大學(xué)英語語法第2講非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、第二講非謂語動(dòng)詞（非限定動(dòng)詞）1大學(xué)英語語法大學(xué)英語語法Grammar非謂語動(dòng)詞n概念：非謂語動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞、形容詞和副概念：非謂語動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式。詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式。n特點(diǎn)：與謂語動(dòng)詞相比，非謂語動(dòng)詞既不能單獨(dú)作謂特點(diǎn)：與謂語動(dòng)詞相比，非謂語動(dòng)詞既不能單獨(dú)作謂語，其形式又不受主語的人稱或數(shù)的限制。故又稱為語，其形式又不受主語的人稱或數(shù)的限制。故又稱為非限定動(dòng)詞。非限定動(dòng)詞。n分類：三種形式：分類：三種形式：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞，不定式不定式和和分詞分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞和過去分詞)。 一、動(dòng)名詞一、動(dòng)

2、名詞n動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，形式為v+ing，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。n基本形式：主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí)一般時(shí)doingbeing done完成時(shí)完成時(shí)having donehaving been done非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞A. 動(dòng)名詞的特點(diǎn)：兼具名詞和動(dòng)詞的特征。n1. 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞特征：動(dòng)名詞可以有賓語，可以用狀語修飾n（1）帶賓語帶賓語 a. He avoided giving us an answer. 動(dòng)名詞giving后有雙賓語。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 動(dòng)名詞taking后有賓語exercise.n （2）用狀語修

3、飾用狀語修飾 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是狀語，修飾動(dòng)名詞working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是狀語，修飾動(dòng)名詞smoking非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞n2. 動(dòng)名詞的名詞名詞特征即其語法功能：在句中充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。n（1 1）作主語）作主語 a. Smoking may cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. I

4、ts nice talking to you. It 是形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it. 非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞n （2 2）作表語）作表語 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is traveling.n （3 3）作賓語）作賓語 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in

5、the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you. 非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞【考試重點(diǎn)考試重點(diǎn)】以下動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 贊賞，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避開imagine 想象 miss 錯(cuò)過practice 練習(xí) delay 耽擱mind 介意 consider 考慮postpone 推遲 e

6、njoy 享受risk 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) suggest 建議Suggest doing 虛擬：that （should） do非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞【考試重點(diǎn)考試重點(diǎn)】 下列慣用語中，應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞下列慣用語中，應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞1）cant help doing = cant but do 禁不住禁不住2）There is / It is no use (good) doing 沒有用沒有用3）be worth doing 值得值得4）be busy doing 忙于忙于5）feel like doing 想想6）What （How） about doing ？如何？如何？7）spend time （in）doi

7、ng 花時(shí)間做某事花時(shí)間做某事8） difficulty（困難）（困難） have a trouble （in） doing problem good （hard）time非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞B. B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí)doingbeing done完成時(shí)完成時(shí)having donehaving been done非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞B. B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式n完成時(shí)a.He

8、regrets having wasted so much time when he was young.年輕時(shí)浪費(fèi)了那么多時(shí)間，他現(xiàn)在很后悔。b.He apologized for not having kept his promise.他對(duì)于沒有遵守諾言表示歉意。n被動(dòng)式c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working.他不喜歡在工作時(shí)被人打擾。d.He didnt mind being left at home.他并不介意把他留在家里。非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞C. C. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的

9、物主代詞當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格?；虼~的賓格。nHer coming to help encouraged all of us. n她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。nJanes being careless caused so much trouble. n簡(jiǎn)這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 nWhats troubling them is their not having enough food. n困擾他們的是食物不足。 n18-year-old非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞C. C. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的

10、邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。或代詞的賓格。nWould you mind _ the computer game in _ the computer game in your room?(04)your room?(04) A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play play BBnHe forgot about _ him to attend my He forgot about _ him to attend my wi

11、fes birthday party.wifes birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to askaskBB 二、不定式二、不定式n不定式是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，多與某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞搭配。n基本形式：主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí)一般時(shí)(not) to do(not) to be done完成時(shí)完成時(shí)(not) to have done(not) to have been done進(jìn)

12、行時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)(not) to be doing(not) to be being done非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n1）作主語不定式或不定式短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如：To serve the people well is our duty.動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，往往放在謂語動(dòng)詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為：It is our duty to serve the people well.類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有:It is + n.+ to doIt takes sb.+ some time +

13、 to doIt is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n1）作主語例如：It is our duty to help them.It will take you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for us to answer this question.It is kind of you to help me.注：1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如eas

14、y， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等：2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n2)作賓語We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.注意：如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補(bǔ)語，這時(shí)，通常要用it作形式賓語，而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語后面去。例如：他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備

15、好是不可能的。They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.賓語賓補(bǔ)They found it impossible to get everything ready inadvance.非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式【考試重點(diǎn)考試重點(diǎn)】以下動(dòng)詞只能跟不定式作賓語nafford 花費(fèi)得起，提供 appear 好像nhappen 碰巧 arrange 安排nhope 希望 attempt 試圖nIntend 企圖 decide 決定nlearn 學(xué)會(huì) plan 計(jì)劃nexpect 期望 offer 打算npretend 假裝 promise 答

16、應(yīng) nrefuse 拒絕 fail 未能nmanage 設(shè)法 fear 害怕nwant 要想 wish 希望非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n3)作定語This is the best way to solve the problem.注意：用不定式作定語時(shí)，它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必要的介詞。例如：Mary needs a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.Because air pollution has been gr

