雅思A類Task1圖表小作文寫作方法

1、【Abby阿布整理】雅思A類Task1圖表小作文寫作方法+各個擊破 Abby阿布留留學雅思A類Task1圖表小作文寫作方法+各個擊破【Abby阿布整理】 2008.054 A類task1圖表類小作文4.1 A類task1 評分標準細則BandTask achievementCoherence and cohesionLexical resourceGrammatical range and accuracy9 fully satisfies all the requirements of the task clearly presents a fully developed response

2、uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention skilfully manages paragraphing uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as slips uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare min

3、or errors occur only as slips8 covers all requirements of the task sufficiently presents, highlights and illustrates key features/ bullet points clearly and appropriately sequences information and ideas logically manages all aspects of cohesion well uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately u

4、ses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation uses a wide range of structures the majority of sentenc

5、es are error-free makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies7 covers the requirements of the task (Academic) presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages (General Training) presents a clear purpose, with the tone consistent and appropriate clearly presents and highlights

6、 key features/bullet points but could be more fully extended logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and

7、precision uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation uses a variety of complex structures produces frequent error-free sentences has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a fe

8、w errors6 addresses the requirements of the task (Academic) presents an overview with information appropriately selected (General Training) presents a purpose that is generally clear; there may be inconsistencies in tone presents and adequately highlights key features/ bullet points but details may

9、be irrelevant, inappropriate or inaccurate arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately uses an ad

10、equate range of vocabulary for the task attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rare

11、ly reduce communication5 generally addresses the task; the format may be inappropriate in places (Academic) recounts detail mechanically with no clear overview; there may be no data to support the description (General Training) may present a purpose for the letter that is unclear at times; the tone

12、may be variable and sometimes inappropriate presents, but inadequately covers, key features/ bullet points; there may be a tendency to focus on details presents information with some organisation but there may be a lack of overall progression makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devi

13、ces may be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader uses only a limited range of structures att

14、empts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty; errors can cause some difficulty for the reader4 attempts to address the task but does not cover all key features/bullet points; the format may be inap

15、propriate (General Training) fails to clearly explain the purpose of the letter; the tone may be inappropriate may confuse key features/bullet points with detail; parts may be unclear, irrelevant, repetitive or inaccurate presents information and ideas but these are not arranged coherently and there

16、 is no clear progression in the response uses some basic cohesive devices but these may be inaccurate or repetitive uses only basic vocabulary which may be used repetitively or which may be inappropriate for the task has limited control of word formation and/or spelling; errors may cause strain for

17、the reader uses only a very limited range of structures with only rare use of subordinate clauses some structures are accurate but errors predominate, and punctuation is often faulty 3 fails to address the task, which may have been completely misunderstood presents limited ideas which may be largely

18、 irrelevant/repetitive does not organise ideas logically may use a very limited range of cohesive devices, and those used may not indicate a logical relationship between ideas uses only a very limited range of words and expressions with very limited control of word formation and/or spelling errors m

19、ay severely distort the message attempts sentence forms but errors in grammar and punctuation predominate and distort the meaning2 answer is barely related to the task has very little control of organisational features uses an extremely limited range of vocabulary; essentially no control of word for

20、mation and/or spelling cannot use sentence forms except in memorised phrases A類task1 評分標準細則成績 完成任務情況 連貫與銜接 詞匯資源 語法結構的范圍和準確性9 完全滿足任務的所有要求；對于題目的回應清晰而完整；不露痕跡地使用銜接手段；分段得體；詞匯使用廣泛、自然而老到；極少出現小錯誤如“筆誤”語法結構的使用廣泛、準確而靈活；極少出現小錯誤如“筆誤”8 充分涵蓋題目的所有要求；清晰而又得體地呈現并說明核心信息信息和觀點的安排有序而富邏輯性；銜接性的各個方面安排得體；分段充分、適當；能流暢、靈活地使用多樣詞匯

