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1、微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)(雙語)課程教學(xué)大綱一、課程基本信息課程代碼:課程名稱:微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)(雙語)英文名稱:Microeconomics課程類別:學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)課 學(xué) 時:48 學(xué) 分:3適用對象: 經(jīng)濟管理類考核方式:考試先修課程:高中數(shù)學(xué)二、課程簡介中文簡介作為微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的第一門課,本課程將向?qū)W生提供這一領(lǐng)域的基本觀點、基本概念和分析工具。學(xué)生將學(xué)習(xí)市場如何運做,各個經(jīng)濟主體如何做出決策,以及他們對資源配置的含義。本課程將包括:對一些基本經(jīng)濟原理的介紹,供給和需求,市場與福利,公共部門經(jīng)濟學(xué),企業(yè)行為與產(chǎn)業(yè)組織等。本課程將更多地側(cè)重應(yīng)用與政策。英文簡介As the first course of microe

2、conomics, this course will provide students with the fundamental ideas, basic concepts and techniques in this field. Students will study how the markets work, how the economic agents make decisions, and their implications for the allocation of resources. This course will includes: Introduction to So

3、me Principles of Economics, Demand and Supply, Markets and Welfare, the Economics of the Public Sector, Firm Behavior and the Organization of Industry, etc. More of this course is devoted to application and policy. 三、課程性質(zhì)與教學(xué)目的微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)是經(jīng)濟管理類專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)課,揭示了關(guān)于現(xiàn)代化大生產(chǎn)、市場經(jīng)濟運行和資源配置機制、政府宏觀調(diào)控和企業(yè)管理的基本規(guī)律,也反映了發(fā)達資本主義國家特

4、殊的階級利益、制度屬性和意識形態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)該課程,需要以馬克思主義理論為指導(dǎo)并從中國實際出發(fā),遵循理論移植規(guī)律,緊密聯(lián)系當(dāng)代中國特色社會主義豐富實踐,客觀認(rèn)識西方經(jīng)濟學(xué),取其之精華、去之糟粕。4、 教學(xué)內(nèi)容及要求第一章 Ten Principles of Economics(一) 目的與要求By the end of this chapter, students should understand:1. that economics is about the allocation of scarce resources2. some of the tradeoff that people face

5、3. the meaning of opportunity cost4. how to use marginal reasoning when making decisions5. how incentive affect peoples behavior6. why trade among people or nations can be good foe everyone7. why markets are a good, but not perfect, way to allocate resources8. what determines some trends in the over

6、all economy 9. How to study and treat microeconomics from the standpoint of Marxism? (二) 教學(xué)內(nèi)容I.IntroductionA.The word Aeconomy comes from the Greek word meaning Aone who manages a household.B.Fundamental economic problem: resources are scarce.C. Definition of Scarcity: the limited nature of societys

7、 resources.D. Definition of Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.II.How People Make DecisionsA.Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs1.Making decisions requires trading off one goal for another.2.A special example of a tradeoff is the tradeoff between efficiency and equity.a

8、.Definition of Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.b.Definition of Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.B.Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It1.Making decisions requ

9、ires individuals to consider the benefits and costs of some action.2.Definition of Opportunity Cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.C.Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin1.Many decisions in life involve incremental decisions.2.Definition of Marginal Changes: small increme

10、ntal adjustments to a plan of action.D.Principle #4: People Respond to IncentivesBecause people make decisions by weighing costs and benefits, their decisions may change in response to changes in costs and benefits. III.How People InteractA.Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffB.Principle

11、 #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity1.Definition of Market Economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.C.Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve M

12、arket Outcomes1.Goals of most government policies: promotion of efficiency and equity.2.Government policy can be most useful when there is market failure.Definition of Market Failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.3.Examples of Market Failurea.

