現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語精讀 lessonProfessions for Women

1、整理課件 Lesson 4 Professions for Women Lesson 4 Professions for Women整理課件ContentsWarm up & Preview1Background2Text Analysis3Extension 4整理課件Contents lWarm up: sexism against women lBackground: Virginia Woolf; Stream of ConsciousnesslText appreciation: the organization of the speech; the characterist

2、ic of language in the speech; the rhetorical deviceslExtension: introduction to the most influential women in the world 整理課件 In which fields are women discriminated?I have to keep silent整理課件Sexism against WomenlThe term sexism is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and expressed by either

3、 men or women is called male chauvinism. lHistorically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the weaker sex. Womens lower status can be seen in cases.equality under the law, political representation of women,access to education and employment,languagewomen victims of dome

4、stic violence,self-ownership of a womans body,the possible impact of pornography on womenThe feminist movement promotes womens rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues.p:ngrfi:色情描繪, 整理課件 Womens social status lwomen did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until

5、1918. New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all women) America (1920) Japan (1954) China (1953)lIn a survey, the percentage of women aged 1549 who thought that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in Jordan, 85.6%

6、in Guinea ini , 85.4% in Zambia, 81.2% in Laos, and 81% in Ethiopia i:iupj lWomen in the past have been excluded from higher education. When women were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in E

7、nglish and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study considered suitable to womens lesser intellects.“l(fā)Women have historically been excluded from participation in many professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male profession, they have faced many ad

8、ditional obstacles 整理課件lProfessional discrimination continues today, according to studies done by Cornell University and others. It has been hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University

9、of Toronto led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10 percent of female authors get their papers published when their gender is hidden. Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually always

10、earn more than a woman doing the exact same job.lMany countries around the world make it mandatory(強(qiáng)制的，義務(wù)的） for males to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in the United States are required to register for military conscription to be drafted to war or military service. 整理課件 P

11、re-class workPre-class work lTeaching Hours: 8 lPre-class work for Lesson four l1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the groups)l2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works, contribution, influence, writing style)l3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives, influence)

12、l4. The characteristics of the language in this essay. (using specific examples to explain)l5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this essay and explain how they function in the essay.整理課件Background lHer educationlHer healthlHer professionslHer marriage 3 Mental breakdownsIn her fathers libraryA boo

13、k reviewer;Hosting gatherings of artists and writers A novelist and essayist Leonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics 整理課件Her Writing Style lexperimentation and innovation in novel writing lthe psychological realm of her characters and the moment-by-moment experience of living lthe techniqu

14、es of interior monologue and stream of consciousness lpoetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich historical and literary reference 整理課件Stream of ConsciousnesslA psychological termlStream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individuals point of view by giv

15、ing the written equivalent of the characters thought processes. Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Dorothy Richardson,Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce, Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Virginia Woolf MonologuePsycho-analysis MontagePoetic and musical qualityStick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic ima

16、ge; he used his computer to make a collage of pictures 整理課件 Her major workslThe Voyage Out (1915)遠(yuǎn)航）lNight and Day (1919) 時(shí)時(shí)刻刻lJacobs Room (1922) 雅各布的房間）lMrs. Dalloway (1925) 黛洛維夫人lTo the Lighthouse (1927) 到燈塔去lOrlando: A Biography (1928)奧蘭多l(xiāng)A Room of Ones Own (1929)自己的房間l The Waves (1931)海浪lThe Yea

17、rs (1937) 歲月）lThree Guineas 三個(gè)基尼）lBetween the Acts 幕間l鬧鬼的屋子及其他（The Haunted House and Others)（短篇小說集）整理課件 ModernismlModern literary practices. Also, the principles of a literary school that lasted roughly the beginning the 20th century until the end of World War II. Modernism is defined by its rejecti

18、on of the literary conventions of the nineteenth century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions and economic values.整理課件 現(xiàn)代主義l意識(shí)流小說l1、意識(shí)流小說是20世紀(jì)初期（20年代）興起于西方，以表現(xiàn)人們的意識(shí)流動(dòng)、展示恍惚迷離的心靈世界為主的小說。認(rèn)為文學(xué)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)人物的意識(shí)流動(dòng)，尤其是表現(xiàn)潛意識(shí)的活動(dòng)，人的意識(shí)流動(dòng)遵循的是“心理時(shí)間”，而非物理時(shí)間。 l2、它以象征暗示、內(nèi)心獨(dú)白、自由聯(lián)想等意識(shí)流的創(chuàng)作方法為主要特征，在