21、來準確表達思想；能巧妙使用較不常見單詞和習語，盡管偶爾有詞匯選擇和搭配上的不準確；拼寫和構詞法錯誤極少；靈活使用多種結構；大部分語句無誤；極偶爾情況下出現錯誤或不準確；7涵蓋題目要求；（留學類）清晰概括主要趨勢，差別或階段；（普通培訓類）清晰表達寫作目的，語氣一貫、得體；清晰呈現并說明核心信息，但可以進行更加充分的擴展；信息和觀點組織有邏輯性；文章從頭至尾有延續(xù)性；銜接手段使用合理，雖然可能有一些使用過少或過多；詞匯使用豐富、有一定的準確性和靈活性；能使用較不常見詞匯，對語體和搭配有所了解；在詞匯的選擇、拼寫和構詞法上偶爾有錯誤；使用多種復雜結構；多數語句無誤；語法和標點掌握較好，但可能會犯一

22、些錯誤；6 回應題目要求；（留學類）進行了概括，信息選擇合理；（普通培訓類）寫信目的基本清晰，語氣可能有不夠一貫之處；呈現并說明核心信息，但細節(jié)可能不夠相關，不適合或不準確信息和觀點組織連貫；文章有延續(xù)性；銜接手段使用有效，但是句子內部和句子之間的銜接可能有誤或過于機械；指代關系可能不能總是清晰、合理地使用使用適當范圍的詞匯；試圖使用較不常見詞匯，但有一些不準確；在拼寫和構詞法上有錯誤，但這些錯誤不至于影響交際；能使用簡單和復雜句子結構；語法和標點出現一些錯誤，盡管這些錯誤很少導致交流障礙。5 基本上回應題目要求；格式可能有時不準確；（留學類）機械描述細節(jié)，缺少清晰概括；可能缺少數據支持；（普

23、通培訓類）提出寫信目的，有時不清晰；語氣可能多變，有時不得體；呈現核心信息，但涵蓋不完整；可能有過于注重細節(jié)的傾向；信息有一定組織但缺少總體延續(xù)性；銜接手段不充分，不準確，或過度使用；缺少指代和替換，顯得重復過多；使用有限詞匯量，但只是在最低層面上滿足題目；拼寫和構詞法上可能出現明顯錯誤，造成讀者的某些閱讀困難；只能使用基本句子結構；試圖使用復雜句，但復雜句的使用準確性不如簡單句；語法錯誤較多，標點有誤用；錯誤造成讀者的某些閱讀困難4 試圖回應題目要求，但沒有涵蓋所有主要信息；格式不得體；（普通培訓類）沒有能夠清晰解釋寫信目的；語氣不得體；混淆核心信息和細節(jié)；有的部分不清晰，不相關，重復或不準

24、確；提供信息和觀點，但安排不連貫，也沒有清晰的連續(xù)性；使用一些基本的銜接手段，但可能不準確或重復只使用基本詞匯，可能重復，可能使用不得體；構詞法和拼寫掌握有限；錯誤導致讀者理解困難；只使用有限的句子結構，從句很少見；有的結構準確但錯誤較多，標點經常錯誤；3 沒有能夠回應題目，可能完全誤解題目；觀點有限，可能大部分都是不相關或是重復；沒有邏輯性地組織觀點；銜接手段的使用非常有限，不能表明觀點之間的邏輯關系；只使用非常有限的單詞和表達，對于構詞法和拼寫的掌握很有限；錯誤嚴重干擾信息的傳遞；試圖寫出句子但語法和標點錯誤非常多，扭曲了意思2回答幾乎和任務要求無關對組織結構的掌握極少詞匯使用極其有限；基

25、本沒有掌握構詞法和拼寫除了背誦的短語以外無法使用句子1回答完全和任務要求無關無法交流任何信息只能使用一些零散單詞完全無法使用句子0缺席考試；交白卷；完全抄襲背誦好的范文l A類圖表小作文舉例Topic 4-1：You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below shows the results of a survey to find out what members of a city sports club think about the club's activities, facilities and

26、opening hours. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make any comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Club satisfaction survey tableRange of activitiesVery satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members35%35%30%Male members55%40%5%Club facilitiesVer

27、y satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members64%22%14%Male members63%27%10%Opening hoursVery satisfiedSatisfiedNot satisfiedFemale members72%25%3%Male members44%19%37%l 范文The table compares the opinions of male and female club members about the services provided by a city sports club. （開頭點明了表格的主要內

28、容。）We can see from the responses that the male members are generally happy or satisfied with the range of activities at the club, with only 5% dissatisfied. In contrast, however, only about two-thirds of female members were positive about the activity range and almost a third were dissatisfied. （正文一

