《李強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)》PPT課件

1、2021/4/11作者作者 李強(qiáng)李強(qiáng)QQ 2754932402021/4/12Unit 19Urban and rural worldsLanguage Focusv現(xiàn)在分詞作定詞和狀語(yǔ)v在Book 3和Unit 14中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了定語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成和用法。為了使帶有定語(yǔ)從句的句子更加簡(jiǎn)潔，當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句可以替換為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)。例如：vSixty million people who live rural areas are moving to cities every year .vSixty million people living areas are are mo

2、ving to cities every year.每年有六千萬居住在農(nóng)村的人口移居到城市。2021/4/13vThis growth, which is happening mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa has dramatic consequences.vThis growth, happening mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa has dramatic consequences.v這種增長(zhǎng)這樣發(fā)生在東南亞和非洲地區(qū),有著巨大的影響.v現(xiàn)在分詞有動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成,在句中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞或副詞,除

3、用作定語(yǔ)外,還棵用作狀語(yǔ).例如:vCivil war or regional conflicts also cause disruption ,driving people out of rural areas.內(nèi)戰(zhàn)或地區(qū) 2021/4/14v沖突也會(huì)引發(fā)社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安,從而迫使人們逃離農(nóng)村地區(qū).在這個(gè)句子中,driving引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ).vThe.the.比較結(jié)構(gòu)比較結(jié)構(gòu)v 該結(jié)構(gòu)的形式為”the+比較級(jí)”,表示”越.,就越”.例如,在Extract1中:vThe smaller the families, the higher the standard of living.家

4、庭越小,生活水平就越高vThe more educated they are ,the better they care for their families.他們受的教育的程度越高,就越能更好地照顧他們的家庭2021/4/15v另如vHow much shall I cook? The more ,the better .我該做多少飯呢?越多越好./vDont talk about it. The less said .the better .別講了 !少說為佳.v連接詞語(yǔ)的用法連接詞語(yǔ)的用法:表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,增加信息或表示結(jié)增加信息或表示結(jié)果果v 在Activity1的Part

5、B中,你已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了有些連接詞語(yǔ).這些連接詞語(yǔ)可分為兩類:一類表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系或增加信息,另一類表示結(jié)果.前者包括moreover, furthermore, on the other hand ,also, and , as well as ,in addition 等,后者包括:2021/4/16vInefficient farming methods and deforestation are causing problems and as a result (and so) farmers are leaving the land.v在例句中,第一個(gè)and表示增加新的信息,第二個(gè)and表示遞

6、進(jìn)關(guān)系,as a result和or則引出結(jié)果.vThe +最高級(jí)最高級(jí)+現(xiàn)在完成式現(xiàn)在完成式+ever結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)v 該結(jié)構(gòu)該結(jié)構(gòu)的形式為:the+_最高級(jí)+定語(yǔ)從句(現(xiàn)在完成式+ever結(jié)果,ever置于主要?jiǎng)釉~之前), 常用來談?wù)撝匾氖录蚪?jīng)歷,表示”迄今為止已經(jīng)完成或經(jīng)歷的最的事情”.例如: v It is the best film Ive ever seen.那是我看過的最好的電影。2021/4/17v試比較：v It is one of the best concerts I have ever been to .那是我去過的最好和音樂會(huì)之一。 v It is the best c

7、oncert I have ever been to . 那是我去過的最好和音樂會(huì)。v過去分詞作定語(yǔ)過去分詞作定語(yǔ)vUnit 20 vThe Consumer Society or the Wasteful Soccietyv 在Unit 19中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了現(xiàn)在分詞的用法，現(xiàn)在我們學(xué)習(xí)過去分詞的用法。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞需要單獨(dú)記憶，如，eateaten;seeseen.v 過去分詞可以用作定語(yǔ)。如是單詞，常置于所修飾的名詞之前，相當(dāng)于形容詞，常含有被動(dòng)意義。過去分詞短語(yǔ)用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后，其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)形式的定語(yǔ)從句。例如

