2016考博翻譯課程講義(全)

1、2016年通用考博英語翻譯講義考博翻譯的重要性1、考博英語difficult。2、考博翻譯最難做。（1）翻譯是主觀題。（2）做翻譯需要單詞基礎(chǔ)，語法基礎(chǔ)，閱讀基礎(chǔ)和強(qiáng)大的漢語功底。 例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。 This trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.（3）各所學(xué)校的命題非常不穩(wěn)定。英譯漢考博翻譯的概述翻譯你做過嗎？ 做翻譯不是看翻譯 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never

2、before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國家方面，電視或許以前從來沒有像在最近歐洲事件中其如此大的作用。 在聯(lián)系不同的民族和國家方面，電視像在最近歐洲事件中起的作用之大前所未見。怎么做英譯漢One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that spe

3、culation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further dela

4、yed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price

5、goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing. The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, lite

6、rature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although the foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage

7、. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as empha

8、sis on the human values.It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and

9、elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of mans nature.翻譯的步驟：一、畫豎線 目的：初步斷開句子結(jié)構(gòu)，化繁為簡 原則： 1、拆出主句，分清從句； 2、拆出主干，分清修飾； 最佳方式：找斷句點(diǎn) （1）連詞；（2）引導(dǎo)詞；（3）介詞；（4）分詞；（5）to；（6）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號；（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great

10、 inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.二、寫漢字：以每一小節(jié)作為單位來寫漢字 目的：初步了解每一個小結(jié)構(gòu)的意思；（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditi

11、ons to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.三、連漢字 目的：把每一小節(jié)連接成為通順的句子；需要適當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)整順序，或者

12、把一些不通順的詞語替換掉。 調(diào)整順序的本源是英語的結(jié)構(gòu)和修飾關(guān)系。 替換漢語詞語的本源是依據(jù)英語的基本詞義和上下文的意譯。（79）We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition betwee

13、n these, as being not only beneficial to the future progress of the race.因此，我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等；生意、工業(yè)和商業(yè)集中在少數(shù)人手中和少數(shù)人之間的競爭法則，這作為我們自己必須適應(yīng)的條件，因?yàn)檫@不僅僅對人類今后的進(jìn)步有益。因此，我們接受和歡迎環(huán)境的巨大不平等；工商貿(mào)集中在少數(shù)人手中以及少數(shù)人之間的競爭法則，這作為我們自己必須適應(yīng)的條件，因?yàn)檫@不僅僅對人類今后的進(jìn)步有益。（最終）3There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily

14、 stuffed into our mind. but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon ones point of view.我們的大腦很容易記住許多特定歷史時期的事實(shí)，但是選擇和鑒別重大事實(shí)卻是更為艱難的事情并且取決于我們自己的觀點(diǎn)。英漢翻譯技巧一、 詞意選擇，適當(dāng)引申（1）分析詞根和詞綴來翻譯（2）分析詞性來翻譯（3）分析上下文來翻譯（4）結(jié)合漢語習(xí)慣和固定搭配來翻譯二、 適當(dāng)增加翻譯成漢語后，在不改變英語意思的前提下，適當(dāng)

15、增加詞語，使句子更通順。三、 適當(dāng)減少四、 適當(dāng)重復(fù)可以適當(dāng)重復(fù)出原文省略的部分，或者把并列結(jié)構(gòu)中的相同部分重復(fù)出來。We dont retreat , we never have and never will.我們不會退卻，我們從來沒有后退過，今后也決不會退卻。五、 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換把英語的詞性變換成漢語的其他詞性來翻譯。六、 四字成語練習(xí)Passage 371The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No1 health problem in the

16、UStoday, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans dont know how to think about health and illness.在醫(yī)學(xué)院擔(dān)任十二年教師，我所得到的主要印象是：當(dāng)今美國的首要健康問題甚至比艾滋和癌癥更為嚴(yán)重的是美國人不知該怎樣對待健康和疾病?？疾┓g的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1、準(zhǔn)確2、通順準(zhǔn)確是前提，其次求通順，另外檢查譯文的方式是多讀譯文。定語從句前置的翻譯1、定語從句前置即把定語從句翻譯到它修飾的先行詞的前面，并習(xí)慣用“的”來連接。Passage 372We fear the worst, expect the

17、 worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.我們害怕最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，期望最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，從而招致了最糟糕的事情發(fā)生，其結(jié)果是我們美國正逐漸成為一個弱者