29、開始，直接對第一個調查項目的結果進行了描述和總結。既在男性和女性成員內進行了對比，又在男性和女性之間進行了對比。）The genders were more in agreement about the club facilities. Only 14% of women and 10% of men were unhappy with these, and the majority (64% and 63% respectively) was very positive. （正文緊接著對第二個調查項目結果進行了描述和總結。對男性和女性成員總的趨勢進行了概括。）Finally, the fem

30、ale respondents were much happier with the club opening hours than their male counterparts. Almost three-quarters of them were very satisfied with these and only 3% were unhappy, whereas nearly 40% of the men expressed their dissatisfaction. （最后對第三個調查項目進行了描述和總結，主要在男性和女性間進行了對比。）Overall, the table ind

31、icates that female members are most unhappy with the range of activities, while male members feel that opening hours are the least satisfactory aspect of the club. (169 words)（結尾重述了最明顯的趨勢，即女性最不滿意的是什么，男性最不滿意的是什么。）Topic 4-2：The pie chart shows the proportion of various dog breeds in a dog competition.

32、 Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.l 范文The pie chart depicts the proportion of dogs in a dog competition in seven different groups of dog breeds including sporting, working, hound, terrier, toy, non-sporting and herding. (概述圖表信

33、息)The chart consists of seven segments, （正文一開始先點明餅圖被分割成幾份）the largest one representing sporting group, which accounts for 24% of the total. （然后描述占最大份額的扇區(qū)）Working group takes up 21%, becoming the second largest. Hound group and terrier group both get 16%, followed by toy group which makes up 12%. All

34、 the rest proportion, 11% of all, goes to non-sporting and herding groups, consisting 5% and 6% respectively. （接著按照從大到小的順序描述圖表各部分所占份額）The two most popular groups of dogs, namely, working and sporting groups, account for almost half of the dogs in the competition. （在這里進行了歸類總結，對最流行的種類進行描述）The total of

35、 the two least popular ones, or non-sporting and herding groups, is less than toy group, the third most unpopular one. Moreover, four times as many dogs competed in the sporting group as in the herding group. （對最大份額的扇區(qū)和最小份額的扇區(qū)進行了比較）It can be seen from the chart that people attending the dog competit

36、ion favor sporting and working dogs more than other groups. (174 words) （合理推測）4.2 A類圖表作文寫作四大步驟圖表寫作大致有四大步：理解題目-瀏覽圖表的文字信息-瀏覽圖表的數字信息-開始寫作F 圖表作文從讀題開始，爭取迅速了解圖表所涉及的大致內容。很多烤鴨們喜歡先看圖表，這是一個錯誤的習慣，因為不看題目而先看圖表其實是在浪費時間。題目中往往包含很多有用的信息，如，圖表所涉及的內容和時間，能夠給烤鴨們提供對圖表概念性的理解。F 在讀完題目之后，烤鴨們可以開始讀圖。正確的步驟是先看文字信息，再看數據，這樣會對數據有清晰的

37、了解；圖表的文字信息一般包括圖表的標題heading、標注label、度量單位dimensions, i.e., measurement units being used和注解annotation。要弄清坐標軸數據所代表的信息，也就是what the numbers refer to，而不是數據本身。沒有文字信息的圖表是沒有意義的，因為那只是一大堆數字。F 有時候有不止一個圖表，這時，需要首先判斷圖之間是否有聯系，如果有聯系，就一起描述；如果沒有聯系，就分開描述；如果看不出其中的聯系，烤鴨們最好也分開描述。如果非常牽強地聯系兩個圖表，那是沒有必要的，會造成失分。F 在開始寫作時，面對一堆數據，

38、烤鴨們往往覺得無從下手，不知道描述的先后順序。一般來說，描述數據可以遵循下面的次序：l 時間原則、最高原則：先看圖表是否有時間排列，再看是否有最高值。F 如果出現一組時間，那么以最早的時間開始敘述；如：19982008年，從1998年開始敘述。一般來說，曲線圖經常出現時間。F 如果在同一年代里出現可以比較的數據points of contrast，那么從最高值開始敘述；如：在1998年出現幾個國家的數值，那么從最高值開始描述。F 如果圖表里沒有出現時間，那么就關注最高值；從最高值開始描述。餅圖一般不會出現關于時間的信息。F 在隨后的描述里，不需要描述所有的數據；注意描述最低的數值和有特點的數值

