超聲波測距儀系統(tǒng)設(shè)計外文翻譯-其他專業(yè)

1、外文原文Ultrasonic ranging system designPublication title: Sensor Review. Bradford: 1993. Vol. 13ABSTRACT：Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many fields，such as the industrial locale，vehicle navigation and sonar engineeringNow it has been used in level measurement，self-guided autonomo

2、us vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation，air and underwater target detection，identification，location and so onSo there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply. To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand，satisfy the request of t

3、he engineering personnel for the ranging precision，the bound and the usage，a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developedKeywords：Ultrasound r，Ranging System，Single Chip Processor1.IntroductiveWith the development of science and technology, the improvement of p

4、eoples standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city. urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving. However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system. In particul

5、ar drainage system often lags behind urban construction. Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon. It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.

6、comfort is very important to peoples lives. Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core. Control System is the core component of the development of ultra

7、sonic range finder. Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.2. A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement 2.1 The principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic

8、 generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When its two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibratio

9、n resonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver. T

10、he traditional way to determine the moment of the echos arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference. The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold. T

11、he intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the objects nature, size and distance from the sensor. Further, the time interval from the echos starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the intensity of the echo. As a consequence, a considerable

12、 error may occur Even two echoes with different intensities arriving exactly at the same time will surpass the threshold at different moments. The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2The principle of ultrasonic

13、distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop th

14、e clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2 3.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design System is characterized by single-

15、chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Figure 1 circuit principle d

16、iagram3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate. puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; u

17、ltrasonic firing continued 200ms here: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wave nop; nop; nop; djnz 14h, here; ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification trans

18、istor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location. 3.2 Reception

19、and processing of ultrasonic Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled

20、oscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip

21、processing. Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identi

22、fy the source of inquiry to deal with, interrupt priority level for the first left right after. Part of the source code is as follows: receive1: push psw push acc clr ex1; related external interrupt 1 jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuit jnb p1.2, l

23、eft; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routine return: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1 pop acc pop psw reti right: .; right location entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Return left: .; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routine Ajmp Return 3.3

24、The calculation of ultrasonic propagation time When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, th

25、e receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some

26、of its source code is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0; related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0; read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time difference MOV 31H, A; storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A, # 3CH MOV 30H, A SETB EX0; open external interr

27、upt 0 POP ACC POP PSW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and. a fine measurement:Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation , until the ec

28、ho is detected.Step 3: Detection of the amplitudes and zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4: Setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts. Setting the period of the next pulses according to the : period of echoes. Setting the time window according to the dat

29、a of step 2.Step 5: Sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave. Testing the zero-crossing times and amplitudes of the echoes. If phase inversion occurs in the echo, determine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough. Derive t sub m1 and t sub m2 .St

30、ep 6: Calculation of the distance y using equation .4. The ultrasonic ranging system software design Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving c

31、ontrol. Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on. 5. Conclusions Required measuring ran

32、ge of 30cm 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore,

33、 it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems. Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center freque

34、ncy is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequencyREFERENCES1. Fox, J.D., Khuri-Yakub, B.T. and Kino, G.S., High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air, in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium, October 31-2 November, 1983, Atlanta, GA, pp. 581-4.2. Martin Abreu, J.M., C

35、eres, R. and Freire, T., Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy, Sensor Review, Vol. 12 No. 1, 1992, pp. 17-21.3. Parrilla, M., Anaya, J.J. and Fritsch, C., Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurements, IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation

36、 and Measurement, Vol. 40 No. 4, August 1991, pp. 759-63.4. Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proximity Measurement, IEEE Transaction on Industry Electronics, Vol. IE-29 No. 4, 1982, pp.

37、336-41.5. Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Thermal Correction, Sensor Review, Vol. 9 No. 3, 1989, pp. 153-5.外文譯文超聲波測距儀系統(tǒng)設(shè)計原文出處：傳感器文摘 布拉福德:1993年 第13頁摘要：超聲測距技術(shù)在工業(yè)現(xiàn)場、車輛導(dǎo)航、水聲工程等領(lǐng)域都具有廣泛的應(yīng)用價值，目前已應(yīng)用于物位測量、機器人自動導(dǎo)航以及空氣中與水下的目標探測、識別、定位等場合。因此，深入研究超聲的測距理論和方法具有重要的實踐意義。為了

38、進一步提高測距的精確度，滿足工程人員對測量精度、測距量程和測距儀使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于單片機的便攜式超聲測距系統(tǒng)。關(guān)鍵詞：超聲波，測距儀，單片機 1、前言隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們生活水平的提高，城市發(fā)展建設(shè)加快，城市給排水系統(tǒng)也有較大發(fā)展，其狀況不斷改善。但是，由于歷史原因合成時間住的許多不可預(yù)見因素，城市給排水系統(tǒng)，特別是排水系統(tǒng)往往落后于城市建設(shè)。因此，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)開挖已經(jīng)建設(shè)好的建筑設(shè)施來改造排水系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)象。城市污水給人們帶來了困擾，因此箱涵的排污疏通對大城市給排水系統(tǒng)污水處理，人們生活舒適顯得非常重要。而設(shè)計研制箱涵排水疏通移動機器人的自動控制系統(tǒng)，保證機器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱

