diplomatic immunity外交豁免

1、CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONCONTENTSABUSE & CASES1NOTESDEFINITIONHISTORYINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION1 DEFINITIONDiplomatic immunityisthefreedomfromlegalactionandfrompayingtaxesthatadiplomathasinthecountryinwhichheorsheisworking. Collins English Dictionary外交豁免指外交官在所駐國內(nèi)無需承擔法律責任和繳稅義務(wù)的特權(quán)。1 DEFINITION Diplomati

2、c immunityisaformoflegalimmunitythatensuresdiplomatsaregivensafepassageandareconsiderednotsusceptibletolawsuitorprosecutionunderthehostcountryslaws,althoughtheycanstillbeexpelled. Wikipedia外交豁免權(quán)是一種法律豁免權(quán)，保證外交官在從事外交任務(wù)的過程中不受迫害和不受東道國法律制裁，但可以被驅(qū)逐。Foreignrepresentativeshavesometimesgoneunpunishedforserious

3、crimesafterclaimingdiplomaticimmunity.Themainpurposeofdiplomaticimmunity,however,istoprotectdiplomatsfromharassmentorarrestbytheirhostgovernment.2 NOTES1Diplomaticimmunityisnotanimpenetrableshieldagainstthelawsoftheland,butmoreofacourtesyextendedtodiplomatswhocannotaffordtobeheldupbyminortrafficviol

4、ationsorothermisdemeanors.2 NOTES2Itispossiblefortheofficialshomecountrytowaiveimmunity;thistendstohappenonlywhentheindividualhascommittedaseriouscrime,unconnectedwiththeirdiplomaticroleorhaswitnessedsuchacrime.Normally,individualshavenoauthoritytowaivetheirownimmunity.拋棄外交豁免權(quán)與否為派駐國之權(quán)利，不受該名外交人員自主意識決

5、定。2 NOTES3Theconceptofimmunitybeganwithancienttribes.AncientGreekandRomangovernmentsunderstoodthatinorderforimportantinformationtoflowfreely,messengersbearingthatinformationwouldhavetobeprotected.Themessengersfromrivaltribeswereallowedtotravelwithimpunity;killingamessengerwasconsideredabreachofhonor

6、.3 HISTORY TheconceptofdiplomaticimmunitycanbefoundinancientIndianepicslikeRamayana(between3000and2000BC)andMahabharata(around4thcenturyBC)wheremessengersanddiplomatsweregivenimmunityfromcapitalpunishment.羅摩衍那與摩訶婆羅多并列為印度兩大史詩。3 HISTORY InancientChina,warssurgedupbetweenthekingdomsfromtimetotime.Backt

7、oXia,ShangandZhoudynasties,diplomacybegantoplayanimportantroletoreducetheharmanddurationofwars.TherewasanancientChineseproverbsaying:”Whentwocountriesareatwar,messengersordiplomatsshouldnotbekilledorarrested.“中國有句俗語“兩國交戰(zhàn)，不斬來使”，體現(xiàn)了外交豁免權(quán)的精神。 3 HISTORYTheBritishParliamentfirstguaranteeddiplomaticimmuni

8、tytoforeignambassadorsin1709,afterCountAndreyMatveyev,aRussianresidentinLondon,hadbeensubjectedtoverbalandphysicalabusebyBritishbailiffs.3 HISTORYItwasagreedasinternationallawintheViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations(1961).1961年聯(lián)合國國際法委員會將習慣法整編成設(shè)定的維也納外交關(guān)系公約，對外交特權(quán)和豁免權(quán)作出了較完整的規(guī)定，世界各國大部分已簽署。3 HISTORY2 2

9、1 12 23 3CONTENTSCONTENTSAbsolute immunityFunctional immunity絕對豁免權(quán)功能性豁免權(quán)Noteveryforeignofficialorstaffmemberofaconsulateisentitledtofulldiplomaticimmunity.Arecognizedforeigndiplomatandhisorherimmediatefamilyenjoythemostprotection,althoughevendiplomatscanreceivetraffictickets.Absolute immunityisaform

10、oflegalimmunityforgovernmentofficialsthatconferstotalimmunityfromcriminalprosecutionandlawsuitssolongastheyareactingwithinthescopeoftheirduties. Absolute Immunity12Exemptionofcriminaljudge,notbythequalifiedimmunity-foractionscommittedcriminalprosecution,withoutobligationtotestify.刑事裁判之豁免，可不受駐在國刑事追訴，

