If only Marx were still by my side to see this with his own eyes. If only she could have lived a little longer. If only she had lived a little longer. 3. If only he had arrived in time.would /could/might +動詞原形動詞原形對將來虛擬

37、對將來虛擬7 用在用在lest(惟恐惟恐,免得免得), for fear that(以免以免,為防止為防止起見起見)和和in case引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，這時謂語動詞用引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，這時謂語動詞用should+動動詞原形或動詞原形。詞原形或動詞原形。1. She closed the windows lest she catch cold.2. He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.3. She put her coat over the child for fear that he should catch cold.4. He

38、res some money in case you should need it.lest /for fear that/in case+ 句子句子(should +動詞原形動詞原形) 倒裝句1、在以、在以so, nor, neither 開頭的句子里。開頭的句子里。 (也是也是; 也不是）也不是）A fish can swim and so can I.I get up at seven and so does my brother.He didnt do it and neither did I.He didnt smoke, nor did he drink.）如果后一個句子只是單純的

39、重復(fù)前面）如果后一個句子只是單純的重復(fù)前面句子的意思，則不倒裝句子的意思，則不倒裝.（確實是）確實是） -It is hot today. -So it is. -He finished it on time. -So he did.注意：注意：）如按照別人的意思做了什么事，）如按照別人的意思做了什么事，soso也不也不用倒裝用倒裝(某人照辦了）某人照辦了）The teacher asked me to read louder , and I did so. never, hardly, scarcely 幾乎不，僅僅，決不幾乎不，僅僅，決不 seldom, little, barely 僅夠

40、，幾乎沒有僅夠，幾乎沒有 rarely 不常，很少不常，很少 nowhere無處，到處都無無處，到處都無 by no means 決不決不 in no case,at no time 決不決不 not untilhardly (scarcely)when, no sooner.than(一一.就就)2. 在否定或半否定詞放在否定或半否定詞放句首句首表示強調(diào)時，表示強調(diào)時， 部分倒裝部分倒裝。Never before have I met him.Hardly did I think it possible.Not a single paper did the scholar write the

41、 whole term（條款，條件）（條款，條件）.Seldom did the boy read newspaper.Little do I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery（風(fēng)景，景色）（風(fēng)景，景色）.Not until mom came back did she know the truth.Hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.No sooner had they entered the house than it began to rain.3.Neither.nor連接

42、的連接的都要倒裝；都要倒裝； not onlybut also連接的兩個句子時，連接的兩個句子時， not only后面的句子要倒裝后面的句子要倒裝, but also不倒裝不倒裝1)Neither has he called on her, nor will he do so.2)Not only shall we learn from books, but also we should learn from practice.4. only位于句首位于句首,修飾副詞、介詞短語修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句時或狀語從句時,要用要用部分倒裝部分倒裝。 注意注意: only修飾狀語從句時修飾狀語從

43、句時,主句中倒裝主句中倒裝,從從句中不倒裝句中不倒裝; only修飾的不是狀語時修飾的不是狀語時,則不用倒裝則不用倒裝語序。語序。 Only the teachers can come in. only +Prep. phrase時時間間副副詞詞When-clause+助助動動詞詞+主主語語+謂謂語語Only yesterday did he leavefor Tokyo.Only when he came back could we know the results.他只有昨天動身去東京。他只有昨天動身去東京。只有當(dāng)他回來時我們才能知道結(jié)果。只有當(dāng)他回來時我們才能知道結(jié)果。主句主句從句從句O

44、nly in this way can we work out the math problem.只有用這種方式我們才能算出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。只有用這種方式我們才能算出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。5 當(dāng)當(dāng)as / though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,可出現(xiàn)可出現(xiàn) “名詞名詞 / 形容詞形容詞 / 副詞副詞 / 分詞分詞 + as + 主語主語 + 動動詞詞”或或 “動詞動詞 + as + 主語主語 + 助動詞助動詞的倒裝形式。的倒裝形式。 當(dāng)表語是名詞時當(dāng)表語是名詞時,名詞前不加任何冠詞。名詞前不加任何冠詞。 Tired as he was, he continued to work.情態(tài)動詞的正確使

45、用 1 must 的主要用法 must 可以表示義務(wù)和推測，當(dāng)它表示推測時，其否定形式為cantcan not, 而must not, mustnt 表示“一定不要，不允許”。 2 need and dare 的主要用法 need 和dare 既可以與主語顛倒構(gòu)成疑問句，在后面加not構(gòu)成否定句，也可以像實意詞一樣用助動詞構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句。在疑問句和否定句中，dare 和need 常作情態(tài)動詞。 Nobody tell the old man that his son died in the war. A dares B dare C dare to D doesnt dare B 3 情態(tài)

46、動詞與動詞的完成形式搭配 1）must have done 表示對過去事件的推測，用于肯定句中。否定句和疑問句中需用cant have done. You her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for two weeks. A neednt have seen B must have seen C might have seen D cant have seenD 2) shouldought to +have done表示過去應(yīng)該發(fā)生而事實上沒有發(fā)生的事情，意為“本應(yīng)該”。它的否定形式為should not ought no