8、：2021/4/18vThirty per cent of meals consumed by families in the USA are eaten at one of the big chains .vThirty per cent of meals which/that are consumed by families in the USA are eaten at one of the big chains.美國(guó)家庭日常飲食的30是在大型的快餐連鎖店消費(fèi)的。 vIn Hong Kong food called “Shake Shake Fries” can be found on

9、the menu.vIn Hong Kong food which /that is called “Shake Shake Fries” can be found on the menu.在香港，你會(huì)在（麥當(dāng)勞餐廳的）菜譜上發(fā)現(xiàn)被稱之為“搖搖薯?xiàng)l“的食品。2021/4/19v情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can用于被動(dòng)句用于被動(dòng)句v情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can表示“可以”、“能夠”，其用于被動(dòng)句中的形式為“can+ be +過去分詞”。例如：vThe distinctive “golden arch” can now be seen in most major cities in the world.v現(xiàn)在，在世界上大

10、多數(shù)主要城市都可以看到（麥當(dāng)勞）醒目的“金拱”標(biāo)識(shí)。 v該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定形式和疑問形式的構(gòu)成與主動(dòng)形式類似。例如：vCan the distinctive “golden arch” be found in your city ?vThe distinctive “golden arch” cannot (cant) be seen in our city.v真實(shí)條件句真實(shí)條件句2021/4/110v在Book 3Unit 13中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般將來時(shí)，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砜赡馨l(fā)生的事情或存在的情況。例如：v If it rains tom

11、orrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我們將呆在家里。v在Activity 8的錄音內(nèi)容中，出現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，這是真實(shí)條件句的一種，表示條件一旦發(fā)生，則必然產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的結(jié)果。例如：v If all their friends have the latest trainers or mobile phones , they want them too. 2021/4/111v如果他們的朋友有了最新款的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋或手機(jī)，那么他們就一定也想要。 v 如果他們的朋友有了最新款的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋或手機(jī)，那么他們就一定也想

12、要。 v另如：v If you heat water, it boils .如果你燒水，水就會(huì)開。 v在這個(gè)句子中，if可以替換為when。v現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)v在 Book 3unit 8中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示說話時(shí)動(dòng)作2021/4/112v已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示說話時(shí)動(dòng)作仍在持續(xù)進(jìn)行。例如：v The government has banned the import of items政府已經(jīng)禁止進(jìn)口諸如之類的物品。v Guangdong Province, in the southeast of Chi

13、na, has been suffering from problems caused by imported waste electrical goods like computers.中國(guó)東南部的廣東省一直為進(jìn)口的廢棄電器產(chǎn)品（如計(jì)算機(jī)）所造成的問題而深受其苦。v情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must用于被動(dòng)句用于被動(dòng)句v情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示“必須”、“一定”，其用于被動(dòng)句中的形式為“must+ be+過去分詞”。例如：2021/4/113vAll CFC coolants must be removed from fridges.必須將所有的氟氯化碳冷卻液從冰箱中去除。v該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定形式和疑問形式的構(gòu)

14、成與主動(dòng)形式類似。例如：vCFC coolants must not (mustnt) be left in fridges.vMust CFC coolants be removed from fridges?vUnit 21 Look After the Wordv將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)v將來進(jìn)行時(shí)由 “will (ll)/ will not (wont)+ be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來某一特定時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行或要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：2021/4/114v Next month, the Arctic Sunrise will be visiting the Philippines and T

15、hailand.下個(gè)月，北極日出號(hào)將訪問菲律賓和泰國(guó)。v上句的否定和疑問：vNext month, the Arctic Sunrise wont be visiting the Philippines and Thailand.v Will the Arctic Sunrise be visiting the Philippines and Thailand next month？v Yes, it will./ No, it wont.v情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示建議、勸告和指令情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示建議、勸告和指令v在Book 3unit 10/ Unit 13和Unit 16中，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示建議

