化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)英語課后習(xí)題參考答案

1、1.theIndustrialRanicchemicals9.3.thecontactprocess104.theHermediates137.artificialfertilizers14Unit1ChemicalIndustriesKeytoExercisepesticides(cropprotectionchemicals)syntheticfiberspharmaceuticalresearchanddevelopmentpetrochemicalcomputers(autom

2、aticcontrolequipment)capitalintensiveSomeChemicalsUsedInOurDailyLifeFoodartificialfertilizers,pesticide,veterinaryproductsHealthantibiotics,p-blockersClothingsyntheticfibers(e.g.polyesters,polyamides),syntheticdyesSheltersyntheticpolymers(e.g.urea-formaldehyde,polyurethanes),plasticsLeisureplasticsa

3、ndpolymers(e.g.nylon)Transportadditives(e.g.anti-oxidants,viscosityindeximprovements),polymers,plasticsUnit2ResearchandDevelopment1.R&D12.cessandproducts14.effluenttreatment4.fundamental15.pharmaceutical5.applied16.sufficientlypure6.pr

4、oductdevelopment17.Rfitbility20.theproductspecification10.environmentalimpact21.Productstorage11.energycostUnit3TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineers1.Mechanical14.coolingwater2.electrical15.aneconomical3.civil16.toimprove4.sc

5、ale-up17.P&IDmercial-size18.EquipmentSpecificationSheets6.reactors19.Construction7.distillationcolumns20.capacityandperformance8.pumps21.bottlenecks9.controlandinstrumentation22.TechnicalSales10.mathematics23.neworimproved11.industry24.engineeringmethods12.academia25.configurations13

6、.steamUnit4SourcesofChemicals1.inorganicchemicals11.rawmaterial2.derivefrom(originatefrom)12.separationandpurification3.petrochemicalprocesses13.foodindustry4.Metallicores14.tobewetted5.extractionprocess15.Keytosuccess6.non-renewableresource16.Crushingandgrinding7.renewablesources17.Sieving8.energys

7、ource18.Stirringandbubbling9.fermentationprocess19.Surfaceactiveagents10.selective20.Overflowing1. Ethylene2. aceticacidUnit5BasicChemicals4. Polyvinylacetate5. Emulsionpaint3.PolymerizationHigh-volumesectorLow-volumesectorProductionscaletenstohundredsofthousandstonsperyeartenstoafewthousandstonsper

8、yearProducts/aplantsingleproductmulti-productsOperationmannercontinuousbatchPriceorprofitfairlycheapveryprofitableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesreduceddemand,environmentpollutionProductsinthesectorsulphuricacid,phosphorus-containingcompounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,chlor-alkali,petroc

9、hemicals,commoditypolymersagrochemicals,dyestuffs,pharmaceuticals,specialitypolymersUnit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelatedProcesses1.Ammonia5.NH4Cl2.ammoniaabsorber6.Rotarydrier3.NaCl&NH4OH7.LightNa2CO34.Carbondioxide8.WaterProductRawmaterialMajorstepsorPrincipalreactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine,limestoneammoniat

10、ing,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,calciningrawmaterialforglassmaking,sodiumsilicate;asanalkaliChlorinebrine2Na+2Cl-+2H2O一NaOH+Cl2+H2aswaterpurification,bleachingofwoodpulp;productionofvinylchloride,solvents,inorganicchlorine-containingproductsCausticsodabrine2Na+2Cl-+2H2O一NaOH+Cl2+H2for

11、paper-making,manufactureofinorganicchemicals,synthesesoforganicchemicals,productionofaluminaandsoapSulfuricacidelementalsulphurS+O2-SO2SO2+O2-SO2SO3+H2O-H2SO4feedstockforfertilizers;productionofethanol,hydrofluoricacid,aluminumsulphatesUnit7Ammonia,NitricAcidandUrea..kineticallyinert9.

12、energysomeironcompounds10.steamreformingexothermic11.carbonmonoxideconversion12.secondaryreformerareasonablespeed13.theshiftreactionlowerpressures14.methanehighertemperatures15.3:1capital1787C.Bertholletdiscoversthecompositionofammonia1903FritzHabersynthesizesammonia1909FritzHaberdrivestheoptimumrea

13、ctionconditions1909-1914C.Bosch,A.Mittaschscale-uptheprocess1913inBASFbuildapilotplant1919FritzHaberreceivestheNobleprice1920sinBritainandAmericaIntroducetheHaberprocess1931C.BoschreceivestheNoblepriceUnit8PetroleumPanicchemicals7.consumptionofhydrogen2.H:Cratios8.thepilotstage3.highte

14、mperaturecarbonization9.surfaceandunderground4.crudetar10.fluidizedbed5.pyrolysis11.Biotechnology6.poorselectivity12.sulfurspeciesUnit9PolymersAbbreviationNameofpolymerLDPELowdensitypolyethylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHighdensitypolyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinearlowdensitypolyethylene線性低密度聚乙烯PETorPBTPolyethylenetereph

15、thalate(PET)Polybutyleneterephthalate(PBT)聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚對苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPolyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethylene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenyleneoxide聚苯醛PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyderesins酚醛樹脂PMMApoly(methylmethacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formalde