18、和疑病癥患者的民族，一個自我診斷的社會，而不能對輕微的日常癥狀和那些需要專業(yè)護(hù)理的癥狀加以區(qū)分。Passage 101Genuine love is more likely to involve a process of “growing” in love rather than “falling” in love. This may sound terribly unromantic to some who are used to hearing talk about “falling in love” or being “head over heels in love.”真愛更可能是一個萌

19、生愛意的過程，而并非是墜入愛河。對于那些聽?wèi)T了一見鐘情，愛得神魂顛倒的人來說，這或許太不浪漫了。Passage 142. In reality, the way one experiences old age is contingent upon circumstances of late-life events（in what order they occur, how they occur, when they occur）and the social supports one receives: adequate finances, shelter, medical care, soci

20、al roles, religious support, recreation.事實(shí)上，一個人老年的經(jīng)歷如何，取決于晚年事件發(fā)生的環(huán)境和一個人所獲得的社會支持：前者包括這些事件發(fā)生的先后順序，怎樣發(fā)生的，和何時發(fā)生的，后者包括足夠的財力、住宿條件、醫(yī)療保障、社會地位、宗教支持、娛樂活動。Passage 152. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that pa

21、rticular civilization does not use.正常術(shù)語主要是用來指在任何文化中，社會所解釋的那部分人類行為，而變態(tài)術(shù)語主要是用來指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人類行為。代詞指代1、直接對應(yīng)2、指代明確3、用“這”等替代Passage 153. Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that different societies have created for themselves, and

22、can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior.不同人之間正常行為的可變性主要是由不同社會為其自己所設(shè)立的行為模式的可變性所決定的，并且絕對不能完全脫離了文化的制度化的行為模式來加以考慮。如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，信息負(fù)載量不大，翻譯時前置。定語從句后置的翻譯如果定語從句太復(fù)雜或里面包含的內(nèi)容太多時，需要后置。1Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic

23、 communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents.地區(qū)之間甚至是整個大陸之間人們通過電子技術(shù)交流而構(gòu)成電子社區(qū)，這種概念在現(xiàn)代技術(shù)報告中比比皆是2For example, electronic communication filters out and alters much of the subtlety, warmth, contextuality, and so on that seem important to fully human, morally engaged interactio

24、n.例如，電子交流過濾并且改變了大多數(shù)的細(xì)微的心理差別，情緒的熱烈程度，周圍的環(huán)境等等，而這些似乎對于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流來說顯得非常重要Born to Win Each human being is born as something new, something that never existed before. Each is born with the capacity to win at life. Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and thinking. Each ha

25、s his or her own unique potentials-capabilities and limitations. Each can be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative being-a productive person, a winner.每個人生來就是一個先前從未存在過的嶄新個體，他在人生中成功立業(yè)的能力與生俱來。每個人都以其獨(dú)特的方式觀察，輕輕觸摸，體味和思索大千世界。每個人都可以憑自己的努力成為一個有價值，有頭腦，有感悟和有創(chuàng)造性的人即成功者。(5分)人皆生而為新為前所未有則存在。人皆生而為贏。人皆有其特例獨(dú)行之

26、方式去審視，聆聽，觸摸，品味及思考因而都具備獨(dú)特的潛質(zhì)能力和局限。人皆能舉足輕重，思慮明達(dá)，洞察秋毫，富有創(chuàng)意，成就功業(yè)（8分）人人皆生而為新，生于世而亙古未見。人人皆生而為贏，富于思而受用終生。人人皆特例獨(dú)行所見，所聞，所感，所說，所品，所思異彩紛呈。人人皆卓爾不凡，知其所能，查其所限。人人皆是舉足輕重，思慮明達(dá)，洞察秋毫，富有創(chuàng)意，人人皆是卓越的天才，人人兼具王者的風(fēng)范。（10分）72For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, i

27、n those early days, only a minority had full access. Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted.對于個體的運(yùn)動員，飛行員和駕駛員來說，速度具有一種特權(quán)的財富地位，在早期只有少數(shù)人才完全有辦法獲得這種地位。機(jī)械化的速度使得男性以及少數(shù)女性成為了英雄，速度儼然成為了一種商品，尤其是男性對此趨之若鶩。1 I have met such