16、、勸告和指令的用法。在提出建議時(shí)，可以使用should 或 ought to。例如：2021/4/115vYou should/ ought to turn down your thermostat to save energy.你應(yīng)該高低恒溫器來節(jié)約能源。v當(dāng)認(rèn)為作某事是必要的或者非常重要時(shí)，可以使用must來表示指令或要求。v例如：vYou must recycle your rubbish .你必須對(duì)垃圾進(jìn)行回收。v為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞前使用really .例如：vI really must do something about it . 我真的應(yīng)該對(duì)此采用一些措施了。vYou re

17、ally shouldnt miss it .你真的不該錯(cuò)過它 。2021/4/116v在非正式場(chǎng)合提出建議或勸告時(shí)，也可以使用Why dont you +動(dòng)詞原形v結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： vHow can I save energy?“我怎么樣才能節(jié)約能源？”vWhy dont you turn down your heating by one degree?v“你為什么不把暖氣調(diào)低一度呢？”vUnless引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句vUnless 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句，表示“如果不”或“除非”，相當(dāng)于“if not”其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)與if 引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句一樣（見Book3,Unit9）：Unless從句用一

18、般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般將來時(shí)。例如：2021/4/117vUnless I buy a bike ,I will have use the car .除非我買輛自行車，否則我就不得開車。v上句可以改寫為：vIf I dont buy a bike ,I will have to use the car .如果我不買一輛自行車，我就不得不開車。v與If 一樣，Unless 引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句可以放在句首或者句尾。例如：vUnless you change your light bulbs ,you wont save any energy .vYou wont save any energy unl

19、ess you change your light bulbs .除非你把燈泡換了，否則你不會(huì)節(jié)約任何能源。2021/4/118v不定式的完成與引述動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式連用不定式的完成與引述動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式連用v在Activity 11(part B )的短文中，有這樣兩個(gè)句子：vThe sperm whale is believe to dive deeper than any other cetacean .人們相信，抹香鯨比其他鯨類動(dòng)物潛得更深。vOne bowhead whale is reported to have been 130years old when it died .根據(jù)報(bào)道，

20、一頭北極露脊鯨死時(shí)已經(jīng)活了130 歲。v在上述兩個(gè)句子中，believe 和report 稱為引述動(dòng)詞，用于被動(dòng)形式時(shí)，表示“據(jù)信”、“據(jù) 2021/4/119v報(bào)道即引述他人的話或觀點(diǎn)，而非作者本人的話或觀點(diǎn)。在第一個(gè)句子中，to dive 是不定式的一般式，即動(dòng)詞原形，表示陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)。在第二句子中，to have been 是不定式的完成式，表示該動(dòng)作在report（報(bào)道）之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生。上述兩個(gè)句子也可以改寫為：vIt is believe that the sperm whale dives deeper than any other cetaceanvIt is reported

21、that one bowhead whale had been 130 years old when it died .v在英語(yǔ)中，常見的引述動(dòng)詞還有：say ,know ,understand ,think ,consider ,等，這些動(dòng)詞常用于 2021/4/120v被動(dòng)形式，后接不定式的一般式或完成式。例如：vSome whales are said to live many years .據(jù)說一些鯨魚能活上很多年。vA sperm whale is to have dived to 2000metre .據(jù)說一頭抹香鯨潛到了2000米。vUnit 21 vChangingPatter

22、ns :Globalisation and Languagesv不定式的進(jìn)行不定式的進(jìn)行v不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)由“to be +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，該結(jié)構(gòu)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。與之相比，不定式的一般式由“to +動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，該結(jié)構(gòu)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。試比較：2021/4/121vOver 300 million people are estimated to speak English as a second language .據(jù)估計(jì)，三億多人將英語(yǔ)作為第二語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行交流。vAt the moment over one billion people are sai

