初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法全解——時(shí)態(tài)

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法全解時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.構(gòu)成 be 動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中有am/is/are三種形式。其句式如下：be 動(dòng)詞肯定句I am.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.否定句I am not.He/She/It is not.We/You/They are not.一般疑問句Is he/she/it.?Are you/they.?一般疑問句的回答Yes,主語(yǔ)+am/is/are.No,主語(yǔ)+am not/isn t/aren t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+is/are.?特殊疑問詞+is/are+主語(yǔ).？行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中由動(dòng)詞原形或第三

2、人稱單數(shù)形式表示。2. 用法1）表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與often,usually,sometimes,every day/week,onSunday,in the morning/afternoon/evening等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。（ 2）表示真理、客觀事實(shí)。The sun rises in the east.（ 3）表示知覺、態(tài)度、情感等。I dont like salad.（ 4）表示主語(yǔ)具有的性格或具備的能力等。Gabriella can speak French fluently.（ 5）表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。School starts at eight.（

3、 6）以here,there開頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Here comes the bus.二、一般過去時(shí)1. be 動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞在一般過去時(shí)態(tài)中有was,were兩種變化形式。2.行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞在一般過去時(shí)態(tài)中由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。行為動(dòng)詞肯定句主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞過去式+.否定句didn t=did not主語(yǔ)+didn t+動(dòng)詞原形+.一般疑問句Did+ 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形.？一般疑問句的回答Yes,主語(yǔ)+did.No,主語(yǔ)+didn t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+動(dòng)詞過去式+.？特殊疑問詞+did+主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞原形+.？3. 用法（ 1）表示在過去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存

4、在的狀態(tài)。常與yesterday,lastw eek,a moment ago,twohours ago,just now,at that time,in 1990等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Last week we asked our students about their free time activities.（ 2）表示過去經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。He always helped me with my English in the past.三、一般將來時(shí)1. 構(gòu)成 shall/will 結(jié)構(gòu)在書面語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)是第一人稱（I 或 we）時(shí)，常用shall；在口語(yǔ)中，所有人稱都可以用willshal

5、l/will 結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句主語(yǔ) +shall/will+ 動(dòng)詞原形.否定句主語(yǔ)+shant/wont+動(dòng)詞原形+.一般疑問句shall/will+ 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+.？一般疑問句的答語(yǔ)Yes,主語(yǔ)+will/shall.No,主語(yǔ)+won t/shan t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+shall/will+ 動(dòng)詞原形+.?特殊疑問詞+shall/主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+.？be going to結(jié)構(gòu)be going to結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句I am going to+動(dòng)詞原形.He/She/It is going to+動(dòng)詞原形.We/You/They are going to+動(dòng)詞原形.否定句I am no

6、t going to+動(dòng)詞原形.He/She/It is not going to+動(dòng)詞原形.We/You/They are not going to+動(dòng)詞原形.一般疑問句Is he/she/it going to+動(dòng)詞原形.？Are we/you/they going to+動(dòng)詞原形.？一般疑問句的答語(yǔ)Yes,主語(yǔ)+am/is/are.No,主語(yǔ)+am not/isn t/aren t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形+.?特殊疑問詞+is/are+主語(yǔ)+going to+動(dòng)詞原形+.？2. 用法（ 1）表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與t

7、omorrow,next week,in a month,in the future等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Will people use money in 100 years?（ 2）“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”主要表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事或有跡象表明要發(fā)生某事。I m going to write articles and send them to magazines and newspapers.（ 3）“be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排、計(jì)劃在近期將要發(fā)生的事。She is to arrive in Beijing today.（ 4）“be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示事情或動(dòng)

8、作馬上要發(fā)生，一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Don t go out now. We are about to have lunch.四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成肯定句I am+現(xiàn)在分詞.He/She/It is+現(xiàn)在分詞.We/You/They are+現(xiàn)在分詞.否定句I am not+現(xiàn)在分詞.He/She/It is not+現(xiàn)在分詞.We/You/They are not+現(xiàn)在分詞.一般疑問句Is he/she/it+現(xiàn)在分詞.?Are you/they+現(xiàn)在分詞.?一般疑問句的回答Yes,主語(yǔ)+am/is/are.No,主語(yǔ)+am not/isnt/arent.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（

9、作主語(yǔ)）+is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞.?特殊疑問詞+is/are+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞.？2. 用法現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與now,at the moment等狀語(yǔ)連用。There are many people here on vacation.Some are taking photos.Others are lying on the beach.表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與at present,these days,this wee等時(shí)間狀 k語(yǔ)連用。Mr. White is writing a book at present.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always連

10、用時(shí)，表示贊揚(yáng)或厭惡的意思。They are always helping us.五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成肯定句He/She/It was+現(xiàn)在分詞.We/You/They were+現(xiàn)在分詞.否定句I/He/She/It was not+現(xiàn)在分詞.We/You/They were not+現(xiàn)在分詞.一般疑問句Was he/she/it+現(xiàn)在分詞.?Were you/they+現(xiàn)在分詞.?一般疑問句的回答Yes,主語(yǔ)+was/were.No,主語(yǔ)+wasnt/werent.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞.?特殊疑問詞+was/were+主語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞.

