非謂語動詞學案教師簡潔版

1、to do非謂語動詞學案（教師版）I.不定式（The Infinitive ）定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種，它沒有人稱和數的變化，在 句子中不能獨立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點，既可以有時態(tài)和語 態(tài)的變化又有自己的賓語和狀語。、不定式的構成（以動詞do為例）主動形式被動形式一般式to do完成式進行式無完成進行式無動詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構成。Try not to be late again next time. 盡量下次不要再遲至U。He wished us never to meet her again他希望我們不要再同她見面。二、動詞不定式的用法：動詞不定

2、式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。因此在句中可以做主語、 表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。（一）不定式做主語：不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.To lose heart means failure.完成句子：To see is to believe.眼見為實。To wait is better than to leave. 等待比離開好。注：1）不定式作主語時，謂語用數2）當主語較長，謂語較短時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于

3、下 列結構中：(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to doIt sgood/kind/nice/bad/clever/wise/silly/stupid/foolish/honest(2) It is/was + adj.+for sb.+to do It is easy / difficult / hard / likely/probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important(3) It is +a + 名詞 +(for) to do.Il is a piLy a. pleasure / aplcasanL

4、thing: giiu duly / an honor it shame / a crime / no easy jobdo- to(4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patienceIt requires courage / patience / hard workto do完成句子：Its kind of you to help me。你幫我是好的It silly of the st ude nts to chea t in the exami nation學生考試作弊是愚蠢的It san honor for us to attend such

5、 an important meeting參加這樣重要的會議我們對我們是一件榮譽的事。It is important for us to learn English very well._對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。It good manners to wait in line. 排隊等候是很有禮貌的。It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 聽到他那樣跟他媽媽說話我們很生氣。It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分鐘完成這件工作是難的。I

6、t takes us two hours to fly to Paris from here.從這乘飛機到巴黎用我們連兩個小時的時間。(二)不定式做表語_歡迎下載.eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.完成句子：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我們的計劃是給農民子弟再成立一所中學。The problem is how to get there

7、 on time.問題是怎樣才能準時到達哪 兒。(三) 不定式作賓語以不定式結構為賓語的動詞有：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等只能 用動詞不定式作賓語口訣(接不定式作賓語的動詞)e.g. Tom refused to lend me his pen.We hope to get there before dark.另外，不定式在某些復合賓語中

8、作賓語時，常常用it代表不定式，而將真實賓語放在補足語之后。如：Do you think it better to translate it in this way?你認為這樣翻譯是不是更好？I feel it my duty to serve the people heart and soul.漢譯英I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.我覺得被邀請在會上面對這么多學生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。All of us think it important to st

9、udy English well.大家認為學好英語很重要。Do you consider it better not to go? 你認為不去更好嗎(四) 不定式做賓語補足語女口：He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.漢譯英：I would like you to help me with my English exercises.我想請你幫我做英語練習。I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon.我從來沒想到鞋子這么快就穿破了。注：1.如果謂語動詞為感官動

10、詞或使役動詞，在主動語態(tài)中作賓補 的不式不可帶to，這些動詞有三使、兩聽、五看、一感覺、半幫助。have, make, let, hear, listen to, watch, see, look at, observe, notice; feel, hI felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?但如果句子是被動語態(tài)，則to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.完成句子：Thou

11、gh he often make shis little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.盡管他經常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他卻被他的小妹妹弄哭了。He is often heard to sing the song.經常有人聽至U他唱這首歌。注:2. get,等詞也有“讓”“叫”的意思，和使役動詞意思相近，但它后面的不定式作賓語補足語必須要有to。如：I ll get him to try it again. 我將讓他再試一次。注:3. allow, permit, advise, consider, forb

12、id,等跟 doing 作賓語，跟 不定式做賓語。但 refuse, agree, hope, demand等不跟復合賓語。（五）動詞不定式做定語 序數詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.注意：不定式為不及物動詞或所修飾的名詞是地點、工具等，應有必 要的介詞。完成句子：Give me a knife to cut apples with.（肖U蘋果）Some people have no house to live in （?。?/p>