23、d to be learning English。據(jù)說目前有十億多人正在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。v不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)常與引述動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式連用。例如：vThey are reported to be learning English .有報(bào)道說他們正在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。vHe is said to be working in Beijing .據(jù)說他現(xiàn)在正在工作。2021/4/122v復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)習(xí)so的用法的用法vSo 用作連詞，表示結(jié)果，這種用法與therefore 相似。例如：vSo it has now become the lingua franca in the word 因此它（英語(yǔ)）已經(jīng)成為世界通用的語(yǔ)言。v

24、So +形容詞（+that結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句），表示“如此地（以至于.）這里,so 用來加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，在句中通常重讀。例如：vEnglish is so important primarily because 英語(yǔ)這么重要，主要原因在于.vThe course was so good that I told my friend to do it .這門課程真的很不錯(cuò)，我告訴朋友也去學(xué)習(xí)。2021/4/123vSo+many +可數(shù)名詞|so +much +不可數(shù)名詞+that 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)用法與上述第二種用法一樣。例如： vThere were so many students in the c

25、lass that the teacher couldnt talk to them all.v班里的學(xué)生太多，老師無法與所有的學(xué)生交談vI had so much homework to do that I couldnt go out in the evening.我有很多作業(yè)需要完成，因此晚上我無法外出vSo that表示目的引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，常與can連用,例如：2021/4/124vPeople learn English so that they can use the Internet.人們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)以便能夠使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)vbe going to表示預(yù)測(cè)表示預(yù)測(cè)v在Book 3的Uni

26、t4中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了be going to 表示將來的打算。例如：v Im going to learn English to get a better job.我打算學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，以便找到一份更好的工作。vbe going to也可以用來表示預(yù)測(cè)。例如：v Its unlikely that theyre going to shift English from its Position of dominance.他們（這些語(yǔ)言）不大可能改變英語(yǔ)的統(tǒng)治地位。2021/4/125vChinese is going to become more widely spoken.漢語(yǔ)將被更廣泛地使用。v 在上

27、面的句子中，will可以代替be going to ,表示預(yù)測(cè)。例如：vIt is unlikely that they will shift English from its position of dominance.vChinese will become more widely spoken.v將來完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)v在Book3的Unit 14中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了將來完成時(shí)的用法。將來完成時(shí)由“will/wont+ have+ 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，表示在將來某一時(shí)間完成某事。例如：2021/4/126vBy 2003 ,the number of native English-speaking

28、web users will have dropped to 29%.到2003年，以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用者的人數(shù)將下降到29。v In about 20 yeartime, Spanish, French, Arabic and Chinese will also have taken on this connecting role.大約20年后，西班牙語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、阿拉伯語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)也將直到這種聯(lián)系溝通作用。v 將來完成時(shí)的否定與疑問形式為：v By 2050, Spanish wont have replaced French as a major Internet language.到2050

29、年，西班牙語(yǔ)將不會(huì)取代法語(yǔ)面成為一種主要的網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)言。2021/4/127vWill Chinese have become the predominant Internet language by 2050?到2050年，漢語(yǔ)會(huì)成為占主導(dǎo)地位的網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)言嗎？vLikely, probably和和possibly的用法的用法vLikely, probably和possibly均表示可能性。Likely表示可能性較大，一般構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)“to be + likely+ 不定式”，其反義結(jié)構(gòu)為“to be + unlikely+ 不定式”。例如：v Many languages are likely to

30、die out.許多語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)消亡。v Chinese it unlikely to decline in use.漢語(yǔ)的使用不可能下降。2021/4/128vProbably也表示可能性較大，與likely同義。注意其在句中的位置：v Will +probably +動(dòng)詞v Will +probably +not +動(dòng)詞/probably +wont +動(dòng)詞v例如：v He will Probably send us an email tomorrow.他很可能明天給我們發(fā)電子郵件。v The train probably wont arrive before midday.v The tr