13、Definition of Externality: the impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander.b.Definition of Market Power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.4.Note that the principle states that the government can impr

14、ove market outcomes. This is not saying that the government always does improve market outcomes.IV.How the Economy as a Whole WorksA.Principle #8: A Countrys Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services1.Definition of Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produc

15、ed from each hour of a workers time.2.High productivity implies a high standard of living.B.Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money1.Definition of Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.2.When the government creates a large amount of money, t

16、he value of money falls.C.Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and UnemploymentDefinition of Phillips Curve: the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. VI. How to learn Microeconomics1. Insist on analyzing with Marxist standpoint, viewpoint and method2.

17、 Deeply understand the history of capitalist development3. Closely linked with the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics4. Treat correctly on the methodology of Western Economics (三) 課后練習(xí)1. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go sk

18、iing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose that you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain.2. Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate

19、 did all of the cooking and you did all of the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off.(四) 教學(xué)方法與手段課堂講授。第二章 Thinking Like An Economist(一)目的與要求By the end o

20、f this chapter, students should understand:1. how economics apply the methods of science2. how assumptions and models can shed light on the world3. two simple models the circular flow and the production possibilities frontier4. the distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics5. the differen

21、ce between positive and normative statement6. the role of economics in making policy7. why economists sometimes disagree with one another (二)教學(xué)內(nèi)容I.The Economist as ScientistA.Economists follow the scientific method.1.Observations help us to develop theory.2.Data can be collected and analyzed to eval

22、uate theories.3.Experiments are more difficult in economics than in physical science because controlled experiments cannot be used.B.Assumptions make the world easier to understand.Most assumptions will be somewhat unrealistic but will have small effects on the actual outcome of the answer.C.Economi

23、sts use economic models to explain the world around us.1.Most economic models are composed of diagrams and equations.2.The goal of a model is to simplify reality in order to increase our understanding. This is where the use of assumptions is helpful.D.Our First Model: The Circular Flow DiagramDefini

24、tion of Circular-Flow Diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.E.Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities FrontierDefinition of Production Possibilities Frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy

25、 can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.F.Microeconomics and Macroeconomics1.Definition of Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.2.Definition of Macroeconomics: the study o

26、f economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II.The Economist as Policy AdviserA.Positive Versus Normative Analysis1.Definition of Positive Statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.2.Definition of Normative Statements: claims that attempt to

27、prescribe how the world should be.3.Positive statements can be evaluated using data, while normative statements involve personal viewpoints.B.Economists in Washington III.Why Economists DisagreeA.Differences in Scientific JudgmentsB.Differences in ValuesC.Perception Versus RealityIV.Appendix Graphin

28、g: A Brief ReviewA.Graphs of a Single VariableB.Graphs of Two Variables: The Coordinate SystemC.Curves in the Coordinate SystemD.Slope and ElasticityE. Cause and EffectF. Omitted VariablesG. Reverse Causality (三)課后練習(xí)1. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade

29、offs. Use a production possibilities frontier to illustrate societys tradeoff between a clean environment and high incomes. What do you suppose determines the shape and position of the frontier? Show what happens to the frontier if engineers develop an automobile engine with almost no emissions.(四)教

30、學(xué)方法與手段課堂講授。第三章 Interdependence and The Gains from Trade(一)目的與要求By the end of this chapter, students should understand:1. how everyone can benefit when people trade with one another2. the meaning of absolute advantage and comparative advantage3. how comparative advantage explains the gains from trade

31、4. how to apply the theory of comparative advantage to every life and nation policy. (二)教學(xué)內(nèi)容I.A Parable for the Modern EconomyA.Example: two goods meat and potatoes and two people a cattle rancher and a potato farmer (both of whom like to consume both potatoes and meat).B.Production PossibilitiesC.S

32、pecialization and TradeII.The Principle of Comparative AdvantageA.Absolute AdvantageDefinition of Absolute Advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.B.Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage1.Definition of Opportunity Cost: whatever must be given up to ob

33、tain some item.2.Definition of Comparative Advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.3.Because the opportunity cost of producing one good is the inverse of the opportunity cost of producing the other, it is impossible for a person to have a comparative a

34、dvantage in the production of both goods.C.Comparative Advantage and Trade1.When specialization in a good occurs (assuming there is a comparative advantage), total output will grow.2.As long as the opportunity cost of producing the goods differs across the two individuals, both can gain from special

