物理學(xué)專業(yè)英語

1、華中師范大學(xué)物理學(xué)院物理學(xué)專業(yè)英語僅供內(nèi)部學(xué)習(xí)參考！2021一、課程的任務(wù)和教學(xué)目的通過學(xué)習(xí)?物理學(xué)專業(yè)英語?，學(xué)生將掌握物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域使用頻率較高的專業(yè)詞匯和表達(dá)方法，進(jìn)而具備根本的閱讀理解物理學(xué)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的能力。通過分析?物理學(xué)專業(yè)英語?課程教材中的范文，學(xué)生還將從英語角度理解物理學(xué)中個(gè)學(xué)科的研究內(nèi)容和主要思想，提高學(xué)生的專業(yè)英語能力和了解物理學(xué)研究前沿的能力。培養(yǎng)專業(yè)英語閱讀能力，了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)，提高專業(yè)外語的閱讀質(zhì)量和閱讀速度；掌握一定量的本專業(yè)英文詞匯，根本到達(dá)能夠獨(dú)立完成一般性本專業(yè)外文資料的閱讀；到達(dá)一定的筆譯水平。要求譯文通順、準(zhǔn)確和專業(yè)化。要求譯文通順、準(zhǔn)確和專業(yè)化。二、課程內(nèi)

2、容課程內(nèi)容包括以下章節(jié)：物理學(xué)、經(jīng)典力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)、電磁學(xué)、光學(xué)、原子物理、統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)、量子力學(xué)和狹義相對論三、根本要求1. 充分利用課內(nèi)時(shí)間保證充足的閱讀量約12001500詞/學(xué)時(shí)，要求正確理解原文。2. 泛讀適量課外相關(guān)英文讀物，要求根本理解原文主要內(nèi)容。3. 掌握根本專業(yè)詞匯不少于200詞。4. 應(yīng)具有流利閱讀、翻譯及賞析專業(yè)英語文獻(xiàn)，并能簡單地進(jìn)行寫作的能力。四、參考書 目 錄1 Physics 物理學(xué)1Introduction to physics1Classical and modern physics2Research fields4Vocabulary72 Classical m

3、echanics 經(jīng)典力學(xué)10Introduction10Description of classical mechanics10Momentum and collisions14Angular momentum15Vocabulary163 Thermodynamics 熱力學(xué)18Introduction18Laws of thermodynamics21System models22Thermodynamic processes27Scope of thermodynamics29Vocabulary304 Electromagnetism 電磁學(xué)33Introduction33Elect

4、rostatics33Magnetostatics35Electromagnetic induction40Vocabulary435 Optics 光學(xué)45Introduction45Geometrical optics45Physical optics47Polarization50Vocabulary516 Atomic physics 原子物理52Introduction52Electronic configuration52Excitation and ionization56Vocabulary597 Statistical mechanics 統(tǒng)計(jì)力學(xué)60Overview60Fu

5、ndamentals60Statistical ensembles63Vocabulary658 Quantum mechanics 量子力學(xué)67Introduction67Mathematical formulations68Quantization71Wave-particle duality72Quantum entanglement75Vocabulary779 Special relativity 狹義相對論79Introduction79Relativity of simultaneity80Lorentz transformations80Time dilation and le

6、ngth contraction81Mass-energy equivalence82Relativistic energy-momentum relation86Vocabulary89正文標(biāo)記說明：藍(lán)色Arial字體例如 energy：的專業(yè)詞匯藍(lán)色Arial字體加下劃線例如electromagnetism：新學(xué)的專業(yè)詞匯黑色Times New Roman字體加下劃線例如postulate：新學(xué)的普通詞匯9 Special relativity 狹義相對論1 Physics 物理學(xué)Introduction to physics Physics is a part of natural ph

7、ilosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest aca

8、demic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged a

9、s unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while ope

10、ning new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led d

11、irectly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of ca

12、lculus.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, th

13、e theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered i

14、n the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (16421727) 【艾薩克·牛頓】.個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expecte

15、d to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and we

16、ll-developed before the beginning of the 20th centuryclassical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), k

17、inematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, a

18、erodynamics, and pneumatics. 個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of

19、animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g.

20、, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and m

21、agnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at re

22、st, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy un

23、der extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale. For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified. The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of

24、 matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief t

25、heories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspe

26、cts of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena. The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion i

27、n a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation. Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universa

28、l laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations d

29、o not match their predictions. Albert Einstein【阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦】 contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Max Planck【普朗克

30、】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定諤】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales. Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed

31、for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research f

32、ieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fi

33、elds of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (18791955) and Lev Landau (19081968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed m

34、atter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between t

35、hem are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the BoseEinstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low tempe

36、rature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials, and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.文檔收集自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅用于個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics

37、 grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research grouppreviously solid-state theoryin 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physica

38、l Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics. 個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of mattermatt

39、er and lightmatter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and

40、 quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and

41、 the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic str

42、uctures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in

43、 the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them. In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators, detectors, and comp

44、uter programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and f

45、ields are described by the Standard Model. l The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) that interact via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces. l Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons, W and Z bosons,

46、 and photons, respectively). l The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2021 CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constit

47、uents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation

48、 in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.文檔收集自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅用于個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)Astrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, a

49、nd related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular

50、physics.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make s

51、pace-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In th

52、e early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwa

53、ve background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the CDM model (th

54、e standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many con

55、densed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experi

56、mental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find e

57、vidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.文檔收集自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅用于個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current l

58、eading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many e