13、especially in Beijing.The fox found a box to stand on （站在上面）.Could you lend me a pen to write with（寫字）This is the tool to work with （勞動）.Give me a piece of paper to write on（寫字）.I have nothing to worry about （擔心）.如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out

14、 this problem.（六）不定式做狀語不定式做狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、結果、原 因等。1、表目的例如：To learn a foreign language well, you must try your bestHe came here in order to see Charlie.I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him完成句子：In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.為了保護幼苗不被太陽曬

15、壞，媽媽把它們放到了陰涼處。He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上學再遲到。注：1. in order to置于句首或句中 ，so as to只放在句中.In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.注：2.不定式結構表示目的時，通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語e.g. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.判斷正誤： To save money,

16、 every means has been tried.To save money, he has tried every means. To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.注：3不定式做目的狀語放在句末時不用逗號，而Ving做目的狀語放在句末時用逗號。He worked hard to enter key university.He worked hard, entering key university.2.表結果不定式結構表示結果更常見于下列句

17、型 soas to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such （）as to I m not such a fool as to believe that. adj./adv. + enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. tooto His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. only to find, only to be told 出乎意料之外的結果What I sai

18、d to make you angry.注意：tooto通常表示太而不，但在下列句子中沒有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home.她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results.他很急切地想知道考試結果。完成句子：The question is too difficult for me to answer.對我來說，這個問He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他說他足夠聰明可以獨自應付Will you be

19、 so kind as to turn down the radio?請你幫我把qHe woke up only to find himself in hospital.他醒來發(fā)現自己在The water is not fit to drink.這水不適合飲用。The room is very comfortable to live in. 這個房間住起來很舒服2. 不定式作形容詞的狀語女口： Im glad to meet you.Im anxious to know the result.Im sorry to say that.完成句子：They are surprised to lea

20、rn of his death.得知他死亡的消息，他們很驚訝。We are proud to be young people of new China.成為新中國的青年，我們感到很驕傲。另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit， comfortable等詞也可以接動詞不定式。這時候，作句子主語的除了是表示人的詞外，還可以是表示物的詞。如：The water is not fit to drink.這水不適合飲用。The bed is comfortable to lie on.完成句子：The question is easy to solve.The box is heav

21、y to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.She is nice to work with.The pen is smooth to write with.注意：后兩句中的不定式與句子的主語或賓語之間是動賓關系，此時如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞，則需要帶上適當的介詞。與疑問詞連用。疑問代詞 who, what, which和疑問副詞 when, where, how連詞 whether等后加動詞不定式，構成不定式短語， 在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the

22、 world today.I m not sure whether to go to the re.On hearing the news, he didn t know whether to laugh or to cry. 完成句子：When to start has not been decided什么時候出發(fā)還沒有定。The problem is how to get there on time.問題是怎樣才能準時到達哪兒。介詞后一般不直接不定式，但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。完成句子：Mary gave some advice on how to learn Fnglish瑪麗提

23、了一些如何學習英語的建議。I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道該怎么做。不定式的復合結構由for +名詞或代詞+動詞不定式構成的復合結構在句中可作主 語、表語、賓語、狀語等。由for引岀的不定式復合結構，經常與以下形容詞連用：easy / difficult / hard / probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important例如： It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday. 主語 你們有必要在星期五前做完這項工作。Its

24、time for us to go to school.定語There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. 定語Can you arrange for a car to take us there?賓語Its for you to decide. 表語He put the paper on the desk for you to read.狀語完成句子：His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。由of引出的不定式復合結構，經常與以下形容詞連用：brave

25、,careless, good, honest, kind, nice, rude, stupid, silly, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, wise clever,等。例如：It s kind of you to say so.完成句子：It s brafyou to go into the burning building to save the baby!你真勇敢，沖進著火的大樓里救這個嬰兒不定式的省略1. 不定式省略to的規(guī)則：前面我們已經談到，在一些使役動詞和感官動詞后的不定式作賓語補 語時，不定式符號to常常省略，下面還有幾種情況請大家注意