39、；在曲線圖中，注意描述趨勢，而不是單個數據；在其他三種圖表中，將近似的數據分組，一起描述。F 在曲線圖里，描述以最后出現的數據結束；在其他圖中，敘述以最低的數值結束。4.3 圖表作文結構圖表作文一般分為三大部分：介紹段、主體和總結段。l 介紹段：介紹段要注意改寫題目，不要照抄題目。避免照抄題目的四大方法：1）改變題目中關鍵詞的詞性；2）改變題目中關鍵詞的位置；3) 用同義詞取代其中某一些詞；4) 靈活加入圖表中的其他文字信息，如時間、性別、國家等。例4-1：題目：The graphs below show the enrolments of overseas students and loca

40、l students in Britains universities.介紹段：The graphs UUUprovide information aboutUUU (改寫) the UUUproportions ofUUU （改寫）overseas students and local students UUUenrolledUUU （改變詞性和位置）in Britains universities UUUfrom 1998 to 2008UUU.（加入新的信息）l 主體：23段第一句話總結圖中比較顯著的趨勢或特征overall trends or features（如果有此趨勢或者特征的話

41、）；其余句子按照前面所提到的順序逐句敘述圖表內容。主體部分的每一個句子一般有三個組成部分，分別是文字信息、數字信息和比較。很多烤鴨們習慣在作文中把數字逐一讀出，這是不好的習慣。事實上，文字信息比數字信息更為重要：文字信息可以讓讀者清楚了解圖表的主要信息和趨勢，而數據只起到輔助說明的作用。例4-2：The average US family had 4.5 people in 1915, 3.3 in 1967 and 2.6 in 2006.改寫：Average family size in the US has been shrinking, from 3.3 people in 1967

42、to 2.6 people in 2006, compared to 4.5 people in 1915.大意：美國家庭在縮小，和1915年的4.5人相比，從1967年的3.3人降到2006年的2.6人。例4-3：Non-metropolitan counties had a property crime rate of 1,250 per 100,000 people, and metropolitan counties experienced a rate of 2,529 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants.改寫：The property crime ra

43、te in non-metropolitan counties was relatively low, 1,250 per 100,000 people, less than half the rate in metropolitan counties (2,529 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants).大意：在大城市之外的地方，財產犯罪率相對比較低，10萬人中有1250起，比大城市犯罪率的一般還要低（10萬人中有2529起）。l 總結段：12句話總結段一般總結圖中最主要的信息或最重要的趨勢。4.4 圖表作文需要注意的六大重要問題4.4.1 時態(tài)A圖表小作文大部分

44、時候使用過去時態(tài)。因為出現的數據一般都是以往的統計數據，過去的情形和現在的情形很有可能完全不一樣，因此用過去時態(tài)比較恰當。例4-4：In the 2002 survey，over 75 of respondents with annual incomes above $100，000 considered leisure time extremely or very important在2002年的調查中，年收入超過10萬的被訪者中有超過75的人覺得休閑時間是極度或者非常重要的。例4-5：While Motorolas share of the global handset market ro

45、se to 20.6 from 18.7，Samsung Electronics share fell to 12.2 from 12.5 in 20052005年，摩托羅拉全球市場份額從18.7升到20.6時，三星電子的份額從12.5跌到12.2。B如果圖表里并沒有出現任何以往的年度，或者顯示這是過去的統計數據，那么用一般現在時比較理想。例4-6：Britain produces 3% of the worlds carbon dioxides emissions-about the same as India, which has 15 times as many people英國制造世界

46、上3% 的二氧化碳排放量，和印度一樣，而印度的人口是英國人口的15倍。例4-7：Afro-Americans account for 13% of the US population美國黑人占美國人口的13%。C. 在少數情況下，圖表作文會出現預測值，這個時候需要用將來時態(tài)；而在使用將來時態(tài)的時候，最好避免用will這種詞，這樣的語氣過分肯定。可以用其他的說法替代，譬如be likely to，be predicted to/ be projected tobe expected to。例4-8：The total US greenhouse gas emissions increased b

47、y 43% from 2000 to 2020 錯誤： 因為針對的時間是2020年，因此應該用將來時態(tài)。 改正：The total US greenhouse gas emissions are projected to increase by 43% from 2000 to 2020.美國溫室氣體的排放量從2000年到2020年會增加43。例4-9：The number of people committing violent crime will rise by the end of 2008 錯誤： 過分肯定，很難說罪犯的數目是否必定上升，這只是一個預測而已。 改正： It is pr