31、ain will probably not arrive before midday.火車很可能中午以前不能抵達(dá)。vPossibly表示某事可能會(huì)發(fā)生，也可能還會(huì)發(fā)生，語(yǔ)氣較不肯定。Possibly一般用于肯定句，Possibly not則用于答語(yǔ)中。例如：2021/4/129v /English will possibly decline in use as the major Internet language.英語(yǔ)作為主要的網(wǎng)絡(luò)語(yǔ)言，其使用有可能會(huì)下降。v Will English decline on the Internet? Possibly not。英語(yǔ)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的地位會(huì)下降嗎？

32、有可能還會(huì)。vWhom的用法的用法v 在Activity 1的短文中，有這樣的一個(gè)句子：v So the question is-should they be controlled and if so , by whom?因此問題是：傳媒公司應(yīng)該受到管制嗎？如果應(yīng)該，那么應(yīng)由誰來管制呢？v Whom置于介詞后面的用法一般出現(xiàn)在正式的書面語(yǔ)中。在非正式的口語(yǔ)中，通常以疑問詞who 開頭，以介詞結(jié)尾。因此，如果上面的句子用于口語(yǔ)，那么就會(huì)變?yōu)椋?021/4/130v and if so, who should they be controlled by?vUnit 23 vThe World of

33、Communicationv連接詞語(yǔ)的用法連接詞語(yǔ)的用法von the one handon the other handv該連接短語(yǔ)用來對(duì)比不同的事物，表示“一方面，另一方面”。例如：v On the one hand there are the political changes which have taken place in the world. On the other hand there are the technological changes weve had.一方面，世界政治已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化；另一方面，我們也經(jīng)歷了技術(shù)變革。vnot onlybut alsov該連接短語(yǔ)用來連

34、接和強(qiáng)調(diào)兩種情況，表示“不僅而且”，一般用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。例如：2021/4/131vThis makes it much easier not only to produce radio and TV broadcasts, but also to broadcast a lot more radio and television.這不僅使得制作廣播和電視節(jié)目變得更為簡(jiǎn)單，而且使得播出更多的廣播和電視節(jié)目變得更為容易。v注意not onlybut also在句中的位置變化。not only一般置于系動(dòng)詞be 之后，其他的主要?jiǎng)釉~之前。例如：vHes not only clever but

35、(hes) also nice.他不僅聰明，還很友善。vShe not only plays well, but she also sings.她不僅彈奏一手好樂器，而且還會(huì)唱歌。2021/4/132v在口語(yǔ)中，也可使用not only too 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：vHe is not only clever. Hes nice too.vShe not only plays well. She can sing too.v直接引語(yǔ)、間接引語(yǔ)與引述動(dòng)詞直接引語(yǔ)、間接引語(yǔ)與引述動(dòng)詞v直接引語(yǔ)v使用直接引語(yǔ)是新聞報(bào)道的普遍特征。用直接引語(yǔ)來支持文章中的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)，會(huì)使報(bào)道顯得更加生動(dòng)有趣、令人信服。例如：

36、2021/4/133v John Walters claimed, “This lack of information has resulted in negative feelings towards the media.”約翰.沃特聲稱：“信息的缺乏已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)媒體持消極的態(tài)度”。v間接引語(yǔ)v我們?cè)贑ourse Book 2的Units 32-33和Course Book的Unit 11與Unit 17中學(xué)習(xí)了間接引語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)的基本規(guī)則為：將原句中的時(shí)態(tài)變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的過去時(shí)，如果必要，改變時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和人稱。 因此，如果你想告訴某人約翰.沃特說了什么，你應(yīng)該使用如下形式的間接引語(yǔ)：

37、v John Walters claimed that this lack of information had resulted in negative feelings towards the media.2021/4/134v引述動(dòng)詞的選擇v我們?cè)诒緯腢nit 21中學(xué)習(xí)了一些引述動(dòng)詞，如to say ,to report ,to believe , to know , to understand, to consider , 其他的引述動(dòng)詞還包括to claim, to explain ,to maintain , to state等。在將直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引述動(dòng)詞的選擇要盡量

