機械專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、專業(yè)英語與科技翻譯韓芳一、課程性質(zhì)與學習任務(wù)1 、課程性質(zhì)：是一門專業(yè)必修考察課.2 、學習任務(wù)：掌握機制專業(yè)有關(guān)的專業(yè)術(shù) 語,能夠閱讀、理解、并準確翻譯科技文獻.二、課程特點及重點、難點1 、課程特點：本課程是在大學英語及所學專業(yè) 課的基礎(chǔ)上開設(shè)的,文章的內(nèi)容為本專業(yè)有關(guān)內(nèi)容，專業(yè)術(shù)語多,句子長,且多用被動語態(tài),理解與翻譯需與專業(yè)知識相結(jié)合。三、學習方法：1、字、詞：1)專業(yè)術(shù)語需記憶,可以采用對比法。2、重點及難點：1）重點：文章的正確理解與準確翻譯。2）難點：文章的準確翻譯。 2 )根據(jù)不同場合（搭配）選擇詞意. 如 meet the challenges； meet the deman

2、ds e.g. Weight is the force e.g. Pistons that are moving up are moving at different speeds than pistons that are moving down. e.g. It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up wi-thin the material. 2）注意分清分詞短語及從句的作用.1）注意總結(jié)常見句型。如：It

3、is possible that It is true that 等。2、句子的理解： 4）學會聯(lián)系上、下文及所學語法知識分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),對于長句子，先找出其主要結(jié)構(gòu),然后把修飾成分加上。e.g. In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works. the individual com

4、ponents or members will be subjected to external forces. 3）注意固定搭配。如：convert into, consist of 等。e.g. There are several engine types which are identified by the number of cylinders and the way the cylinders are laid out. 3、句子的翻譯1）專業(yè)術(shù)語的翻譯一定要準確。如：part, machine tool等。 很多時候需要根據(jù)上下文確定單詞或短語的意思。2）長句子一定要斷開翻譯。3

5、）被動語態(tài)根據(jù)需要，很多時候需要翻譯成主動語態(tài)， 便于他人理解。4）很多時候需要意譯, 根據(jù)表達需要，可增可減，也可調(diào) 整先后順序。4.段落及文章的翻譯注意句與句之間、段與段之間的過渡與連接，注意上下文的連貫、一致。5）翻譯時力求和專業(yè)知識保持一致。e.g. Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.四、課程主要內(nèi)容 Mechanics Mechanical parts Mechanism Machining Machine Tools CAD and CAM

6、五、學習要求：1、按時上課，不遲到、不早退、不曠課。 2、按時完成作業(yè)。Language Points:Lesson One Basic Concepts in Mechanics1.it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating, and rapid failure of the bearing. 造成造成金屬之間的直接接觸，金屬之間的直接接觸，產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)生過熱，從而過熱，從而導致導致軸承軸承迅速失效。迅速失效。2.This could result in flaking and spa

7、lling of the metal ,noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.這樣就會造成金屬的碎裂及剝落，還會產(chǎn)生噪音，使運這樣就會造成金屬的碎裂及剝落，還會產(chǎn)生噪音，使運動不準確，最終導致失效。動不準確，最終導致失效。3.When the deformation is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e. , incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.When the deformation is s

8、mall, in order to simplify the analysis, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e. , incapable of deformation, 當這些物體的變形很小的時候，當這些物體的變形很小的時候，為了簡化分析，我們通為了簡化分析，我們通常認為它們是剛性的，常認為它們是剛性的，即不能夠產(chǎn)生變形。即不能夠產(chǎn)生變形。Terms:1.mechanics/statics/dynamics2.force/matter/mass/inertia/weight/particle3.rigid body/deformabl

9、e body/elastic body4.member/gear/shaft/pulley/belt/cam/follower/ journal bearing5.mating surface /oil film/metal-to-metal contact/ overheating/failure6.elastic/plastic7.stress/strain/eracting force/magnitude/sense/scalar/vector/displacement/velocity/acceleration/ moment/momentum1.be

10、made up of2.transmit into3.(be） proportional toLanguage Points:1. In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works. the individual components or members will be subje