48、edicted that the number of people committing violent crime is likely to rise by the end of 2008據預測，到2008年年底，暴力犯罪的人數有可能上升。4.4.2 語言 雅思圖表作文需要正式的書面語言，強調客觀性和準確性。因此，在語言使用方面，要注意減少第一人稱的使用，減少非正式的說法。例4-10：I believe that the graph showed a significant decline in the youth smoking rate錯誤：吸煙率是否下降應該由圖表決定，不應該由你是否相

49、信而決定。因此，應把句子中的I believe that去掉。例4-11：The economic development in the first half of the 1980s was fabulous錯誤：fabulous帶有感情色彩，是非正式用語，可以用remarkable、marked這些詞代替。例4-12：We can see that car ownership surged from just under 1 percent to nearly 3 percent錯誤：不要用第一人稱we，可以將We can see that改成The chart shows that。4.

50、4.3 同位語和分詞作狀語在準備圖表作文的過程中，烤鴨們要學習同位語和分詞作狀語的用法，使句子更加簡潔和清楚。例4-13：Middle-class families are those families that are earning between $20,000 and $50,000. Middle-class families enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living. The increase was as high as 13 percent 錯因：非常繁瑣；families出現三次，而increase出現兩次。 改正

51、：Middle-class families, UUUearningUUU （現在分詞）between $20,000 and $50,000，enjoyed the greatest increase in standard of living, UUUa 13 percent riseUUU. （同位語） 大意：收入在2萬到5萬之間的中產家庭，在生活標準中獲得最大的增長，增長幅度為13%。例4-14：Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, and they accounted f

52、or 40% of all PC units sold in 2004. It was up from 18% in 2003.錯因：繁瑣；出現了代詞they指代laptops，然后又出現代詞it指代40%。改正：Laptops represented the fastest-growing segment of the worldwide PC market, UUUaccounting forUUU (現在分詞) 40% of all PC units sold in 2004, UUUcompared withUUU （過去分詞）l8% in 2003.大意：和2003年的18%相比，筆

53、記本電腦代表著世界個人電腦市場增長最快的一個部分，占2004年所有售出電腦的40%。例4-15：Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, who were followed by the mid-aged.錯因：繁瑣；小作文當中，注意減少使用“who are”這種從句結構，應使用分詞結構，或在后面直接加名詞或者數詞作同位語，這樣更為簡潔。改正：Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, UUUfollowed byUUU (過去分詞) the mid-age

54、d.大意：年輕人的吸煙率要比平均人口高，其次是中年人。 4.4.4 語法錯誤1）副詞的位置例4-16：The number of obese people in the UK dramatically increased in at least ten years錯因：副詞位置；小作文中，修飾上升下降的副詞一般放在動詞的后面；類似副詞有dramatically，substantially，steadily，considerably，significantly，sharply，steeply，moderately，slightly等。改正：The number of obese people i

55、n the UK increased dramatically in at least ten years大意： 英國患肥胖癥的人數急劇上升超過十年。例4-17：The illiteracy rate slightly dropped to 2.3%, but it was still the third highest ever recorded.錯因：副詞的位置；副詞的位置比較靈活，要根據不同情況進行判斷。此句中，副詞slightly應放在不及物動詞的后面、介詞的前面。改正：The illiteracy rate dropped slightly to 2.3%, but it was s

56、till the third highest ever recorded.大意：文盲率輕微下降到2.3%，但這仍然是目前有記載的第三高。2）一個句子不能有兩個動詞例4-18：In the first half of 2006, the number of recorded traffic accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, cost $35 million.錯因：出現兩個謂語動詞rose和cost，應該將cost變成現在分詞。改正：In the first half of 2006the number of recorded traffiC accidents in New York rose 8-fold to 2,504, costing $35 million.大意：在2006年的上半年，紐約記錄在案的交通事故數目上升了8倍，達到2504起，造成3500萬損失。例4-19：There were 100,000 more people work on a full-time basis in 2004 than in 1994錯因： 一個句子不能有兩個動詞，要將后面的work改成現在分詞working，作people的定語。改正：There were 100,000 more peopl