26、： 在why引起的一些疑問句中，疑問詞直接跟動詞原形或not+動詞原形。完成句子：Why spend so much money? 為什么花這么多錢？Why not let her have a try?為什么不再讓她試一試？ 在 had better （還是最好），had best （最好，頂好）,would rather（寧可，寧愿）,would rather than（寧可而不）,would sooner（寧可，寧愿）,would sooner than （寧可而不）,cannot but（不得不，必然） ,cannot choose but （只得）,cannot help but （

27、不得不）等結構后直接跟動詞原形或not +動詞原形。完成句子：You d better listen to your teacher s opinion.你最好聽一聽老師的看法。I would rather work than stay idle.我寧愿工作而不愿閑坐。Rather than_ride_on_a_crowded_bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.他寧愿擠公共汽車也不愿騎自行車。Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender. 劉胡蘭寧死不屈。 作介詞but，except，等的賓語不定式，前面有實

28、義動詞do , to do,不定式符號to可省略。I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep .They did nothing but watch TV last night .完成句子：Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools昨晚上我除了修理農具外，沒有做其它的事情。Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat.現在他只有認輸。如but之前沒有do，其后的不定式則一般要加to。如：完成句子：I m afraid we hav

29、e no choice but to take a taxi.恐怕我們別無選擇，只好乘岀租車了。They desired nothing but to succeed.他們只想成功。 在出現并列的動詞不定式時，為了避免重復，后面的不定式符號to 可省略。完成句子：I really don t know what to say and do.我真的不知道該說什么，該干什么。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能幫我打電話給他，叫他下午兩點來開會？ 當主語部分有動詞 do的某種形

30、式時，用作表語的不定式可以省略 to o 女口： All you do now is （to） complete the form. 你現在要做的只是把 這張表填好。The only thing to do now is （to） go on.前進是現在唯一的 出路。但如果兩個不定式有對比的意思，則不定式符號to不可被省去。To wait is better than to leave.完成句子：I came not to scold you but to praise you.我是來夸你的，不是來罵你的。The purpose of the new technology is to make

31、 life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技術的目的是為了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艱難。2.省略do保留to：上文中出現了某一動詞或動詞短語，下文中再遇到此動詞的不定式結 構時，往往要省略動詞不定式， 但通常省略動詞原形或短語而保留不 定式符號too注意：1.若被省略的不定式為to be短語，則通常應保留to beo 如：He is not the man he used to be.他已不是原來的那個樣子了。2. 有時省略不定式時，同時也可省略to o如：She may go if she likes （to）.她想去就可以去。高中階段常見

32、的不定式短語：高中階段常見的一些不定式短語可以作謂語，如：be able to do （能,會），be about to do（即將做 ）,used to do（過去常常 ）,be glad to do （樂意做 ）,would like to do （想要做 ）,be likely to do（很可能做）,go all out to do something 全力以赴,be supposed todo應該等。高中階段還有一些不定式短語可以作狀語修飾整個句子，也可以稱它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。如：to tell you the truth （說老實話），to be frank （坦率 地說）,to beg

33、in with （首先）,to be brief （簡言之）,to be exact （精 確地說）等。完成句子：To tell you the truth, I hate him. 說老實話，我恨他。To be frank, I don t agree with what you said.坦率地說，我不同意你說的話。II. V-ing （現在分詞/動名詞）動詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動詞。 -ing形式仍保留有動詞的特征，可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構 成-ing短語。一、V-ing的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing還有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)， 而不及物動詞的 V-i

34、ng則沒有被動語態(tài)。現在以及物動詞make和不及物動詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：動詞語態(tài) 形式及物動詞make不及物動詞go主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)一般式完成式注意：1. V-ing的否定形式是由 not加V-ing構成。如： his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等著。made all of us an gry.他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。二、V-ing的語法作用V-ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當于一個名詞或 形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、