11、cted to external forces. 工程結(jié)構(gòu)中，單個零件將受到由其使用狀況或工作環(huán)境造成的外力作用。Lesson 2 Simple Stress and Strain 2.They together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be reacted against by internal forces set up within the material.1）place: 放，放置.此處搭配賓語a load，譯為“施加”2）react against:反抗外

12、力施加的載荷使構(gòu)件產(chǎn)生變形，而構(gòu)件內(nèi)部必然會產(chǎn)生內(nèi)力。3.a static load、an impact load等短語中的a 一般不翻譯。4.notuntil :直到 才5.It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted against by internal forces set up within the material. 上面已經(jīng)提到，如果有外力施加到處于平衡的物體上，材料內(nèi)部將產(chǎn)生內(nèi)力。6.ductile material brittle material

13、7.Ductility refers to the ability of a material to withstand a significant amount stretching before it breaks.塑性是反映材料產(chǎn)生塑性變形而不發(fā)生破壞的能力。8.they tend to noticeably stretch or bend before they break.它們能產(chǎn)生明顯的塑性變形而不（突然）破壞。9.so-called brittle materials break suddenly and without much prior warning when they

14、are overloaded.而脆性材料過載時會幾乎沒有事故預(yù)兆而突然破壞。1.static load 2. sustained load3. impact load4. repeated load5.fatigue load/alternating load6.vibration/damping force7.axial load8. stress/tensile stress/compressive stressTerms:9. tension/compression10.strain/microstrain11.cross-section12.engineering materials1

15、3. elastic limit14. modulus of elasticity/elastic modulus1.forces of action and reaction/constraint force/applied force/external force/resultant force2.electric/magnetic/gravational force3.couple / moment of a couple/ arm of a couple4.rigid body5.right-hand rule6.in static equilibriumLesson 3 Forces

16、 and MomentsTerms:7. axle/axis/axial8.free body 9.diagram/sketch/drawing10.part11.physical model12.kinematic pair13.normalLanguage Points:1.act on/upon2.It is desirable to do 3.be freed fromLesson 4 Overview of Engineering Mechanics1.The major function frequently is to (產(chǎn)品的）主要功能是2. there must be an

17、appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable lifetime.我們必須選用一定的材料，適當?shù)某叽缂昂线m的連接方法去生產(chǎn)制造，這樣加工出的構(gòu)件才能夠在使用壽命期間可靠地完成其功能，且成本合理。3.It should be clear that 應(yīng)該清楚4.be applicable to: 適用于5.We wil

18、l appreciate the various types of approximations that are inherent in any real problem. appreciate: use 在處理現(xiàn)實問題時，我們將會采用各種各樣的近似法。6.consider sth. to be 認為是7.It is usually preferable to 比較好的做法是8.During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods

19、for solving problems that previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been prohibitive. 在過去的二十年期間，用電腦解決問題的方法有了迅猛的發(fā)展，而在以前，這些問題由于所花費的時間太長而無法解決。Terms:1.functional requirement2.durability/safety/lifetime/cost3.fastening/fastener4.fail/failure5.operating condition6.

20、ideally/idealize/idealization7.strength of materials8.static/dynamic force9.approximate/approximationLanguage Points:1.It is clear that2.It is preferable to do3.applicable/tractable 翻譯的基本方法之一翻譯的基本方法之一-詞義的選擇詞義的選擇Skills of Translation-Acceptation Selection 要提高譯文的質(zhì)量，要提高譯文的質(zhì)量， 使譯文達到使譯文達到“準確準確”、“簡簡練練”、“通

21、順通順”這三個標準，就必須學習翻譯技巧。這三個標準，就必須學習翻譯技巧。 翻譯的技巧就是在翻譯過程中用詞造句的處理方翻譯的技巧就是在翻譯過程中用詞造句的處理方法。如法。如詞詞義義的選擇、詞義的引伸、增詞、減詞、轉(zhuǎn)換的選擇、詞義的引伸、增詞、減詞、轉(zhuǎn)換詞類、改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)、變更詞序和改換譯法詞類、改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)、變更詞序和改換譯法等。等。一、詞義的選擇一、詞義的選擇 詞義的選擇實際就是英語單詞在特定句子中的詞詞義的選擇實際就是英語單詞在特定句子中的詞義的判斷和確定。詞在特定句子中的確切含義，在很義的判斷和確定。詞在特定句子中的確切含義，在很大程度上大程度上取決于上下文取決于上下文,還還 應(yīng)該根據(jù)應(yīng)該

