高中英語語法歸納與精練Word版

1、高中英語語法歸納與精練日期：2006-06-17來源： 整理：字體：大 中 小 5天5夜突破英語聽說，100%保證！點擊進入英語語法歸納與精練根據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議，他們都一致認為英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ)，其實完形填空是對語法、詞匯的綜合考查，但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解，有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式，這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解，而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢，寫好作文。因此，我們在此編寫了有關(guān)重點語法的知識點，并將陸續(xù)登出，同時將刊登一些試題。希望同學(xué)們認真掌握，切不可因不靠它們而忽視了對英語基礎(chǔ)知識的掌握。 （一）情態(tài)

2、動詞一情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法 情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面must/mustnt,;can/cannt;need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt;ougtht等情態(tài)動詞完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的1表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1）must have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定”。如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympa

3、thetically:” Are you feeling all right?”A must be B had been C must have been D had to be（答案為C）2）cant / couldnt have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定沒”。如：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldnt have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldnt have received（答案

4、為A）3）may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許”。如：At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2表示虛擬語氣。1) neednt have + 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于”didnt need to do”,譯為“其實沒必要”。如：You neednt have

5、 come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up(沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D)2）should have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了，譯為“

6、本不應(yīng)該”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來應(yīng)該事先認真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實際上整理還是沒有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒有完成。3) ought to have +過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如：he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, w

7、hich went up in smoke .4) could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以”。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5) may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equip

8、ment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫停?1)may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train。2) cannot / canttoo “越越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cann

9、otover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .3) usednt 或didt use to 為used to (do) 的否定式。4）should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved li

10、ke that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三情態(tài)動詞被動關(guān)系的主動表達法1 want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動意義。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達被動的意義The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the wa

11、tch needed to be repaired.（二） 形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級一形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來說，從構(gòu)詞法角度來看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“l(fā)y結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語；這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：1 以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的leisure

12、ly 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 塵世的2 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的，惟一的alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的well 健康的 content 滿意的unable 無能的3 只作前置定語的形容詞earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的

13、outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的 woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的4下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but ev

14、en the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級1 考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握： 1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在這里as good as 比較連詞與b

15、etter than比較連詞同時出現(xiàn)時候，不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為AOn the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half .A of last years Bthose of last years Cof thos

16、e of last year D that of last years（前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為.若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+a

17、sas,或倍數(shù)詞+morethan，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級again+as”.如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times moreC over seven times D seven times(答案為B)“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would

18、 gladly have paid for it.”A twice so much B twice as muchC as much twice D so much twice(答案為B)My uncle is as old again as I am4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather

19、than. 如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial（答案為A）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研題)5）“比較級and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有g(shù)row, g

20、et ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用than.如：Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worseThe road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (

21、more)等修飾語用以加強語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如Today it is even colder than yesterdayI have yet more exciting news for you7) 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型：A): not so muchas與其說不如說The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A and B as Cbut D

22、 or人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫(yī)療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為BB) no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A not so Bnot much Cmuch more D no more（心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, the

23、y can limit how much water you drink.A much more than B no more thanC no less than D any more than（答案為D）C)no/not any lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any morethan意思相反She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮D)just as so 正如， 也（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.A as it i

24、s B the same is C so is D and so is （答案為C）2最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題：1）最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。in, (all) over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意：among相當(dāng)于one of ,不說among all。這一點考生應(yīng)與漢語表達區(qū)別開來如： all visible lights, red light has the lo

25、ngest and violet the shortest wavelength.A Among B Of CFor DTo 答案為B2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，

26、如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants， 要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)別，如：He spoke in the warmest of voicesThey have been most kind to meBasketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of languageChinese is a most difficult language三不用比較級和最

27、高級的形容詞：1）表示顏色的有：white, black2）表示形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy4)表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike5)表示時間、空

28、間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final6)表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite7)含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excell

29、ent, thorough, complete.四平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級 平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比not onlybut (also) ;preferto;rather than有

30、的是同類對比：and ;but；or；both and；eitheror; neithernor.平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候注意以下幾點：1注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die ones feet than .Aliving on ones knees Blive on ones kneesCon ones knees Dto live on ones knees(答案為D)Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasi

31、ng it.2其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than答案為AFor the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new

32、 economic policies will be required.A to name a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlets say（答案為B）2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代詞及其指代一致一代詞的指代1that的

33、指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2

34、one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that Bhe Cone Dthis答案為C3do的替代作用。do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如：For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二代詞指代一

35、致問題代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這

36、里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律：1鄰近和靠近原則由either or, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the

37、package nor the letters have reached their destinationIf either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink2當(dāng)each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：Everybody talked at the t

38、op of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he?Everything is ready, isnt it”3當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：They each have two coatswe are each responsible for his own family4由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage

39、 in the accident （三） 主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認定，進而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：語法一致原則意義一致原則就近一致原則很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下：一謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況 1動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes tha

40、t a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.(1987年考研題)To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 2表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。Two weeks was too longFive times five makes twenty five 3一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語表

41、示一個概念，謂語用單數(shù)：law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

42、A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案：A。 4表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the policeThe news is a great encouragement to usA series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weeke

43、nd. 6用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily foodTime and tide waits for no man二 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況1 由and, both and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.2集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)

44、形式的動詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworkingThe cattle are grazing in the sunshine3當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive4某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish5不可數(shù)名詞作主語，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that year三謂語動

45、詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1 就近一致原則這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：1） 由連詞 eitheror; neithernor; whether or;not onlybut (also) ;or 等連接的并列主語Neither money nor fame has influence on meNot only you but also he is wrong2) 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一致Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the envelopin

46、g fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili 2 主語帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as,

47、no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.The presi

48、dent of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研題)3關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.（1996年考研題）There are

49、many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.（1990年考研題）4一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth) of; eighty(ten, twenty) percent; pa

50、rt of; rest of ; none of 等等Two-thirds of people present are womenLots of damage was caused by the fire5集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強調(diào)集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等The family is the

51、 basic unit of our societyThe family were watching the TVThe audience was enormousThe audience were greatly moved at the words6某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)：第一組：a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)第二組；the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)neither/either

52、 of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)第三組；more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)第四組；the greater part ofa large proportion of50% ofone third ofplenty ofthe rest of謂語的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致 第五組； (n)either(n)or. not only. but also not .but 謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一致.注意比較：Mor

53、e students than one have been referred toMore than one student is going to buy this book（四）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝。考生應(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認出來，避免做題時候的盲目和迷茫。一 用全部倒裝的情況全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：Down jumped the burglar from the t