35、狀語和補 語等。（一）V-ing （短語）作主語：is easier than doing.說比做容易。注意：在下面兩種結構中，V-ing分詞也作主語。 為了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。 如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。Its a waste of time.辯論這事是浪費時間。 在There is no結構中，通常用 V-ing分詞。如：There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wh

36、eel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻擋。2. V-ing （短語）作表語： V-ing分詞作表語可以表示主語的內容是什么。如：Their job is building houses.他們的工作是蓋房子。The real questi on is.真正的問題是了解人民的需要。 V-ing分詞（使役動詞）作表語可以表示主語所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting.這故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling這個問題很令人困惑。The news is surprising.這條信息令人鼓舞。The situation is

37、 encouraging 形式令人鼓舞。3. V -ing作賓語： V -ng作動詞賓語。如：The students wasted much time （in） playing computer gamesWe enjoy attending Miss Lis class.我們喜歡聽李老師的課。Do you con sider?你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？ V-ing作介詞賓語，經常用在一些短語的后面。如：rm against inviting him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。He went to London in the hope of.他去了倫敦，希望能成為一個著名的畫

38、家。注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如：I have no difficulty （in） communicating with foreigners.我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。What can prevent us （from） getting married?有什么能阻止我們結婚？動名詞前省略介詞in的常用結構be careful （in） doing sth做某事時很小心be busy （in） doing sth 忙于做某事have difficulty（in） doing sth 做有困難 have trouble （in） doing sth 做某事有困難 have a

39、problem（in） doing sth 做有困難 have a good time / fun （in） doing sth 做某事很開心 have a hard time（in） doing sth 做很辛苦 spend money（time） （in） doing sth 花錢（時間）做某事 waste money（time） （in） doing sth 浪費錢（時間）做某事 There is no difficulty（in） doing sth 做某事沒有困難 There is no need / use（in） doing sth 做某事沒有用 There is no poin

40、t（in） doing sth 做某事沒有意義 另夕卜， V-ing 可以和一些介詞女口 in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等構成短語，在句中作狀語。如：He left ahead of time.他一句話也沒說就提前離開了。, she had to take care of four childre n. 除了做飯和縫紉（sew）以外，她還要照顧四個孩子。高中階段常見的 帶介詞to的短語，后接-ing分詞或名詞。如：admit to （承認）,contribute to （捐助、貢獻）,get down to （

41、著手做）, lead to （導致），look forward to （期待）,turn to （求助于）,stick to（忠于、堅持），see to （注意、處理），be used to （習慣于），devote oneself to （獻身于）,pay attention to. 下列動詞既可跟不定式又可跟Ving的動詞，區(qū)別如下（1） .begin和start本身為進行時，或后面動詞為心理變化意義的動 詞時，須接不定式。When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.After his explanation, I began t

42、o understand it / realize that I wasI suggest,我建議用另一種方法做這件事。高中階段常見的能接-ing分詞作賓語的動詞：wrong.（2）.有些詞后面既可以接不定式亦可接動名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū) mind （介意），suggest別，須特別注意：表示完成意義 （=having done），I never forgetI regret（建議）,enjoy （欣賞，）,admit （承認）,appreciate （感激，欣賞）, avoid （避免），delay （推遲），dislike （不喜歡，厭惡），escape （逃脫），finish （完成）,

43、forgive （寬恕）,imagine （想象）,keep （保持）, miss （錯過），practise （訓練），resist （抵抗，抵制），risk （冒險），deny（拒絕，否認）,consider （考慮）allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid, 等。 V-ing作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用it作形式賓語。如：I don t thinkpossible living in such a cold place. 我認為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。A remember，forget，regret 接動名詞, 接不定式，表示將來

44、意義：Please remember(bring)me the book I want next time.I remember(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before.Dont forget(write)to me soon.(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time.(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干I regret not(take) (not having taken) your advice.I regret(say) I cant take

45、 your advice.(遺憾=be sorry)B mean： mean to do=want to do 打算，想要 ；mean doing:意味stopDoctors adviseWood is usedI noticed a man走了一大包錢。in著，就是I am sorry, I didnt mean(hurt)your feelings ，Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just(work) in class.C. stop： stop to do停下來，要干另一件事，不定式作目的狀語；doing停止干，動名詞作賓語。After