38、反映出被 引述者（即講話者）講話的語(yǔ)氣和態(tài)度。例如：v “He never buys me flowers”, she said.她說：“他從來沒給我買過花。”v 顯然，講話者在抱怨，因此可用如下 引述動(dòng)詞來轉(zhuǎn)述：v She complained that he never bought her flowers.她抱怨說他從來沒給她買過花。2021/4/135v 另如：v “Im innocent,” the prisoner said.囚犯說：“我是無辜的”。v The prisoner claimed to be innocent. 囚犯聲稱自己是無辜的。2021/4/136Working

39、 Life and Technology 25Language Focusv一、Need 的用法vNeed后接名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：vYou will need a special card from reception.你需要從接診辦理一張?zhí)厥獾拇趴?。vYou need to know about them before you can start work.在你上班之前你需要了解它們（這些變化）。vNeed后接動(dòng)名詞，即動(dòng)詞的ing 形式，該結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于“need+不定式的被動(dòng)式”。例如：vIt will need replacing(=need to be replaced) every

40、 two months.它每?jī)蓚€(gè)月就需要更換一次。2021/4/137v二、Used to 和be/get used to 的用法v1、used to +動(dòng)詞原形v在Course Book 2的Unit 27和Course Book 3的Unit 1中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了這種結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而現(xiàn)在這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。因此，該結(jié)構(gòu)常用來進(jìn)行今昔對(duì)比。例如：Remember you used to wait ages before the information came up on the screen? Well, now its very quick.你記得當(dāng)初需要等

41、候很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間信息才能在電腦屏幕上顯示出來嗎？現(xiàn)在，它可快多了。vI used to talk to everyone a lot ,but now we communicate by email most of the time.我過去常和每一位同事聊天，但現(xiàn)在我們多數(shù)時(shí)候是通過電子郵件進(jìn)行交流的。2021/4/138v注意used to 的否定形式：vI didnt use to smoke, but I do now.我過去不吸煙，但我現(xiàn)在吸煙。v2、be/get used to +名詞/動(dòng)名詞v該結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于be/get accustomed to ，表示“習(xí)慣于”。Be used to 強(qiáng)

42、調(diào)狀態(tài)，表示“完全習(xí)慣于”;get used to強(qiáng)調(diào)變化，表示“開始或正在習(xí)慣于”。例如：vIm used to writing emails.我習(xí)慣寫電子郵件。vIm getting used to writing emails.我在逐漸習(xí)慣寫電子郵件。2021/4/139vbe/get used to 可以用于任何時(shí)態(tài)，其疑問和否定形式與to be 或to get 的結(jié)構(gòu)相同。例如：Are you used to writing emails?vIm not used to writing emails.vHave you got used to writing emails?vI wo

43、nt get used to writing emails.vget used to 常與cant連用。表示“無法習(xí)慣于”或“無法適應(yīng)于”。例如：vI cant get used to the new computer system.我無法適應(yīng)新的電腦系統(tǒng)。vI cant get used to writing emails to people in the same room.我無法適應(yīng)給同一辦公室的同事發(fā)電子郵件。2021/4/140v三、表達(dá)因果關(guān)系v 我們?cè)贐ook 3 Unit 16中學(xué)習(xí)了一些表達(dá)因果關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)。例如：vPoor education leads to unemplo

44、yment.接受教育不足導(dǎo)致失業(yè)。vLow interest rates may cause inflation.低利率會(huì)引發(fā)通貨膨脹。v在Activity 9 的備忘錄中，出現(xiàn)了更多的表達(dá)因果關(guān)系的方式。例如：vX happened causing YvMisspelling of patients names has resulted in the duplication of records causing inaccuracy in patients data.拼錯(cuò)患者的姓名致使重復(fù)病歷的產(chǎn)生，從而造成患者資料的不準(zhǔn)確。2021/4/141vX happens leading to Y

