新編語用學教程課后答案

1、Introductioncheck your understanding1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2. f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1) Yes, he' s coming.(2) Yes. No, he isn ' t coming(3) His knowledge about whet

2、her Pat likes cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can ' t play a human being (John).c. It is a case of tautology that conveys no new information.d. “Idea ” doesn' t have color and can' t

3、sleep since it is inanimate. The wholesentence doesn ' t make sense.(2) a. it can be used for com muni cati on in a con text where Joh n shares somepers on ality with Hitler.b. whe n Joh n is a poor player of golf.c. in a con text where a certa in boy has done someth ing wrong (out ofn aughti ne

4、ss).(3) whe n the sentence is used in poetry to pers on alize the word "idea".3. (1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. I n the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidde n to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to cha nge infantdiapers.4. (1) Here t

5、he speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple aretalki ng too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talk in g).(2) By say ing so, the young man wants to con vey their refusal toThe background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite tolisten to other people'

6、 private conversation, it is normal thatword (thus the couple can continue their talk).5. (1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2) 講衛(wèi)生的人不會隨便吐痰 。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so deliciousthat it can make

7、 the customer' s wife jealous. The“ French toastmeans a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里 ？吃飯了沒 ？E: How are you?How' s everyhting going?7. (1) He means he doesn' t speak French.(2) Russian majors don' t speak French.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative an

8、swer.8. (1) a. He uses“ that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letteris being referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It

9、9; s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.Native speaker: Hi, you look good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.Exercises Task3.1. when we get someone to do something, we tend to minimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint.People want to be polite by mitigati ng(

10、 緩解，減輕，平靜)the impositi on, whichis face-threatening.2. The first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the additi on of "will you"3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.(dur

11、i ng the after noon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk: He ' s fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the win dow because he wasengaged with ( ? ) in something else in other places.5. In the no vel The Catcher in the Rye, Holde n, a middle school stude nt always breaks

12、the pragmatic conven ti ons and in that way shows his rebellio n.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguisticin formati on (ph on etics, phono logy, morphology, and syn tax of En glish) butalso pragmatic in formatio n (appropriate use of En glish in dyn amic con text)

13、.For instance, how we can use the question tag( 反了 ？ tag questions ) to sound more tentative and be polite.Unit 1Check your understanding1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3. f4. f The completion of the p

14、erlocutionary act requires the addressee cooperation.5. tIn-Class Activities, you have” and1. (1) If you ' ve ever said“ I promise” or “ I apologize ”those actions by the simple act of saying them. But“ I knoware declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or

15、 knowledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success.I admit I ' m wrong.b. I misunderstand your point.I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say 我在這里向你“道歉 ”，we are performingthe act of apologizing.( ?)2. (1)“ A full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apolog

16、ylike“ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese peopleIndeed, “ sorry ” is not a performative verb.(2) To some extent,“ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound li

17、ke a n advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Today is not a free aday ”.illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally sayin

18、g“ Thank you for your generodonation and your support”.illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a' "Admission fee required today"b'"We expect your generous donation and your support"The first is chosen to

19、be less imposing . The second is chosen to attract people ' s dotinoan.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s(a) hotel whosename happens to be “ Jurys ”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers.ExercisesTask 31.a. constative ? locution:“ No smokin

20、g in this areIlalocution: Forb”id.dingpeople from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution: “ Ticket passengers only ” . Illocution: Asking passengers to buy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution:Passengers buy tickets to enter the museum.c. const

21、ative. Locution:“ Token vending machine” . Illocution: Informing thepublic of the fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution:People buy tokens through this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicitways of doing things. T

22、hus, all utterances are“ performative ” in esYes, I agree. Suppose A said to B “ it ' s stuffy here” . The actual effecthat A is understood to be complaining , but the intended effect is that someone should open the window or the door and it may bring B toperforms complaint.the act instead of le

23、tting him just listen to A3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand the test“hereby ” . However, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c,“ know ”,“ thin“ flatter ” are not performative verbs. In (3)b, the third person subject is used.In (3)c, simple past tense is used.4. Both verdictives

24、 and exertives invo lve a dem on strati on of powers, rights, orin flue nee. However, verdictives have theillocuti onary force of issu ing a formalor official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve makingdecisi ons in favor of or aga inst a certa in course of acti on, or advocacy of

25、it.5. These utterances are not true or false , that is, not truth-evaluable . Theutteri ng of them on formal occasi ons is or is part of thedoing of a certa inkind of acti on, the performa nee of which, aga in, would not no rmally bedescribed as j ust “ saying ” or “ describing" something (cf.