19、本世紀(jì)2030年代英、美、法等國(guó)形成一個(gè)頗為壯觀的現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)流派。l3、意識(shí)流小說家所運(yùn)用的藝術(shù)手法各有側(cè)重，但藝術(shù)特征是共同的：“作家退出小說”；情節(jié)淡化；大量的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白和自由聯(lián)想；時(shí)空交替和心理時(shí)間；象征暗示和對(duì)比聯(lián)想；語言使用上的創(chuàng)新和變異。 l4、代表作家是愛爾蘭的喬伊斯和英國(guó)的伍爾芙，法國(guó)的普魯斯特和美國(guó)的福克鈉。 整理課件 特點(diǎn)l詳細(xì)解說： l1、內(nèi)心獨(dú)白：意識(shí)流小說直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生態(tài)，不加以條理化、邏輯化，作家退出小說，主觀干預(yù)較少，注重表現(xiàn)人物的意識(shí)活動(dòng)本身。 2、采用自由聯(lián)想的方式，在某對(duì)象上稍許停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打斷從前的思維過程而展開新的思緒。

20、l3、主觀性、隨意性強(qiáng)，常打破時(shí)空限制，跳躍性較大，從心理結(jié)構(gòu)組織流程，而傳統(tǒng)小說多在時(shí)空的推移中展開情節(jié)。 l4、內(nèi)容和題材上，傳統(tǒng)小說往往全知全能，而在意識(shí)流小說中作家地位下降，讀者的參與性加強(qiáng)，不注意刻畫典型人物，憑借人物的意識(shí)來寫人，情節(jié)淡化。 整理課件l代表作家及其作品： l1、愛爾蘭的喬伊斯：都柏林人、青年藝術(shù)家的肖像 l2、英國(guó)的沃爾夫：墻上的斑點(diǎn)、到燈塔去 l3、法國(guó)的普魯斯特：追憶逝水年華 l4、美國(guó)的?？思{ 喧嘩與騷動(dòng)（1929），反映了南方望族康普生家的沒落。小說創(chuàng)造了復(fù)合意識(shí)流方法，使運(yùn)用意識(shí)流手法去發(fā)掘人物的內(nèi)心生活方面達(dá)到了新的高度。著重表現(xiàn)昆丁的變態(tài)心理和班吉神經(jīng)

21、錯(cuò)亂的潛意識(shí)活動(dòng)。人物（長(zhǎng)子昆丁、二子杰生、小兒子班吉、女兒凱蒂） 整理課件Text AppreciationlPart I (paras. ):lPart II (para ):lPart III (para ):lPart IV (para ):lPart V (para ):lPart VI (para ):345671-2the beginning part, introducing the topic under discussion. the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer. a transitional l

22、ink between her 1st and 2nd experiences.her 2nd experience in her profession of literature. sums up the authors two experiences. conclusion of her speech 整理課件 Part I (paras 1-2)lWhat is the topic under discussion?The author introduces her experience as a female writer to illustrate the obstacles fac

23、ing all women while they pursue professions.整理課件Para 1 lIn which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for women?Profession of literatureScience;Medicine; Law 整理課件Why?lIn the profession of literature, the road was cut many years ago by many famous women writers as well as many more unknown and for

24、gotten women writers who have been before her, who have made the path smooth, regulating her steps.lThe family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.lThere was no need for a writer to spend much of the family money in order to write.整理課件l維多利亞社會(huì)已經(jīng)形成的家長(zhǎng)制度是基于對(duì)女性的一種假定女性是低等的因而必須依賴于男性。而這種假定同樣也作用

25、于去定義男性作為女性的對(duì)立面男性是強(qiáng)壯、理性、有侵略性和優(yōu)秀的。在這樣的系統(tǒng)中，男性優(yōu)越性是建立在女性低劣性的基礎(chǔ)上，因此，婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于男性地位的威脅十分明顯。男性不僅害怕失去他們的優(yōu)越地位，也擔(dān)心這種社會(huì)變革將導(dǎo)致婦女的優(yōu)越性。 整理課件Women Writers Unknown Well-knownBronte SistersCharlotte, Emily and Anne Bront 整理課件l達(dá)洛維夫人是一戰(zhàn)后英國(guó)社會(huì)對(duì)女性定義的典型代表：“居家天使”。她接受社會(huì)強(qiáng)加的束縛，甚至熱切地扮演著自己的角色：政客的太太。 整理課件Key SentencesNo demand was mad