45、v.double-booking have increased ,leading to confusion.重復(fù)預(yù)約增多，造成混亂。vX has led to has led to YvThe practice of not switching off the computers when you leave your office at the end of the day has led to computers not functioning the next morning.下班離開辦公室時(shí)不關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)的做法導(dǎo)致第二天上午計(jì)算機(jī)不能正常運(yùn)行。vX has resulted in YvMi

46、sspelling of patients names has resulted in the duplication of records.拼錯(cuò)患者的姓名致使重復(fù)病歷的產(chǎn)生。2021/4/142vX Therefore, Y.v.were not fully trained in the new system.許多醫(yī)生遲到，因而他們沒能全面接受關(guān)于新系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn)。vX Consequently, Y.v.were not fully trained in the new system. Consequently, further training days will take place.他們

47、沒能全面接受關(guān)于系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn)，因此，將另外安排培訓(xùn)時(shí)間。v四、描述技術(shù)問題與建議解決辦法v詢問vWhats the problem?vWhats the matter?2021/4/143v說明問題vTheres something wrong with X.vX is not working.vIm/Ive been having a bit of trouble with X.vIm/Ive been having a problem with X.vIt keeps+動(dòng)詞-ing形式（用于描述具體問題）v建議解決辦法vAre you sure tried +動(dòng)詞-ing形式？vHave y

48、ou tried+名詞？vIt might be +名詞vThe best thing to do is (to)+動(dòng)詞原形2021/4/144Technology and Personal Life 26 Language Focusv五、虛擬條件句：表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)v當(dāng)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，虛擬條件句的構(gòu)成形式為“If+動(dòng)詞的過去完成式，would （could）+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成式”。例如：vIf they had given up (searching ),I would have died.如果當(dāng)時(shí)他們放棄了搜尋，那么我就沒命了。vIf I hadnt had my mo

49、bile phone, the shot would have killed me.如果當(dāng)時(shí)我沒帶手機(jī)的話，那顆子彈就會(huì)要了我的命.2021/4/145v上述兩句話實(shí)際表達(dá)的意思是：vThey didnt give up (searching), therefore I did not die.vI had my mobile phone, therefore the shot did not kill me.v與其他條件句一樣，如果主從句顛倒位置，中間不需用逗號(hào)隔開。vThe shot would have killed me if I hadnt had my mobile phone.v

50、六、表達(dá)建議v表達(dá)建議有多種方式。例如：2021/4/146vThere are two things you need to think about. One is.,and the other is.vThere are two things you need to think about. One is which network to use and the other is the handset itself你需要考慮兩件事情：第一是使用哪一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，第二是話機(jī)本身。vYou should+動(dòng)詞原形vYou should get a monthly payment plan.你應(yīng)該辦

51、理一個(gè)月供計(jì)劃。2021/4/147vId recommend +名詞詞組（Id=I would）vId recommend my network.我愿意推薦我（使用）的網(wǎng)絡(luò).vYou need to +動(dòng)詞原形vYou need to work out how often you are going to use the phone.你應(yīng)該弄清楚你是否將經(jīng)常使用電話。vThe best thing to do is +(to)動(dòng)詞原形vThe best thing to do is (to) go to one or two shops and see what theyve got.v最好

52、的辦法是去一兩個(gè)商店逛逛，看看他們有什么。2021/4/148vYoud better +動(dòng)詞原形vYoud better get a pre-payment plan.你最好辦理一個(gè)預(yù)付計(jì)劃。v祈使句vChoose a plan with a low monthly payment.選擇一個(gè)月供較低的方案。v動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式v英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞只能后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞包括to afford, to agree, to arrange, todecide, to fail, to fail, to hope, to learn, to manage, to plan, to promise

53、, to refuse等。例如：2021/4/149vThey agreed to pay him 100.他們同意付給他一百英鎊。vI learned to speak French at school.我在上學(xué)時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)說法語(yǔ)。v英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞只能后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞包括to admit, to avoid, to deny, to enjoy, to finish, to give up ,to mind ,to suggest等。例如：vI avoid talking to her.我避免與她說話。vHe finished doing the work quickly.他迅速地做完工