17、eatly reduced， this city is still _ .A.a good place to liveB.a good place for living inC.a good place to be lived inD.a good place to live inn答案：D非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n3)作定語不定式作定語，如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。例如：Here is a letter for you to type it.Here is a letter for you to typ

18、e.The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n4)作狀語In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard.注意：不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞，在句中作狀語，這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語。例如：T

19、he water is unfit to drink.錯(cuò)誤：The water is unfit to drink it.They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand.錯(cuò)誤： They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand it.同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n4)作狀語作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。例如：To save money， we took the bus ins

20、tead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane.看一道2005年11月份的三級(jí)試題：To succeed in a scientific experiment，_.A.one needs being patient person.B.patience is to need.C.one needs to be patient.D.patience is what needed.答案：C非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n4)作賓補(bǔ)n動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（d

21、o）作賓語補(bǔ)足語n1）感官動(dòng)詞：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, n smell, taste, feeln2）使役動(dòng)詞：make, let, have（使得），help（可帶to，也可不帶to）n3）某些詞組：would rather, would/had better非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。n4)作賓補(bǔ)n動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補(bǔ)足語n【注意】當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后面的不定式變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，必須加to。nHenry is often seen_English

22、 aloud every morning in the classroom.nA.read B.reads C.reading D.to readn答案：D非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式不定式的語態(tài)每個(gè)不定式都有其邏輯主語，如果邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動(dòng)式，如果其邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)式。如：The doctor recommended him to air the room.醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。The doctor recommended the room to be aired.醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式不定式的語態(tài)【考試重點(diǎn)】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況(1)在口語

23、中，以why開頭的簡(jiǎn)單問句中。例如：Why do it that way?Why not go out for a walk?(2)某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make， let，have等后面跟動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用省略to的不定式。如Let him do it.讓他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式不定式的語態(tài)【考試重點(diǎn)】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況(3)表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后接不定時(shí)作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式不帶to.這類詞有：feel覺得observe 注意到，看到hear聽到watch注視listen to聽pe

24、rceive察覺，感知notice注意see看見look at看 如要表明不定式或不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語)，就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如：Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?The conference is too important for you to miss.非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞與不定式區(qū)別n1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的n2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。 n3） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式

25、語義不同的有11 組： 1stop to dostop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3remember to doremember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing11 begin/ start to do b

26、egin/ start doing n分詞（v + ing 和v + ed） n分詞的語法功能：分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和表語nThis is the book given by Tim.1）作定語現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，完成。n現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時(shí)表示主動(dòng)。 例如：n Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n1）作定語n過去分詞作定語時(shí)，表示完成的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)。有時(shí)過去分詞僅僅表示被動(dòng)。 例如：Weve met the doctor sent to work

27、here by the city hospital.（表被動(dòng)和完成）nSome of the questions _ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動(dòng)）A.being described B.describedC.to be described D.Having been describedn答案：B非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語 分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補(bǔ)充說明等。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動(dòng)的意思，過去分詞作狀語含有被動(dòng)的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。 _ ,he had asked thr

28、ee people before he got there. A.Not knowing where was the bookstoreB.Knowing not where the bookstore wasC.Not knowing where the bookstore wasD.Not to know where the bookstore wasn答案：C_ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a blue planet.A.Seen B.SeeingC.To be see

29、n D.Having seenn答案：A非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語n注意：分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)：nWaiting for a bus, a stone hit me.nBy swimming an hour everyday, Janes weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.nMade of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong.n以上三句話應(yīng)當(dāng)分別改為：nWhile I was waiting for the bus, a stone

30、hit me.nBy swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.nAs the chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expect they would be that strong.非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語n分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞作狀語時(shí)，要特別注意其邏輯主語和主句謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。The work done, they put away their tools and left the

31、 workshop.（= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.）His health failing, he decided to retire from office.（= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時(shí)也有時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文譯為隨著，之后，

32、由于等，有時(shí)也可不譯出，如：With summer coming on, its time to buy air conditioners.n出題形式與應(yīng)對(duì)策略：_ , they went swimming.A.Being a hot dayB.It was a hot dayC.Due to a hot dayD.The day being hotn答案：D非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語首先看題干，逗號(hào)的后面是一個(gè)完整的句子，兩部分用逗號(hào)連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號(hào)并不能連接兩個(gè)并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語或分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的時(shí)候，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有像選

33、項(xiàng)B這樣的選項(xiàng)。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯(cuò)誤的：It was a hot day, they went swimming.nIt was a hot day, and they went swimming.nSince it was a hot day, they went swimming.n注：英語的語法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語的語法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語義來傳達(dá)。非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)n1.As the secretary was away, Mr. Green had to type his final grade.n2.S

34、ince Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking.n3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor.n4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.n5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read.n6.Because a heavy rain flo

35、oded the road, he returned three days late than expected.n7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n2）作狀語小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：參考答案：1.The secretary being away, 2.Mother being ill, 3., each having its own motor.4.Class being over, 5.The book being written in English, 6.A heavy rain flooding the r

36、oad, 7., his eyes closed.非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語注意1：使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。在“have+ sth.+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)語所表示的動(dòng)作往往是由別人來完成的。nI cant see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need _ .A.to examine your eyes.B.to have examined your eyes.C.having your eyes examined.D.to have your eyes exam

37、ined.n答案：D非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語注意1：When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_.A.to make myself understoodB.to make others understand myselfC.to make myself understandD.making others understand men答案：A非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞n3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語注意1：There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly_.A.make the audience hearB.make himself be heardC.make that the audience would hearD.make himself heardn答案