26、e upon the family purse.The figure of speechmetonymy （轉(zhuǎn)喻）（轉(zhuǎn)喻）Money, financial conditionsThis kind of speech is called metonymy, in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it.整理課件More Examples of MetonymylThe White HouselThe crownlThe pen is mig

27、htier than the sword.lHe succeeded by the sweat of his brow.lHe is too fond of the bottlelFleet Streetl10 Downing Street lThe PresidentlThe king or the queenlThe people wielding these instrumentslHis own hard worklThe thing containedwine, liqueur, or drinking in generallthe British presslthe residen

28、ce and office of the British Prime Minister整理課件Key Sentences2. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer.Teachers or tutors; professional practitioners (習(xí)藝者of music or painting; great artistsIf you want to be a musician or a painter, you must own

29、 a piano or hire models, and you have to visit or even live in cultural centers like Paris, Vienna and Berlin. And also you have to be taught by masters and mistresses. However, if you want to be a writer, you dont need all this.整理課件Key Sentences3.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the re

30、ason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.Tone Sarcastic toneThe implied meaning is that in the patriarchal society women have been forced into a lower financial status than men.整理課件Para 2lMain IdeaHow she became a book reviewer when she was a girl.

31、整理課件Key Sentencesl4. But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stocking, or butchers bills, I went out and bought a cat.Basic daily necessitiesThe figure of speech-synecdoche (提喻）A good synecdoche is bas

32、ed on an important part of the whole and not a minor part.整理課件More Examples of SynecdochelWe need 50 hands for the work.lIt was a fleet of 20 sails.lHave you got any coppers?lHe is a foot soldier.lWalls have ears.l During my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt

33、sympathetic and helpless as well.lPeoplelShipslPennies and coinslInfantry infntri 步兵lListenerlpeople整理課件Part II (para 3)The first obstacle bstkl to becoming a professional woman writer. Main IdeaQuestions What is the obstacle?What are its characteristics?How did it stop the author from her working?H

34、ow did the author deal with it?整理課件The Angel in the HouselA poem written by Coventry Patmore (1823-1896)lFor Patmore, his wife Emily represented all that was perfect about a Victorian wife and head of the home.A stereotyped Victorian woman整理課件Characteristics of the angellbe devoted and submissive to

35、 her husband. lpassive lpowerless, lmeek, lcharming, lgraceful, lsympathetic, lself-sacrificing, lpious, and above alllpure. Examples?Chicken leg;Sit in a draught整理課件The angels interferencelBe sympatheticlBe tenderlFlatterlDeceivelUse all the arts and wiles of our sexlNever let anybody guess that yo

36、u have a a mind of your own.lBe pureThe traditional Victorian ValuesUnderstand the mind of men and not to disagree with them Not be too harsh in her criticismPraise the book in an insincere way to please the readersNot write what she really thoughtTricks of the female sex, such as charmSuch topics a

37、s human relations, morality, sex, cant be dealt with freely and openly by women.整理課件Key Sentences5. She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish.firmly and seriouslylimitless, vast and hugeTotally and unconditionallyAll of the three adverbs are for emphasis.整理

38、課件Key Sentences6. In those days-the last days of Queen Victoria-every house had its angel.1Every house had a woman like that, who was sympathetic, charming, unselfish and pure.2The belief that every woman should be sympathetic, charming, unselfish, and pure was prevalent in English society.整理課件Key S

39、entences 7. She would have plucked the heart out of my writing.Those conventional attitudes would have taken away the most important part of her writing, that is, the essence of her writing.整理課件Be sympathetic, charming, unselfish, and pure整理課件Key Sentences8. Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her w

40、ing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the inkpot and flung it at her.A circle of light, radiance surrounding the head of an angelThrow sth with a lot of forceThus, whenever, I felt the influence of the Victorian attitudes on my writing, I fought back with all my power.整理課件The featu

41、res of phantom?lNot a real personlNo physical formlMental imagelImaginary naturelIt is far difficult to deal with a phantom than a reality. When you think you have done away with them, you will find them back again. So the struggle takes a long time.整理課件The authors reactionlA severe and fierce strug

42、gle against the angel. She did her best to kill her. But she died hard. She was always creeping back. It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality.整理課件Part III (para 4)Function A transitional link between the authors first and second experiences.How is the transition achieved?整理課件Part IV (para