26、Austin 1962, 5). e.g.“ This meeting is now adjourned.”The court is now in sessi on.“ This church is hereby de-sanctified . ”批準，認可，使合法化Unit2Check your un dersta nding 1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f The hearer is held responsible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1)

27、No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能幫我還書嗎 ，謝謝哦 。”“ We' ll be very grateful for your presence.”(3) Because they expect other peoplecompliance 'instead of refusals. Onefeels indebted 感激的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 if one does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The second promise is

28、achieved with a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1) No. Utterance a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the speaker cannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the f

29、uture . Utterance d involves an act that the hearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance ehas a third person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past.(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speak

30、er has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Zhang: 這件事你不應這樣處理的 。

31、Li:好嘛，算我錯了行了吧。where the speaker is not sin cere4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).(2) Because saying that can normally attract the waiter' saanttdenthtieonwaiter knows what to do in a context like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly

32、to save our or others' face.(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer' s words, the waiter may notake it seriously (if he is not joking).5.(1) The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack' s refusal more readily.Not necessari

33、ly. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water.b. Denying people the right to park here.The “ irrelevant” information is used to enhance the chances of successfullyperform ing the directive acts.ExercisesTask3.1.a. Austin was a leading exponent of 'analytical'

34、; or 'Ordinary Language'philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study ofspeech acts developed subsequently.He was the in itiator of the speech act theory. He drew the disti nctio n betwee n con stative uttera nces and performat

35、ive uttera nces, although he latter discarded the disti nctio n. He in troduced the trichotomy of locuti onary act, illocuti onary act and perlocutio nary act.Joh n Searle is widely no ted for his con tributi ons to thephilosophy ofIanguage , philosophy of mind and social philosophy . Searle has int

36、roduced the no ti on of 'i ndirect speech act' . He has reclassified illocutio nary acts. He has developed the theory into a gen eral theory about huma n com muni cati on.b. Speech act seque nee; resp on sive acts.No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act.Open.3. Le

37、arn how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.4. Depends on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. expressive f. commissive g. directive h. commissive i. declaration6.“ Excu

38、se me ” is usually used to interrtuopther people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing something, when thespeaker ' s interruption is not expected. However,“ sorry ” is used insituation, and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake.

39、7.Effectiveness: a>b>c>d other things being equalPoliteness: a<b<c<d other things being equal8.a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closedat the moment.b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of thankingc. It goes agai

40、nst the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going todo must be to the hearer' s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1(1) a. direct answer about his father' s professionb. His father can help.c. His fa

41、ther cannot help.(2) A: Your father must be very great.B: He is a lawyer.A: Does your father earn a lot of moneyB: He is a lawyer.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational cont

42、ext, and can be conventional or unconventional . But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3) “ Fox ” can connote cunningness. When we say “ he is a fox ” in r “ what do you think of Jack? ” , we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only o

43、ne brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts. No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack has a brother.4.(1) c

44、ancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words“ not yet ” has the conventional implicature thatsomething is possible after the given time.5.(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods.b. You can wi

45、n here. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearer's understanding of the speaker's utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.B: I agree. He ' s the cleverest person I' ve ever seen.A: But I don't mean he is really clever in that aspect.(3) a. Hearer's and speake

46、r's background knowledge may be different.b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different.ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.B: Yes.A: Are you happy?B: Yes. Quite,

47、quite.There are other possibilities. E.g. Speakers mean less than what they say. A: Are you happy.B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as "meaning". By saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entirely. There is a

48、sense of "saying" on which you can't say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature.5. No.Yes.a. Jack: Let

49、's go out drinking tonight.Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics?Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. It is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a tocancel t

50、heimplicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. What's more, particularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy .6.a. conventional (there's no need for context information) One cannot use the

51、 door before 6 p.m. (“ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non-same visit (“ only ”)7. openOne may say no, though. Conversational implicature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the same context and different

52、 contexts may generate different implicatures as well.8.A. when people talking about boys' qualities.B. When people are talking about boys' ability to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context and dependent on the observance of Cooperative Principle while flouting

53、 a particular maxim. People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get the same conclusion be means of reasoningUnit 4Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) Both meta

54、phors and irony go against the maxim ofquality that requiresthe speaker to be truthful. A metaphor involves saying that one thing is another and an irony consists in the expression ofone's meaning by usinglanguage that normally signifies the opposite.Haven(2) Understatement (“ It ' s not too

55、 bad” ) is a form of speech in which a lesser expression is used than what would be expected; hyperbole (you for ages ” ) is Oigure of speech in which statements are exaggerated.Their use runs coun ter to the maxim of qua ntity as well as that of quality.2.(1) Yes, the maxim of manner is exploited.

56、Mr. Bennet implicates that he willlet his wife tell him who has take n the house. Also, the maxim of qua ntity isviolated when Ms. Bennet responds to her husband' s question“Is heor sin gle?”(2) By saying "I have no objection to hearing it", Mr. Bennet means that hiswife has the freedo

57、m to supply the information in front of him, which in turnmeans he a grees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very en thusiastic to tell otherpeople thi ngs eve n at a small hint of agreeme nt.3.(1) One may be on ly superficially

58、 releva nt in terms of the literal meaning; onecan also be in teractio nally releva nt in terms of the illocutio nary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to defi ne "be brief","obscurity of expressi on", and "be orderly". Brevity and orderl in ess arematters of degree.(1) a. quality b. quantity c. relation d. manner(2) Quality E.g.: I am not so sure, but. C: 事情可能是這樣的。Quantity It ' s going to be a longstory. 說來話長。Relation By the way,順便