16、hyderesins月尿醛樹脂NameofpolymerCompanyorInventorYearintroducedPhenol-formaldehyderesinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyderesin1929Alkydresinlate1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)GermanyPoly(acrylonitrile-butadiene)GermanyPoly(vinylchloride)GermanyPolystyreneGermanypolyethyleneICI1938NylonDupont1941Polyacrylonitril

17、eDupont1948TeryleneICI1949EpoxyresinsDupont1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate1970sUnit10WhatIsChemicalEngineeringMicroscale(<10-3m)AtomicandmolecularstudiesofcatalystsChemicalprocessinginthemanufactureofintegratedcircuitsStudiesofthedynamicsofsuspensionsandmicrostructuredfluidsMesoscale(10

18、'3102m)ImprovingtherateandcapacityofseparationsequipmentDesignofinjectionmoldingequipmenttoproducecarbumpersmadefrompolymersDesigningfeedbackcontrolsystemsforbioreactorsMacroscale(>10m)OperabilityanalysisandcontrolsystemsynthesisforanentirechemicalplantMathematicalmodelingoftransportandchemic

19、alreactionsofcombustion-generatedairpollutantsManipulatingapetroleumreservoirduringenhancedoilrecoverythroughremotesensingofprocessdata,developmentanduseofdynamicmodelsofundergroundinteractions,andselectiveinjectionofchemicalstoimproveefficiencyofrecoveryCourseCoursecontentScienceandMath.Chemistry,P

20、hysics,Biology,MaterialScience,Mathematics,ComputerInstructionChemicalEngineeringThermodynamics,Kinetics,Catalysis,RectorDesignandAnalysis,UnitOperations,ProcessControl,ChemicalEngineeringLaboratories,Design/EconomicsOtherEngineeringElectricalEngineering,Mechanics,EngineeringDrawingHumanitiesandSoci

21、alScienceUnderstandtheoriginsofone'sowncultureaswellasthatofothersUnit12WhatDoWeMeanbyTransportPhenomena?1.density8.velocityfluctuations2.viscosity9.solidsurface3.tubediameter10.idealfluids4.Reynolds11.viscosity5.eddies12.Prandtl6.laminarflow13.fluiddynamics7.turbulentflow1.physical8.filtration2

22、.unitoperations9.materialbalance3.identical10.equilibriumstagemodel4.A.D.Little11.Hydrocyclones5.fluidflow12.Filtration6.membraneseparation13.Gravity7.crystallization14.VaccumUnit13UnitOperationsinChemicalEngineeringUnit14DistillationOperations1.relativevolatilities9.rectifyingsection2.contactingtra

23、ys10.energy-inputrequirement3.reboiler11.overallthermodynamicefficiency4.anoverheadcondenser12.trayefficiencies5.reflux13.Bposition7.packing15.arectifyingbatch8.strippingsectionSieveplateBubble-capplatesValveplatesCostlowhighmiddleCapacityhighlowmiddleOperatingrangelowhigh

24、middleEfficiencysamesameSamePressuredroplowhighmiddle1<2<3Unit15SolventExtraction,LeachingandAdsorption1.aliquidsolvent14.H+orOH2.cessflowrates4.distillation17.deteriorationofperformance5.extract18.closelysimilar6.raffinate19.stationaryphase7.countercur

25、rent20.mobilephase8.afluid21.distributioncoefficients9.adsorbedphase22.selectivemembranes10.400,00023.synthetic11.originalcondition24.ambienttemperature12.totalpressure25.ultrafiltration13.equivalentnumbers26.reverseosmosis(RO).Unit16Evaporation,CrystallizationandDrying1.concentratesolutions10.conde

26、nsers2.solids11.supersaturation3.circulation12.circulationpump4.viscosity13.heatexchanger5.heatsensitivity14.swirlbreaker6.heattransfersurfaces15.circulatingpipe7.thelongtube16.Product8.multiple-effectevaporators17.non-condensablegas9.vacuum18.barometriccondenserDryertypeGeneralfeaturesApplicationTr

27、aydryersBatchoperation,ClosecontrolofdryingconditionsandproductinventoryDryingvaluableproductsConveyordryersContinuouscirculation,Highdryingrates,Goodproduct-quality,Highthermalefficiencies,HighinitialandmaintenancecostDryingmaterialsthatformabedwithanopenstructureRotarydryerContinuousoperation,High

28、throughput,Highthermalefficiency,LowcapitalcostandlaborcostsNon-uniformresidencetime,Dustgeneration,HighnoiselevelsDryingfree-flowgranularmaterialsFluidizedbeddryersContinuousorbatchoperation,Rapidanduniformheattransfer,Shortdryingtimes,Goodcontrolofthedryingconditions,Lowfloorarearequirements;Highp

29、owerrequirementsDryinggranularandcrystallinematerialsPneumaticdryersShortcontacttimes,LowthermalefficiencyDryingfineandheatsensitivematerialsSpraydryersShortcontacttimes,Goodcontroloftheproductparticlesize,bulkdensityandform,HighheatrequirementsDryingliquidanddiluteslurryfeedsaswellasheatsensitivematerialsRotarydrumdryersAnalternative