47、t to+ have done, 意為“本不該”，表示對過去不該發(fā)生而發(fā)生的事情的責(zé)備或驚訝。 The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He have driven so fast. A cant B wouldnt C shouldnt D mustntC 3) mightcould + have done 表示談?wù)撨^去的某種可能性，可能發(fā)生而沒有發(fā)生，意為“本來可以本來能夠”。 Some women a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided no

48、t to work for the sake of the family. A must take B should have made C would make D could have madeD 4) may have done 表示過去某種可能性，而這種可能性現(xiàn)在還存在，意為“或許已經(jīng)”。 Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we during the day. A should have done B would have done C may hav

49、e done D must have doneC 5) neednt have done 表示做了不必做的事情，意為“其實不必，沒有必要”，有時候可以用didnt have to do來表達(dá)。 It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you it. A mustnt have done B wouldnt have done C mightnt have done D didnt have to D 6) would+ have done 表示本來可以做的事情，通常用于虛擬語氣。 The millions of calculation

50、s involved, had they been done by hand, all practical value by the time they were finished. A had lost B would lose C would have lost D should have lostC 主謂一致1. more than one/many a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語，單數(shù)名詞作主語，意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。( (形單意形單意復(fù)復(fù)) )More than one student has tried.Many a student and tea

51、cher is watching the football match.Many a man has died in the war.2 2 由由andand連接的兩個并列成分表示兩個不同的概念時，謂連接的兩個并列成分表示兩個不同的概念時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但由語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但由andand連接的并列成分但指的是連接的并列成分但指的是同一同一概念概念或或一個人的雙重身份一個人的雙重身份時謂語動詞為單數(shù)。時謂語動詞為單數(shù)。 e.g. The worker and the writer are from Beijing. ( (那位工人和那位作家那位工人和那位作家) ) e.g. The worke

52、r and writer is from Beijing. ( (那個工人兼作家那個工人兼作家) )常見的表同一概念的有：常見的表同一概念的有： the needle and thread 針線針線the folk and knife 刀叉刀叉 3.3. e.g. Not only he but also I (be) invited. e.g. I or his brothers (be) to blame.e.g. Neither I nor he (be) to attend the meeting.e.g. Not only the students but also their te

53、acher (be) enjoying the film.amwereisis4.4.當(dāng)當(dāng) there be/ here be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。謂語動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 e.g. There （be） a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. e.g. There （are） twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. e.g. Here （is） a letter

54、 and a book for you. e.g. There (are) three chairs, two tables and a bike in the house.isareisare主語后跟主語后跟結(jié)構(gòu)時，謂語動詞一般和前面的主語保持一致。結(jié)構(gòu)時，謂語動詞一般和前面的主語保持一致。 e.g. The teacher with a number of students ( be) in the classroom.e.g. Tom, as much as you, （be）responsible for the loss. e.g. He more than you （be） anx

55、ious to go there.iswasis6.“6.“one of復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語從句復(fù)數(shù)名詞定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)，如果結(jié)構(gòu)，如果one前面前面沒有限定詞，這個句型中的沒有限定詞，這個句型中的“復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞”是先行詞，定語是先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果one前面有前面有the，the only, the right等限定詞修飾，則等限定詞修飾，則one是先行詞，定語從句的謂是先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。語動詞用單數(shù)。e.g. John is the only one of the students who (have) the keys.e.g. Jo

56、hn is one of the students who （have ）the keys.hashave形容詞、副詞 幾個并列的形容詞作定語，其語序通常為：限定語（The、A）+ 描繪性形容詞 + size（大?。? shape（形狀）+ age（年齡、時間）+ color（顏色）+ origin（國籍、來源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名詞。如： a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paintings 表示一方隨另一

57、方的程度而變化時，用“the + 比較級（主語 + 謂語），the + 比較級（主語 + 謂語）”的結(jié)構(gòu)（意為“越越”）。如： The harder he works, the happier he feels. 不與其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改變時，用“比較級 + and + 比較級”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如： The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful. 某些以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時，用to代替than。這些詞有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（較好的，優(yōu)

58、于）、junior（資歷較淺的）、senior（資格較老的）、prior（在之前）等。 He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry. 最高級可被序數(shù)詞以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等詞語所修飾。如： This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest. How much did

59、 the second most expensive hat cost? 形容詞最高級前有時加不定冠詞，或不加冠詞，不表比較，表示“非?！?。如： He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very) The film is most interesting. (most=very) 表示兩者間“較的一個”比較級前加the。如： who is the older of the tow boys?反義疑問句 1當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是I , everyone, everything, nobody 時，后面的疑問句應(yīng)表示為： I am a student,

60、arent I ? Everyone is in the classroom, arent they? (基本不用單數(shù)） Nobody will go, will they? 2.think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等等動詞后接動詞后接賓語從句構(gòu)成的主從復(fù)合句在構(gòu)成反意疑問句時，視情況不同有兩種不同的構(gòu)成方式。 (1.)當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱第一人稱時，其后的簡短問句應(yīng)與從句相一致。例如： I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, wont she/he? We suppose y