28、persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.我曾經(jīng)碰到這樣的一些人，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)在談話過程中可能出現(xiàn)的所有話題他們都能夠提供事實(shí)和數(shù)據(jù)來加以支持，但是他們的觀點(diǎn)相當(dāng)令人驚愕。否定結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯（一）部分否定： 代詞或者副詞，all/both/

29、every./many/entirely/altogether/absolutely/wholly completely+not 并非所有.；并不是都. 例：All that glitters not gold. Both the windows are not open. Everybody does not believe the rumour.（二）全部否定： never/no/not/none/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all He is no professor. None of my friends smoke. Our g

30、reat motherland has never before being so prosperous as it is today.（三）雙重否定：是指同一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞，即否定之否定 not.not No spaceship cant be loaded with man.（四）注意具有否定意義的詞 The specification lacks detail. The error in calculation escape the accountant. far from The newspaper.are far from . beyond He is anything bu

31、t scholar. The machine is working none the worse. might as well小結(jié)： 如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，信息負(fù)載量比較大，翻譯到先行詞前面不通順的話需要后置。這時可以和主句脫離單獨(dú)成句，但常常需要重復(fù)先行詞或者用代詞重復(fù)。狀語從句的翻譯狀語從句的翻譯方法 英語中的狀語從句可以直接翻譯，但一般要把時間、條件、讓步和原因狀語從句翻譯到主句之前。3Infatuation often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the lovers are separated; feelings of doubt,

32、 fickleness, uncertainty, and fear of loss often accompany infatuation.一旦相愛的雙方分開，癡情經(jīng)常伴隨而來的是不安全的感覺；懷疑，朝三暮四，猶豫不決，患得患失經(jīng)常伴隨癡情而來。4Infatuation tends to be more manipulative than love because a lasting feeling of relationship probably has not developed, so that the individuals are still concerned mainly ab

33、out their own needs and satisfactions.癡情之所以比愛情更具有操控性，是因?yàn)橐环N長久的感情關(guān)系或許還沒有建立，這樣一來相愛的雙方個人都仍然主要關(guān)注的是他們各自的需要和滿足感。2If mans mind cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can it function properly as a great emotional sponge, to be squeezed at will.如果人類的思維不能成為一臺邏輯機(jī)器的話，那么它也不能成為一塊巨大的感情海綿可以任意的擠壓。Death is a d

34、ramatic, one-time crisis while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year confrontation with powerful external and internal forces, a bittersweet coming to terms with ones own personality and ones life.（1）死亡是戲劇般的，一次性的危機(jī)，然而衰老則是一天天一年年的與內(nèi)外強(qiáng)大力量抗?fàn)幍倪^程，一個苦樂參半的過程，逐漸適應(yīng)自己的性格和自己的生活。特殊句型的翻譯被動結(jié)構(gòu)1. 首先可以主賓顛倒2. 其次可以用

35、讓，給，叫，受到，得到，加以，得以，為.所，由.來，是.的等代替，但必要的時候增加人們或者有人等泛指的主語，少用被字。The process of aging and eventual death must ultimately be accepted as the natural progression of the life cycle, the old completing their prescribed life spans and making way for the young.（3）人們把變老的過程以及最后的死亡最終認(rèn)為是生命周期的自然進(jìn)化，老年人完成了他們的壽數(shù)給年輕人讓路特

36、殊句型的翻譯形式主語It is.形式主語可以當(dāng)作詞組翻譯到句子最開頭，用據(jù)./有人./.的是It is reported that.It is taken that.It is noticed that.It is important that.It can not be denied that.It can be said whitout exaggeration that.可以先翻譯后面部分 這是.的It is difficult to do translation.It is important that.5For example, it has been reported that B

37、ritish businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year, revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom al

38、one is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year.例如，據(jù)報道英國的企業(yè)每年遭受大約30起重大的災(zāi)難。其中包含損失高達(dá)數(shù)百萬英鎊。這些是由機(jī)械故障和人為的過失所引起的并不包括以欺詐和破壞等形式所引起的人為的濫用。僅僅在英國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的軟件中其損失的代價，據(jù)保守的估計就多達(dá)每年9億美元。特殊句型的翻譯there be 句型先翻譯英語的狀語再加有There is a temple on the hill. 在山上有一座廟。There is cup on the table. 桌上有一杯子。There are two monks in