54、作。2021/4/150英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞既可以后接不定式也可以后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意思基本沒有什么變化。這些動(dòng)詞包括to begin, to continue, to hate, to like, to love, to prefer, to start等。但是，有些動(dòng)詞后接不定式和后接動(dòng)名詞所表達(dá)的意思是不同的，我們?cè)贑ourse Book 3 Unit 13中學(xué)習(xí)過這樣的動(dòng)詞，如to forget ,to regret, to remember等。2021/4/151v七、電子郵件的寫作風(fēng)格Email Stylev 電子郵件的寫作風(fēng)格如同口語(yǔ)，一般比較隨便，活潑，因此常用緊縮形式，許多情況下還

55、會(huì)使用表情符號(hào)及首字母組合詞（見Activity 14）,以表達(dá)作者的情感及方便快速交流。試比較下列句子：v Thanks for your email.（電子郵件）v Thank you for your letter.（正式信函）v I dont think its good idea to.（電子郵件）v I do not think it is a good idea to.（正式信函）2021/4/152v八、生氣與煩惱的表達(dá)方式v 表達(dá)生氣與煩惱有多種方式。例如：vIt really irritates me when+從句vIt really gets on my nerves

56、when+從句v當(dāng)時(shí)，我真是惱火。vX is always +動(dòng)詞的- ing 形式 X總是vWhat annoys me is.讓我惱火的是vThe thing that makes me most angry is.j最讓我氣憤的是vWhy cant you/she (etc.)+動(dòng)詞原形？v該句型在表達(dá)生氣的同時(shí)，暗示什么樣的行為是正確的。例如：Why cant you shut the door when you come in?在你進(jìn)來時(shí)候?yàn)槭裁床荒荜P(guān)上門呢？2021/4/153v九、It+ be+ 形容詞/過去分詞+that結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯v 這里，在我們所談的結(jié)構(gòu)中，主要指兩種形容詞/

57、過去分詞，其一是由表情感的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)來的，如interesting, disappointing等;另一種就是由表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)來的，如advisable, recommended, advised等。第一種我們一般可譯為“的是，”，第二種可譯為無主句，如“建議”等。例如：1.It is exciting that I would have the opportunity to travel abroad.令人激動(dòng)的是，我將有機(jī)會(huì)去國(guó)外旅行。v2.It is advisable to take tough measures.建議采取強(qiáng)硬措施。2021/4/154v3.It is recommende

58、d that you (should) start right now.建議你馬上開始。v在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should常省略。2021/4/155The Internet and Daily LifeLanguage FOCUSv十、報(bào)告調(diào)查結(jié)果v 報(bào)告調(diào)查結(jié)果有多種方式。例如，在Activity 2 的短文中出現(xiàn)了以下句型結(jié)構(gòu)：v .says a report.據(jù)報(bào)道vThe survey reveals that.抽查顯示vThe report also reveals.報(bào)告還顯示vThe study found that.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vIt (also) found th

59、at.研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)2021/4/156vThe survey also discovered that.調(diào)查還發(fā)現(xiàn)vAccording to .根據(jù)v十一、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語(yǔ)v 我們?cè)诒緯鳸nit19和Unit20中學(xué)習(xí)了現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語(yǔ)的用法?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。兩者的區(qū)別是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義。例如：There are often advertisements leading to other websites on the Internet.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上常常會(huì)有可以接到其他網(wǎng)站的廣告。2021/4/157Just over 70% of p

60、eople questioned for the survey said the net had become essential.在接受調(diào)查的人中，超過70 的人說互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)成為生活中不可缺少的一部分。v上述兩個(gè)句子可以變?yōu)椋簐 There are often advertisements which lead to other websites on the Internet.v Just over 70% of people who were questioned for the survey said the net had become essential.2021/4/158v十二