22、根據(jù)詞在句子中的作詞在句子中的作用用詞的搭配習慣詞的搭配習慣以及以及詞的應(yīng)用場合詞的應(yīng)用場合予以判斷和確定。予以判斷和確定。一般可從下列幾個方面去判斷。一般可從下列幾個方面去判斷。 英語中，有些詞用作不同的詞類時，其詞義有時是不相同的，因此我們可根據(jù)詞類來確定詞義。例如：Every metal part is of great importance to machines.每一個金屬部件對機器都是很重要的。(n)Aluminum machines faster than other metals.鋁加工起來比其它金屬快。(v)Microprocessors monitor tire wear

23、and brake power on cars. 微處理器檢測汽車輪胎的耐用性和制動力。(v)The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.病人與波形監(jiān)視器相連。 (n) 1、根據(jù)詞類判斷詞義、根據(jù)詞類判斷詞義嚴格說來，孤立的一個詞很難確定它是什么意思，因為同一個詞在不同的場合可能具有不同的意義，因此有些詞必須根據(jù)上下文來確定其詞義。develop:The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 過去十年里，我國工業(yè)迅猛發(fā)展。To develop th

24、e instrument, many experts were invited.在研制這種儀器時請了許多專家。The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power. 發(fā)動機的功用就是產(chǎn)生所需要的動力。 2、根據(jù)上下文選擇詞義、根據(jù)上下文選擇詞義This cooling system failed. 冷卻系統(tǒng)失效了.Newtons laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. 牛頓的一些定律未能闡述電子在原子里的運動。If the beam fails, the

25、top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.如果橋梁垮塌，則支柱的上面幾層會被壓垮，而下面會破裂。fail 英語中，同一個詞在不同的專業(yè)中往往具有不同的詞義。因此，在判斷英語詞的詞義時，必須考慮到英語著作闡述的內(nèi)容所涉及的概念屬于哪個學科、哪個專業(yè)的。例：power動力;體力;力,力氣;權(quán)力,勢力;強國;乘方,冪3、根據(jù)專業(yè)內(nèi)容選擇詞義、根據(jù)專業(yè)內(nèi)容選擇詞義Knowledge is power. 知識就是力量。To drive machines requires power. 開動機器需要動力。Th

26、e power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.因而這種電池的功率約為三十瓦。China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.盡管中國被看作是核大國之一，但中國決不會首先使用核武器。power動力;體力;力,力氣;權(quán)力,勢力;強國We have finished repairing that pump.我們已經(jīng)結(jié)束了對水泵的修理。These workpieces must be finish

27、ed on a grinder.這些工件必須在磨床上精加工。These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. 這些方法均可把塑料原料變?yōu)槌善?。The stock market crash finished many speculators.股票市場暴跌使許多投機者破產(chǎn)finish1)形容詞與名詞的搭配：形容詞與名詞的搭配：一個形容詞與不同的名詞搭配，可能具有不同的詞義。一般來說，可根據(jù)與其搭配的名詞來確定形容詞的詞義。例：physical: 物質(zhì)的，物理的，體力的，實際的physical change ；physical cir

28、cuit ; physical science 物理變化實際電路 自然科學 physical constant; physical contact; physical design 物理常數(shù) 直接接觸 機械的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計physical exercise; physical construction; 體育活動、體操 機械結(jié)構(gòu)4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義Everything in our physical world is continually changing.物質(zhì)世界的一切事物都在不斷地變化著。A cutaway view showing the physical relation

29、ship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.表示這些零件實際關(guān)系的剖視圖如圖2所示。Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.物理量之間的關(guān)系通常用公式表示。The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it. 4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義工程師的工作是掌握知識并加以實際的應(yīng)用。2）動詞與名詞的搭配：）動詞與名詞的搭配：一個動詞與不同的