39、the temple. 廟里有兩個和尚。增加人們，大家，我們等漢語的泛指主語There is no agreement.直接翻譯為漢語的無主句3There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection ofsignificant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon ones point of view.在特定的歷史時期有很多事實(shí)能

40、夠輕易的被灌入到我們的大腦。但在鑒別和選擇重要事實(shí)方面卻是更加重要的事情，并且取決于每個人的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。練習(xí)的角度：拿到句子之后，5分鐘左右模擬考試寫下漢字十分鐘以上查閱詞典，分析英語，修改漢語5分鐘以上對照譯文鞏固成果閱讀文章的翻譯：15-20分鐘模考 翻譯英語文章再做一遍題對答案鞏固成果漢譯英常見錯誤分析 多數(shù)事情是不能沒有朋友而獨(dú)自享受的，但是閱讀卻是可以的。 Few things can be enjoyed without friends，but reading is an exception. 中美貿(mào)易之所以能迅速發(fā)展，根本原因在于 19世紀(jì)的精神生活比任何時代的精神生活都要復(fù)雜，

41、這是由以下幾個原因： 第一，有關(guān)地區(qū)比以前大了，美國和俄羅斯作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)； 第二，一項(xiàng)新興的事物的主要源泉的科學(xué)取得的新的勝利，特別是在生物學(xué)、有 機(jī)化學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)等方面。 The spiritual life is more complex than 大自然對人的恩賜，無論貧富，一律平等，所以人們對大自然全部一致并深深地依賴著。尤其在鄉(xiāng)間，上千年來，人們一直以不變的方式生活著：種植莊稼和葡萄，釀酒和飲酒，喂牛和擠奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈禱和做禮拜；在節(jié)日到廣場拉琴、跳舞和唱歌往日的田園依舊是今日的溫馨家園。這樣，每個地方都有自己的傳說。風(fēng)俗也就延傳了下來。All people are

42、blessed by nature，rich and poor alike. That account for their deep rooted attachment to her，especially in the countryside where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes，brew the wine that they drink，raise cows for milk，and weed their garden for cult

43、ivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church，and on holidays they go to play music，while singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homeland remain as sweet as ever each with a unique folk law from which its custom have derived.容易犯的錯誤： 1. 詞匯錯誤 詞的理解偏差 詞的上下搭配 各學(xué)?？疾╊}目的來源，這對我當(dāng)老師非常有用，但對你們

44、學(xué)生沒有多大作用 已經(jīng)整理好的學(xué)校有：北航，北師大，財科所，首師大，政法，黨校，中科院，人大，社科院，美院，民大，但對學(xué)生沒有多大作用 你們學(xué)生需要的是句子分析，怎么去做翻譯 考博的題并不比考研的題難，所以也可以做考研的題目來練習(xí) 2. 詞語順序的錯誤 3. 語篇錯誤 逐字翻譯，畫蛇添足 重復(fù)不當(dāng)，不合習(xí)慣 斷句不當(dāng)，割裂語篇漢譯英翻譯的三步策略漢譯英翻譯的錯誤： 詞匯：詞的理解偏差，詞的上下搭配錯，詞語順序上的錯，割裂語篇漢譯英翻譯的三步策略：1、什么是句子？ A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down,

45、begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.一個句子就是一組詞，在書面語中，每一個句子首詞的第一個字母大寫，句末用句號、問號或者感嘆號；大多數(shù)句子有主語和謂語。結(jié)論1 英語的句子中，大多數(shù)句子都有主語和謂語。那么漢英翻譯，只要我們能把漢語轉(zhuǎn)變成為準(zhǔn)確通順的英語，就需要搭建英語的主語和謂語等句式結(jié)構(gòu)。 除了主語和謂語之外，當(dāng)然還有修飾語。 所以，定主語、找謂語、加修飾就成了漢英

46、翻譯的最簡單，最有效，最不容易犯錯誤的方法。漢英翻譯三步策略1.定主語2.找謂語3.加修飾你知道我們圖書館所訂購書籍的數(shù)量嗎？定主語：你 you找謂語：知道數(shù)量嗎？know the number?加修飾：知道書籍的數(shù)量，知道圖書館所訂購書籍的數(shù)量Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?漢譯英翻譯定主語大多數(shù)英語句子都有主語和謂語most sentences contain subject and verb英語本身語法非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯非常嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，所以，在漢英翻譯中，主語的確定就是成功構(gòu)建英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵，也是保證英