43、5)Main IdeaQuestions Her 2nd experience in her profession of literature.What is a novelist state of mind?How to be as unconscious as possible?What is the authors experience?What is the 2nd obstacle?整理課件Key Sentences1. I bought a Persian cat with the proceeds.Money or profit derived from a sale, busi

44、ness venture整理課件A novelists state of mindlBe as unconscious as possibleA term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc. of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behavior.For Woolf, the description of the

45、immediate flow of her characters thoughts and their feelings of the moment was more important than the realistic depiction of their physical behavior. She conceives of the imagination as shy and hidden so that the writer can only draw the deepest inspiration by suspending everyday rational conscious

46、ness in order to liberate an imaginative expression of their deepest creativity.整理課件I hope Im not giving away professional secrets if I say thatbe as unconscious as possible.l1. Translate the sentencel2. How to understand “unconscious”l如果我說小說家的主要愿望是盡量處于無意識(shí)狀態(tài)，我希望我沒有泄露行業(yè)秘密。l-unconscious means not awar

47、e of ones existence, not conscious of ones self. l“Sbs unconscious” is a term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc, of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behaviors.整理課件 two levels of the interpreta

48、tion of “unconscious”l 2 levels of interpretation:l(1) she could be thinking in Freudian terms, that is, expressing a desire to have the subjects of her unconsciousness ,which may reflect ancient angers and anxieties, ruse up into her authorial perspective. l(2) she may be reacting against the notio

49、n expressed by Henry James in “the art of fiction”, which explicitly expressed his sense that an author should above all attempt to be fully conscious. 整理課件The way of being unconsciouslSee the same faceslRead the same bookslDo the same things day after day, month after monthlA state of perpetual let

50、hargylThe utmost quiet and regularityThe imagination/unconsciousness will not be distracted away from the creative task.整理課件lFreudian Terms: Freud postulated(假定） the existence of three internal forces that govern a persons psychic life:l1.The id（本我）: the instinctual force of lifeunconscious, uncontr

51、olled, and isolatedl2.The ego（自我）: the external force that has contact with the real world.l3.The super-ego（超我）: the governing force, or moral conscience, that seeks to control and direct the ego into socially acceptable patterns of behavior.整理課件Key Sentences2. Be that as it may, I want you to imagi

52、ne me writing a novel in a state of trance.A state in which you behave as you were asleep but are still able to hear and understand what is said to you, similar to the unconscious state.整理課件The authors experienceA fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lakeHer imagination, like the li

53、ne, rushed away, seeking the pools, the depths, the dark places. But it came across a smash, an explosion, foam and confusion.The deep lake is her inner world that lies hidden in the deepest part of her unconscious existence.整理課件A smash, an explosion, foam confusionSth about body, about the passions

54、 which it was unfitting for her as a woman to say.整理課件What is the authors experience without figures?lShe realized that men didnt approve of a woman telling the truth about the body and her passions. This realization interrupted her imagination and roused her from the state of unconsciousness.整理課件Th

55、e 2nd obstacle to women writersThe sex-consciousness is a great hindrance to womens writing.整理課件Key Sentences3. For though men sensibly allow themselves great freedom in these respects, I doubt that they realize or can control the extreme severity with which they condemn such freedom in women.D. H.

56、Lawrences novel Lady Chatterleys LoverIt was a sensible thing for men to give themselves great freedom to talk about the body and their passions. But if women want to have the same freedom, men condemn such freedom in women. And I do not believe that they realize how severely they condemn such freed

57、om in women, nor do I believe that they can control their extremely sever condemnation of such freedom in women.整理課件Part V (para 6)lMain IdeaIt sums up the authors two experiences, pointing out that the second obstacle is more difficult to overcome than the first. Women have many prejudices to overc

58、ome in the profession of literature and especially in new professions that women are entering. 整理課件Why is the 2nd obstacle more difficult to solve?lThe 1st has to do with the conscious way of thinking, ones education, social attitudes and traditional values, etc. The 2nd experience has to do with on

59、es unconsciousness, the depths of the unconscious being. Thus it is more difficult to define, to examine and certainly harder to deal with.整理課件Key SentenceslIndeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a woman can sit down to write a book without finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be d

60、ashed against.Slay-killIt will take a long time for women to rid themselves of false values and attitudes and to overcome the obstacle to telling the truth about their body and passions.整理課件Part VI (para 7)lMain IdeaWoolf concludes her speech by raising some important questions concerning the new role o