35、ization and trade.III.Applications of Comparative AdvantageA.Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?B.Should the United States Trade with Other Countries?1.Just as individuals can benefit from specialization and trade, so can the populations of different countries.2.Definition of Imports: goods produce

36、d abroad and sold domestically.3.Definition of Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad.4.The principle of comparative advantage suggests that each good should be produced by the country with a comparative advantage in producing that good (smaller opportunity cost).5.Through specializati

37、on and trade, countries can have more of all goods to consume. (三)課后練習(xí)1. American and Japanese workers can each produce 4 cars a year. An American worker can produce 10 tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things simple, assume that each country

38、 has 100 million workers.a. For this situation, construct a table analogous to Table 3-1.b. Graph the production possibilities frontier of the American and Japanese economies.c. For the United States, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? For Japan, what is the opportunity cost of a car?

39、Of grain? Put this information in a table analogous to Table 3-3.d. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?e. Which country has a comparative advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?f. Without trade, half of each countrys workers produce cars and half p

40、roduce grain. What quantities of cars and grain does each country produce?g. Starting from a position without trade, give an example in which trade makes each country better off.(四)教學(xué)方法與手段課堂講授。第四章 The Market Forces of Supply and Demand (一)目的與要求By the end of this chapter, students should understand:1

41、. what a competitive market is 2. what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market3. what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market4. how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold5. the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in mar

42、ket economics (二)教學(xué)內(nèi)容I.Markets and CompetitionA.Definition of Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.B.Definition of Competitive Market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.C.Competition: Per

43、fect and Otherwise1.Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:2.Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are often called “price takers.”3.Agricultural markets provide good examples of perfect competition.4.A market with only one seller is called a monopoly mark

44、et.5.A market with only a few sellers is called an oligopoly.6.A market with a large number of sellers, each selling a product that is slightly different from its competitors products, is called monopolistic competition.D.We will start by assuming perfect competition.II.DemandA.Definition of Quantit

45、y Demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.B.What Determines the Quantity an Individual Demands?1.Pricea.Definition of Law of Demand: the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.2.Incomea.Definiti

46、on of Normal Good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.b.Definition of Inferior Good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.3.Prices of Related Goodsa.Definition of Substitutes: two goods for w

47、hich an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good.b.Definition of Complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good.4.Tastes5.ExpectationsC.The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve1

48、.Definition of Demand Schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.2.Definition of Demand Curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.D.Ceteris ParibusDefinition of Ceteris Paribus: a Latin phrase, tr

49、anslated as “other things being equal,” used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant.E. Market Demand Versus Individual DemandThe market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good or service.F.Shifts in the Demand Cu

50、rveWhen any determinant of demand changes (other than price), the demand curve will shift.III.SupplyA.Definition of Quantity Supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.B.What Determines the Quantity an Individual Supplies?1.PriceDefinition of Law of Supply: the claim th

51、at, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.2.Input Prices3.Technology4.ExpectationsC.The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve1. Definition of Supply Schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

52、.2.Definition of Supply Curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.D.Market Supply Versus Individual SupplyThe market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.E. Shifts in the Supply CurveWhen any determinant of supply changes (other

53、 than price), the supply curve will shift.IV.Supply and Demand TogetherA.Equilibrium1.The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the markets equilibrium.2.Definition of Equilibrium: a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance.3.Definition of Equilibriu

54、m Price: the price that balances supply and demand.4.The equilibrium price is often called the “market-clearing” price because both buyers and sellers are satisfied at this price.5.Definition of Equilibrium Quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to bala

55、nce supply and demand.6.If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be a surplus of the good.7.If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage of the good.8.Definition of the Law of Supply and Demand: the claim that the price of any g

56、ood adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.B.Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in EquilibriumD.Shifts in Curves Versus Movements Along CurvesV.Conclusion: How Prices Allocate ResourcesA.The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B.Supply and demand together determine the price of the economys goods and services. 1.These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2.Prices determine who produces each goo

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