39、涵排污疏通機器人的設(shè)計研制的核心部分。控制系統(tǒng)核心部分就是超聲波測距儀的研制。因此，設(shè)計好的超聲波測距儀就顯得非常重要了。2、超聲波測距原理 壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器原理壓電式超聲波發(fā)生器實際上是利用壓電晶體的諧振來工作的。超聲波發(fā)生器內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，它有兩個壓電晶片和一個共振板。當它的兩極外加脈沖信號，其頻率等于壓電晶片的固有振蕩頻率時，壓電晶片將會發(fā)生共振，并帶動共振板振動，便產(chǎn)生超聲波。反之，如果兩電極間未外加電壓，當共振板接收到超聲波 時，將壓迫壓電晶片作振動，將機械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號，這時它就成為超聲波接收器了。測量脈沖到達時間的傳統(tǒng)方法是以擁有固定參數(shù)的接收信號開端為基礎(chǔ)的。這個界限恰恰選于噪音水

40、平之上，然而脈沖到達時間被定義為脈沖信號剛好超過界限的第一時刻。一個物體的脈沖強度很大程度上取決于這個物體的自然屬性尺寸還有它與傳感器的距離。進一步說，從脈沖起始點到剛好超過界限之間的時間段隨著脈沖的強度而改變。結(jié)果，一種錯誤便出現(xiàn)了兩個擁有不同強度的脈沖在不同時間超過界限卻在同一時間到達。強度較強的脈沖會比強度較弱的脈沖超過界限的時間早點，因此我們會認為強度較強的脈沖屬于較近的物體。超聲波測距原理超聲波發(fā)射器向某一方向發(fā)射超聲波，在發(fā)射時刻的同時開始計時，超聲波在空氣中傳播，途中碰到障礙物就立即返回來，超聲波接收器收到反射波就立即停止計時。超聲波在空氣中的傳播速度為340m/s，根據(jù)計時器記

41、錄的時間t，就可以計算出發(fā)射點距障礙物的距離(s)，即：s=340t/2圖1 電路原理圖3、超聲波測距系統(tǒng)的電路設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的特點是利用單片機控制超聲波的發(fā)射和對超聲波自發(fā)射至接收往返時間的計時，單片機選用C51，經(jīng)濟易用，且片內(nèi)有4K的ROM，便于編程。電路原理圖如圖1所示。3.1 40kHz 脈沖的產(chǎn)生與超聲波發(fā)射測距系統(tǒng)中的超聲波傳感器采用UCM40的壓電陶瓷傳感器，它的工作電壓是40kHz的脈沖信號，這由單片機執(zhí)行下面程序來產(chǎn)生。puzel： mov 14h, #12h；超聲波發(fā)射持續(xù)200mshere： cpl p1.0 ； 輸出40kHz方波 nop ； nop ； nop ； djn

42、z 14h，here； ret前方測距電路的輸入端接單片機P1.0端口，單片機執(zhí)行上面的程序后，在P1.0 端口輸出一個40kHz的脈沖信號，經(jīng)過三極管T放大，驅(qū)動超聲波發(fā)射頭UCM40T，發(fā)出40kHz的脈沖超聲波，且持續(xù)發(fā)射200ms。右側(cè)和左側(cè)測 距電路的輸入端分別接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理與前方測距電路相同。3.2超聲波的接收與處理接收頭采用與發(fā)射頭配對的UCM40R，將超聲波調(diào)制脈沖變?yōu)榻蛔冸妷盒盘?，?jīng)運算放大器IC1A和IC1B兩極放大后加至IC2。IC2是帶有鎖 定環(huán)的音頻譯碼集成塊LM567，內(nèi)部的壓控振蕩器的中心頻率f0=1/1.1R8C3，電容C4決定其鎖定帶寬。調(diào)

43、節(jié)R8在發(fā)射的載頻上，則LM567 輸入信號大于25mV，輸出端8腳由高電平躍變?yōu)榈碗娖剑鳛橹袛嗾埱笮盘?，送至單片機處理.前方測距電路的輸出端接單片機INT0端口，中斷優(yōu)先級最高，左、右測距電路的輸出通過與門IC3A的輸出接單片機INT1端口，同時單片機P1.3和P1.4接到IC3A的輸入端，中斷源的識別由程序查詢來處理，中斷優(yōu)先級為先右后左。部分源程序如下：receive1：push psw push acc clr ex1； 關(guān)外部中斷1 jnb p1.1,right；P1.1引腳為0,轉(zhuǎn)至右測距電路中斷服務(wù)程序 jnb p1.2,left；P1.2引腳為0,轉(zhuǎn)至左測距電路中斷服務(wù)程序r

44、eturn： SETB EX1； 開外部中斷1 pop acc pop psw retiright： . ； 右測距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口 ajmp returnleft： . ； 左測距電路中斷服務(wù)程序入口 ajmp return計算超聲波傳播時間在啟動發(fā)射電路的同時啟動單片機內(nèi)部的定時器T0，利用定時器的計數(shù)功能記錄超聲波發(fā)射的時間和收到反射波的時間。當收到超聲波反射波時，接收電路 輸出端產(chǎn)生一個負跳變，在INT0或INT1端產(chǎn)生一個中斷請求信號，單片機響應(yīng)外部中斷請求，執(zhí)行外部中斷服務(wù)子程序，讀取時間差，計算距離。其部分源程序如下：RECEIVE0： PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0 ； 關(guān)外部中斷0 MOV R7, TH0 ； 讀取時間值 MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A, #0BBH； 計算時間差 MOV 31H, A ； 存儲結(jié)果 MOV A, R7 SUBB A, #3CH MOV 30H, A SETB EX0 ； 開外部中斷0 POP ACC POP PSW RETI對于一個平坦的目標，距離測量包括兩個階段:粗糙的測量和精細測量。第一步：脈沖的