11、無出庭作證之義務(wù)。Administrativeandcivilimmunityfromenforcementandpunishment,qualifiedimmunity-foractionscommittedtaxpaymentobligations.行政與民事豁免，不受強制執(zhí)行及處分、駐在國稅務(wù)之繳納義務(wù)。Main ContentsTheprovisionsoftheadministrativelawcantsave,forinstance,forwater,electricity,etc.行政法之規(guī)定無法豁免，例如，繳交水、電費等。Civillawsandregulationsofcom

12、mercialbehaviorisnotinthescopeofexemption,forexample,landandpersonalpropertyandcommoditiestrading,etc.民事法規(guī)的商業(yè)行為不在豁免范圍，比如土地、動產(chǎn)及日用品的買賣交易等。12ExceptionSendthediplomatinhostcountrylitigationactively,donotenjoyexemptionrights,diplomatsforacasefiledalawsuit,thedefendantintheeventthecountercharge;hostcountr

13、yjudicialunitscanstillbetrialandjudgmentofthediplomaticofficials,andnotrestrictedbythediplomaticimmunity.派駐國外交官主動于駐在國興起訴訟，則不享有豁免權(quán)利，外交官針對一件案件提起訴訟，被告當事人提出反告時；駐在國司法單位依然可以審理及判決該外交官員，而不受此外交豁免權(quán)限制。3Diplomaticimmunityabandon,abandondiplomaticimmunityornottosendtheright,isnotaffectedbythediplomaticpersonneld

14、ecidetheirownautonomousconsciousness.外交豁免權(quán)舍棄問題，拋棄外交豁免權(quán)與否為派駐國之權(quán)利，不受該名外交人員自主意識決定。4Administratorsandtechnicalpersonnelattachedtoaforeigndiplomatarealsoprotectedverywellunderthispractice,butservicestaffmembershavenolegalprotectionexceptwhenitcomestotheirperformanceofofficialduties.Functionalimmunityconf

15、ersimmunitiesonthoseperformingactsofstate(usuallyaforeignofficial).Anypersonwhoinperforminganactofstatecommitsacriminaloffenceisimmunefromprosecution.Thisissoevenafterthepersonceasestoperformactsofstate. Functional ImmunityManyinternationalorganizationheadquarteredintheUnitedStates,sotheseinternatio

16、nalorganizationsandtheUnitedStatessignedagreements,internationalorganizationstaffoffunctionaldiplomaticimmunity,whichwhenondutybehaviornotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofthehostcountrylaw,andislimitedtostaffinperson.3ABUSECASESOnsomeoccasions,diplomaticimmunityleadstosomeunfortunateresults;protecteddipl

17、omatshaveviolatedlaws(includingthosethatwouldbeviolationsathomeaswell)ofthehostcountryandthatcountryhasbeenessentiallylimitedtoinformingthediplomatsnationthatthediplomatisnolongerwelcome(persona non grata).Violationofthelawbydiplomatshasincludedespionage,smuggling,childcustodylawviolations,taxevasio

18、n,makingterroristthreats,slavery,preyingonInternetchildrenforsex,andevenmurder.ABUSE & VIOLATION1984: Libyan embassy shots kill policewomanInLondonin1984,policewomanYvonneFletcherwaskilledonthestreetbyapersonshootingfrominsidetheLibyanembassy.Theincidentcausedabreakdownindiplomaticrelationsuntil

19、Libyaadmittedgeneralresponsibilityin1999.ApoliceofficerhasbeenkilledandtenpeopleinjuredaftershotswerefiredfromtheLibyanPeoplesBureauincentralLondon.WPCYvonneFletcherhadbeenhelpingcontrolasmalldemonstrationoutsidetheembassywhenautomaticgunfirecamefromoutside.Shereceivedafatalstomachwoundandsomeofthed

20、emonstratorswerealsoseverelyinjured.WPCFletcher,25,diedsoonafterwardsatWestminsterHospital.1Mexican Embassy: Official Fired After Getting Caught With White House BlackBerriesQuinteroCurieltooksixorsevenofthehandhelddevicesfromatableoutsideaspecialroominthehotelwheretheMexicandelegationwasmeetingwith

21、PresidentBushearlierthisweek.Everyoneenteringtheroomwasrequiredtoleavehisorhercellphone,BlackBerryandothersuchdevicesonthetable,acommonpracticewhenhigh-levelmeetingsareheld.Americanofficialsdiscoveredtheirmissingbelongingswhentheywereleavingthesession.2ItdidnttakelongbeforeSecretServiceofficialsreviewedvideotapetakenbyasurveillancecameraandfoundfootageshowingQuinteroCurielabscondingwiththeBlackBerries.SourcessaidQuinteroCurielmadeitallthewaytotheairportbeforeSecretServiceofficerscaughtupwithhim.Heinitiallydeniedtakingthedevices,butafteragentsshowedhimtheDVD,QuinteroCurielsaiditwaspurelyaccid