11、？2.用法表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事情。常與at that moment/time,yesterday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或when,while 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。When you called, I was taking a shower.表示過去某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。What were you doing from eight to ten last night?六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1 .構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成肯定句He/She/It has+過去分詞.時(shí)的構(gòu)成I/We/You/They have+過去分詞.否定句He/She/It hasnt+過去分詞.I/We/You/They hav

12、ent+過去分詞.一般疑問句Has he/she/it+過去分詞.?Have you/they+過去分詞.?一般疑問句的回答Yes,I/we/they have.Yes,he/she/it has.No,I/we/they haven t.No,he/she/it hasn t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+have/has+過去分詞.?特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞.？2 .用法表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與副詞already,ever,never,just,ye等連t用。Our guests have arrived.表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的

13、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也許還要繼續(xù)下去。常與for 或 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如be,live,teach,learn,work,study,know等。I havent been back for almost three years.疑難辨析since和 for 的區(qū)別：由 since和 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間都是持續(xù)性的一段時(shí)間。since后可接過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可以接段時(shí)間+ago”，還可以接從句；而for 后只接時(shí)間段。My father has been an engineer since 2005.She has been a doctor sinc

14、e two years ago.I have been a policemen for 2 years. have/has been to表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”；而have/has gone to表示“已經(jīng)去某地了”。They have been to India twice.George has gone to London.終止性動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)短暫的動(dòng)作，它可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：電影已經(jīng)開始十分鐘了這個(gè)句子不能譯成“ The film has begun for 10 minutes.” 因?yàn)閎egin 是終止性動(dòng)詞，它不能與for 10minutes這個(gè)

15、表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。若需要表達(dá)此意，有下列三種方法：（ 1） 把終止性動(dòng)詞改為同義的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如上例可以把begun改為been on， 譯成 “ The film has beenon for 10 minutes.”。（ 2） 用句型 “ It is/It has been+一段時(shí)間+since從句 （一般過去時(shí)）” 表示。 如上例可以改為“ It is/It hasbeen 10 minutes since the film begun”。 .（ 3）把since和 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)改為表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，并用一般過去時(shí)表示。如上例可以改為 The film began

16、10 minutes ago.七、過去完成時(shí)1.構(gòu)成過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成肯定句主語(yǔ)+had+過去分詞.否定句主語(yǔ)+hadn t+過去分詞+.一般疑問句Had+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞+.？一般疑問句的回答Yes,主語(yǔ)+had.No,主語(yǔ)+hadn t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+had+過去分詞+.?特殊疑問詞+had+主語(yǔ)+過去分詞+.？2.用法過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。這個(gè)過去的時(shí)刻常用由by， before等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示，也可以表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示。The phone was ringing but by the time

17、she got indoors, it had stopped.過去完成時(shí)也表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，持續(xù)到過去靈異事件的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常和由 for,since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。He had studied in the school for about two years before he moved here.八、過去將來時(shí)1.構(gòu)成 should/would 結(jié)構(gòu)should 只用于第一人稱（I/we），would 可以用于任何人稱。should/would 結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句主語(yǔ)+should/would+動(dòng)詞原形.否定句主語(yǔ)+shouldn t/wouldn t+動(dòng)詞原形.一

18、般疑問句Should/Would+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形.？一般疑問句的答語(yǔ)Yes,主語(yǔ)+should/would.No,主語(yǔ)+shouldn t/wouldn t.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+should/would+動(dòng)詞原形+.?特殊疑問詞+should/would+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+.？2.用法過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。Arnold knew he would be tired the next day. be going to結(jié)構(gòu)be going to結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句I/He/She/It was going to+動(dòng)詞原形.We/Yo

19、u/They were going to+動(dòng)詞原形.否定句I/He/She/It was not going to+動(dòng)詞原形.We/You/They were not going to+動(dòng)詞原形.一般疑問句Was he/she/it going to+動(dòng)詞原形.？Were we/you/they going to+動(dòng)詞原形.？一般疑問句的答語(yǔ)Yes,主語(yǔ)+was/were.No,主語(yǔ)+wasnt/werent.特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞（作主語(yǔ)）+was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形+.?特殊疑問詞+was/were+主語(yǔ)+going to+動(dòng)詞原形+.？表示曾經(jīng)打算或安排要做的事。He s

20、aid they were going to visit the Great Wall next Friday.例題解析( )1. -Where were you when I called?-I on the bed.A. liedB. was lyingC. layD. was lieing解析： when I called 表示過去的某一時(shí)間，詢問過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生什么動(dòng)作，用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，故選B。( )2. Lei Feng for many years, but his spirit still encouraging us.A. diedB. has been dead C. has

21、diedD. has dead解析：強(qiáng)調(diào)某種狀態(tài)從過去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；for many years表示一段時(shí)間，不能與終止性動(dòng)詞die連用，故選B。( )3. -What would you like to have for supper, Jack?-Either noodles or rice OK. I don t mind.A. areB. wereC. isD. was解析：either.or連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)與鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持人稱與數(shù)的一致，rice不可數(shù)名詞，排除 A 與 B ；說明常態(tài)愛好，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故選C。( )4. -I heard your fath

22、er had gone to Beijing on business.-Yes. And he in three weeks.A. will returnB. has returnedC. returnedD. returns解析： in three weeks三周后，表示將來的時(shí)間，由此可知本題用一般將來時(shí)，故選A。( )5. My husband always me flowers every week before we got married, but now he never A. sent; doesB. sends; doesC. was going to; doD. sent; do解析： before we get married表示過去的時(shí)間，第一空要一般過去時(shí)；后半句表示現(xiàn)在的常態(tài)作用，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)第三人稱單數(shù)形式，故選A。( )6. -Have you returned the book to the library yet?-Not yet. Don t worry. I it soon