現(xiàn)在分詞高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法高三總復(fù)習(xí)

1、Present Participle現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成。 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 現(xiàn)在分詞一. 構(gòu)成形式 doing 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個(gè)基本特點(diǎn) 1. 在時(shí)間上表示動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行正在進(jìn)行。 例如： a developing country. 一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家 boiling water 沸水 rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽(yáng) 試比較： 一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 白開(kāi)水 升起的太陽(yáng) a developed countryboiled waterrisen sun現(xiàn)在分詞的兩個(gè)基本特

2、點(diǎn) 在語(yǔ)態(tài)上表示主動(dòng)。 例如： the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級(jí) the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí)。 試比較： 被統(tǒng)治階級(jí) 被剝削階級(jí)the ruled class the exploited class現(xiàn)在分詞三. 時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài) 所有否定式都是在ing前面加not 包括獨(dú)立主格形式 現(xiàn)在分詞各種形式 1、現(xiàn)在分詞一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)也可能略早于或遲于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒(méi)有時(shí)間間隔。 例如: Dont you sit there doing nothing. 別什么也不干坐在那里。 It rained heavily, cau

3、sing severe flooding in that country. 雨下得很大，引發(fā)了村里嚴(yán)重的洪災(zāi)?，F(xiàn)在分詞各種形式 2、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作。 例如: Having failed twice, he didnt want to try again. 他已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，不想再試了。Having finished his homework, he went back home. 完成作業(yè)后，他回家。現(xiàn)在分詞各種形式3、當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞要用被動(dòng)式。 例如: The house being built is a big pro

4、ject. * The question being discussed is of great importance. Having been warned by the teacher, the students didnt make such mistakes. Having been told many times, he still did not know how to do it. Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office.Exercises （1） _hard before, Tom is afraid

5、 of failing in the exam. A. Having been worked B. Not to have worked C. Having never worked D. Never have worked（2）He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information.(2000上海卷)hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope（3）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. ( 03全國(guó)高考題)A. smoke B.

6、smoking C. to smoke D. smoked現(xiàn)在分詞 作謂語(yǔ)*1. 主要構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) They are doing some pattern practice. She is seeing a friend off. Ill be waiting for you at the entrance. They have been designing a new jet plane. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作謂語(yǔ)* 2. 構(gòu)成不定式的進(jìn)行形式 He seems to be worrying about something. Walter happened to be working in th

7、e next room. Theyre said to be making an important experiment. I dont want you to be wasting your time like this.現(xiàn)在分詞 作表語(yǔ)1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)的特征，特別是那些表示情緒情緒的詞。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。 例如： The story is moving. The dirty street is disgusting. He was very amusin

8、g. This interruption is very annoying.現(xiàn)在分詞 作表語(yǔ) 一些表示狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)的現(xiàn)在分詞也可用作表語(yǔ)。 例如： The photograph is missing. She is always very obliging. That cake looks tempting. Is the matter pressing?現(xiàn)在分詞 作定語(yǔ) 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，通常放在所修飾詞前，表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，也可以說(shuō)明被修飾詞的性質(zhì)和特征。 例如： The sleeping boy is Tom. He saw a flying bird and raised

9、his bow. I was satisfied with the exciting speech. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作定語(yǔ) 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)放在所修飾詞的后面，相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。 例如 ： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. (= Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. )現(xiàn)在分詞

10、 作定語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞可相當(dāng)于非限制性定語(yǔ)，常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。例如： Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. (= Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.) 現(xiàn)在分詞 作定語(yǔ)3. 有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞作定語(yǔ)。 例如： This is an English-speaking country. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn) 注意注意1：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)不可作定語(yǔ) 那個(gè)在北京住了十年的男孩是我兄弟。 T

11、he boy who having lived in Beijing for ten years is my brother.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn) The boy who having lived in Beijing for ten years is my brother. 上句想用定語(yǔ)從句,但從句是應(yīng)該用的是謂語(yǔ)形式,而上句用了having lived的現(xiàn)在分詞形式,它是不能作謂語(yǔ)的.其實(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)就是表示正在發(fā)生,不可能用它的完成式來(lái)作定語(yǔ).如果想表達(dá)已經(jīng).的人或事，必須用定語(yǔ)從句, 例如： The man living in this room is a

12、 teacher. 分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于who is living in this room. The man who has lived in this room for ten years is a teacher.這句中只能用定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示.不能用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn) 注意注意2：在message，letter，sign，news，notice等媒體詞后，用表示“說(shuō)道、寫(xiě)道”的動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容時(shí)，只能用現(xiàn)在分詞而不用過(guò)去分詞。 例如：（1）Yesterday I bought a book saying some parents

13、dont have enough time to stay with their children. （2）Peter received the letter just now saying his grandma would come to see him soon. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)注意注意3. 某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，已不再表示動(dòng)作，已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性。 例如： an interesting story an exciting match 這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，可以有三級(jí)變化（原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)）和被某些副詞如very修飾?，F(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ)

14、1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可作時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語(yǔ)，表示正在進(jìn)行的或主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是主句的主語(yǔ)，因此要注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的一致性。 例如： The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here. Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ) 作時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步狀語(yǔ)事要位于

15、句首，且與后面用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，能轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。 作結(jié)果、方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)要位于句尾，且與前面用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，有時(shí)也可以不用 。現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ) 1）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) Walking on the street, I saw him. 當(dāng)我在街上走時(shí)，我看到他了 當(dāng)我要表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，我們可以在分詞前面加上whenwhile. 那么上面的例句就可以改寫(xiě)為 When/While walking in the street, I saw him. （有時(shí)也可以理解為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略，但是不是時(shí)時(shí)成立的） When/While I was walking in the street

16、, I saw him. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ) Walking in the street, I saw him. 翻譯成”當(dāng)我在街上走時(shí)，我看到他了” 而不可以翻譯為”當(dāng)他在街上走時(shí)，他看到我了” 這個(gè)是因?yàn)??“分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般要與句中主語(yǔ)保持一致.”現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ) “當(dāng)他在街上走時(shí)，我看到他了?！?分詞作狀語(yǔ)：When/While he was walking in the street, I saw him. He walking in the street, I saw him. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ)2）作條件狀語(yǔ) e.g. Working hard, you will suc

17、ceed. 3）作原因狀語(yǔ) e.g. Being ill, she stayed at home. 注意 being是常用來(lái)作原因狀語(yǔ)的 4）作讓步狀語(yǔ) e.g. Having failed many times, he didnt lost heart. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ)5）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) e.g. His friend died, leaving him a lot of money, 6）作方式狀語(yǔ) e.g. Please answer the question using another way. 7）作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)并列句 e.g. He is standing there,

18、singing. 現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ)2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格 分詞的獨(dú)立主格實(shí)質(zhì)就是分詞作狀語(yǔ) 只不過(guò)它不符合我們說(shuō)的那條”分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般要與句中主語(yǔ)保持一致” Winter coming，it gets colder and colder it在句中指代的是”天氣”現(xiàn)在分詞 作狀語(yǔ) 注意當(dāng)邏輯主語(yǔ)是人的身體部位時(shí)，如果后面的動(dòng)詞是vt 我們就用過(guò)去分詞；如果是vi我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞。（其實(shí)用過(guò)去分詞時(shí)是因?yàn)樯眢w部位作了它的賓語(yǔ) ） e.g. The boy lay on the ground，his eyes closed and his hands trembling這個(gè)男孩躺在地上 眼睛閉著 手在發(fā)