47、語譯文和漢語原文功能對等的關(guān)鍵。1. 確定原文的主語為譯文主語Passage 12，2（社科院04年）當(dāng)前，國際形勢正經(jīng)歷著自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以后最復(fù)雜、最深刻的變化。At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.Passage 12，2（社科院04年）和平與發(fā)展仍然是擺在世界各國人民面前的兩大課題。Peace and development are still the two subjects con

48、fronted with people all over the world.Passage 1，5（社科院02年）我們正努力教育公民不要像西方國家那樣過度消費(fèi)，比如使用過多的空調(diào)、私人汽車、以及隨意處理的產(chǎn)品。We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will.如今我們有許多不同的選擇：除傳統(tǒng)的家常菜以外，

49、還有營養(yǎng)保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。（武漢大學(xué)04年）Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.若原文主語為動詞，需要變?yōu)閯用~或者不定式 Passage 2，4（社科院03年） 幫助真正的窮人，要比僅僅縮小貧富差距更有價值。幫助下層社會的人重新回到社會主流中來，符合所有人的利益。Helping the truly poor

50、 is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.Passage 2，5（社科院03年） 推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、完成祖國統(tǒng)一、維護(hù)世界和平與促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，是中國人民在新世紀(jì)的三大歷史任務(wù)。To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and t

51、o safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.2. 重新確定主語A. 確定原文的賓語為譯文的主語偉大藝術(shù)的美學(xué)鑒賞和偉大的科學(xué)觀念的理解都需要智慧。（中國科學(xué)院02年3月考博英語翻譯試題）Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific con

52、cepts. Passage 1，1 （社科院02年）為了保證國民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、快速、健康地發(fā)展，我們必須加快國有企業(yè)的改革步伐。The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.Passage 1，3 （社科院02年）目前在中國正進(jìn)行著一場意義深遠(yuǎn)的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。（同上）At present, a sweeping and profound social and ec

53、onomic reform is being carried out in China.中國的飲食方式正在發(fā)生許多變化。（武漢大學(xué)04年考博英語翻譯試題）Many changes are taking place in Chinas diet style.B. 增加主語增加泛指的主語：we, one, youPassage 8（人民大學(xué)02年）然而，要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實(shí)際能力如何，考試是考不出名堂來的。But examinations are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical ab

54、ilities of a person.凡事應(yīng)該適度，適度是最安全的。（天津大學(xué)01年）One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.C.增加主語增加it（多用it）：在英語中，代詞it作主語的情況非常多。因?yàn)檫@個代詞表示的意義非常豐富，它可以表示漢語中的氣候、天氣、時間等無主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三點(diǎn)了（Its 3 oclock now）等，當(dāng)然，它還可以充當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)句和形式主語句型的主語。 學(xué)好翻譯是很困難的 It is difficult to learn t

55、ranslation well.自從理查德尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌癥宣戰(zhàn)以來已經(jīng)有30年了。（武漢大學(xué)03年）It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.漢譯英翻譯找謂語找謂語的方法：1、漢語的動詞沒有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)和語態(tài)的變化；英語的動詞有人稱、時態(tài)、數(shù)和語態(tài)的變化；多關(guān)注主謂一致原則，多注意英語句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。2、漢語是明顯的動作性語言，多數(shù)句子都有明顯的謂語動詞；英語中只有動詞才能充當(dāng)謂語。3、漢語中有名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、主謂短語和介詞短語充當(dāng)謂語，有是字句；英語中用系表結(jié)構(gòu)

56、來翻譯。4、漢語有連動式；英語沒有兩個動作直接疊加的情況。（1）用and連接并列謂語的動作；（2）用非謂語動詞連接；（3）用介詞短語代替動作。5、漢語的謂語有兼語式；英文中用主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語來翻譯。 句型：請某人做某事；讓某人做某事；叫某人做某事6、漢語中少用被字句；漢語中有：把、受、讓、給、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、為.所、由.來、是.的，等時，英語多用被動句翻譯。7、漢語有存現(xiàn)句；英語多用 There be 句型翻譯。例：過去的五十年不是發(fā)明創(chuàng)新的黃金時期。The past fifty years was not the gold age for invention and innovation.Passage 21實(shí)行改革開放以來改變了過去封閉半封閉狀態(tài)，提高了我國經(jīng)濟(jì)水平。 Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised.Passage 8迄今為止，教育