46、some time, they stopped(work)and had a rest.After walking some time, they stopped(have)a rest.D. try: try to do，努力，試圖干 事；try doing :試著干事He searched everywhere and tried(find) his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried(find) a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try(cook) for him

47、self.They tried to succeed and tried (do) their experiments again andagain.E. want，need，require接動名詞表示被動意義，主語與動名詞之 為動賓關系。The bike requires(repair).These young trees require(look after).The matter needs(think)over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants(see) you.You dont need(leave)so early.F. go on: go

48、 on to do繼續(xù)干和原來不同的另一件事，不定式作目的 狀語。go on doing繼續(xù)干原來同一件事，動名詞作賓語。After a smoke，he went on(tell)us that interesting story.After writing the composition he went on(work)out his mathsproblems.G.動詞advise， allow， permit，forbid后面接單賓語時用動名詞， 復合賓語時用動詞不定式。smoking to benefit ones health. 放棄The doctor advised himsm

49、oking so as to improve hishealth.放棄She doesnt allow (permit)in her room.扌由煙I. be used to doing 習慣于 be used to do被用來做I m used to.早晨六點起床.被用來制作家具J.can t help doing#不自禁 can t helpo do 不能幫助做Hearing the news, she.不禁大哭I couldn help.打掃教師4. V-ing分詞作補語： V-ing 分詞做 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, liste

50、n to, observe, 等動詞的賓語補語。 I saw two dogs fighting fiercely.I saw the child being beaten by his father.注：V-ing分詞作賓語表示正在進行的動作；不定式表示動作的全過程或動作的結束。I heard someone knocking at the door.I heard someone knock at the door. Three times.我看到一個男孩正在沙灘玩?？吹揭粋€男孩穿過了馬路上了汽車。I noticed a man running out of the bank when I

51、 got off the car. 我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑岀來。爬入銀行拿歡迎下載 V-ing 分詞做have, get, set的賓補表示一直進行的動作，不定式表 示一個將來的動作。What he said set me thinking deeply.He set the boy to chop wood.I ll have my son see him off.The farmers had the tractors working all night long.別讓車一直等著。我讓著去車站接你。 做leave, keep, catch, find等動詞的賓語補語

52、。如：Don leave the boy waiting at the gate in such a cold day.Last n ight the shopkeeper caughtithe shop .昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。 上面這類句子也可變成被動語態(tài)，這時，V-ing分詞可看成是主語補語。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 讓我們等了好長時間。Jill was n ever heard.人們再也沒有聽到吉麗唱這首歌了。 understand sb doing 理解(多用否定句) understand to do

53、 知道, 料定(多用肯定句);send sb. to do派,send sb. doing使.突然;I canunderstand him speaking to me like that.I understand him to speak to me like that.I sent the boy to catch the bird.The sound of the gun sent the birds flying away.5. V-ing作定語： V-ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當于一個定語 從句。如：When she appeared, John, wearing

54、 a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.當她岀現的時候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。Who is the comrade _站在門邊的同志是誰？注：不定式作定語表示將來的動作；現在分詞作定語表示正在進行 的動作，過去分詞作定語表示完成和被動的動作。The meeting to be held soon is very important.The meeting being held now is very important.The meeting held yesterday soon is very import

55、ant.6. V-ing分詞做狀語：時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨_ V-ing分詞短語作時間狀語，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時可由 連詞 when, while引出。如：Hearing the news, he couldnthelp thinking the days in the college. Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there.While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.他一邊看書，一邊不時地點頭。Seeing those pictures,

56、 she remembered her childhood.看到那些畫，他想起了她的童年。 V-ing分詞短語作原因狀語，相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:Being ill, he couldn go to school.Many of us, being so excited, couldn t go to sleep that night.因為非常激動，那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.因為不知道如何解這道物理難題，他求助老師。 V -ng分詞短語作結果狀語，相當于一個結果狀語從句。如