30、名詞搭配，可能具有不同的詞義。一般來說，要根據(jù)名詞來確定動詞的詞義。例：make: 做，制造make a recording make readings make a circuit錄音 取讀數(shù) 構(gòu)成電路,接通電路make a calculation make n turns make a change進行計算轉(zhuǎn)圈改變make measurements 進行測量4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義This makes a close circuit.這就構(gòu)成了一個閉合電路。They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.他們

31、經(jīng)常對舊機器和舊設(shè)備進行革新。When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?當你的手電筒不能發(fā)出足夠亮的光時，你該怎么辦呢？4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義3) 動詞與介詞（或副詞）的搭配：動詞與介詞（或副詞）的搭配：一個動詞與不同的介詞（或副詞）搭配，就具有不同的詞義。因此，可根據(jù)動詞后面的介詞（或副詞）來確定該動詞短語的詞義。例：turn 轉(zhuǎn)動，旋轉(zhuǎn)turn on turn off turn up turn over打開關(guān)閉出現(xiàn),找到，朝上翻 周轉(zhuǎn);移交,翻閱;turn into turn

32、 out turn to把轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn) 求助于，轉(zhuǎn)向4、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義Dont turn off the lamp.請不要關(guān)燈。When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.當你打開開關(guān)時，電路就閉合。When heated, water turns into steam.水受熱時變?yōu)檎羝his factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.這家工廠在1979年生產(chǎn)了一種大型臥式鏜銑床。Please turn to page 5. 請翻到第五頁。4、根據(jù)

33、搭配選擇詞義、根據(jù)搭配選擇詞義Lesson 6 Shaft Design1.carry:2.because the total power delivered to the shaft is taken off piecemeal at various points. delivered: taken off： points：因為輸入到軸上的動力是由幾個傳動件輸出的。安裝分發(fā)，輸入取走，卸掉；輸出sections3.From this preliminary examination,which is a problem in mechanics, examination:analysis 從初

34、步的力學分析中4.check the stress5.They have the advantages of being stronger and stiffer, stronger and stiffer：更強壯，更剛硬強度、剛度更高6.Because the outer fibers are more effective in resisting the applied moments,and they respond better to heat treatment because quenching can proceed outward as well as inward. the

35、outer fibers： the applied moments： respond to： 因為抵抗外加力矩主要靠外表面材料，并且空心軸熱處理效果好，淬火能夠淬透。外表面材料外加力矩響應(yīng)，有反應(yīng)7.deflection:偏轉(zhuǎn)，偏差；撓度；轉(zhuǎn)向；變形；偏轉(zhuǎn)角 torsional deflection:扭轉(zhuǎn)變形？扭轉(zhuǎn)角？8.Criteria for the limiting torsional deflection vary from 0.25per meter of length for machinery shafts to 1per meter or 1in a length of 20

36、diameters for transmission shafting.對于機床主軸來說，許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角為每米0.25，對于傳動軸來說，許用扭轉(zhuǎn)角為每米1或長度為直徑的20倍時1。9.It is impossible to do 不可能 10.The shaft on which the body rotates deflects under load The shaft deflects under load 物體在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)，軸在載荷作用下會產(chǎn)生變形，11.term :callTerms:1.shear force/bending moment diagram2.safe stress3.hea

37、t treatment/quench4.deflection/torsional deflection5.machinery shaft/transmission shaft/crankshaft6.vibration/torsional vibration7.journal bearing/self-aligning bearing8.center of mass9.centrifugal force10.deflecting force11.amplitudeLanguage Points:1.an old rule of thumb2.vary from toTerms:1.assemb

38、ly/disassembly/subassembly2.rivet/weld3.elastic deflection4.clutch5.brake6.cam/follower7.impact/shocck load8.suspension system spring/bumper springLesson 7 Fasteners and Springs9.steel/silicon bronze/brass/beryllium copper10.helical coil spring/torsion bar/leaf spring11.wire12.cold-wound/hard-drawn/

39、oil-tempered/hot-rolled13.corrosion resistanceLanguage Points:1.acceptability/adjustability2.be proportional to 翻譯的基本方法之二翻譯的基本方法之二-詞義的引伸詞義的引伸Skills of Translation-Acceptation Development當英語句子中的某個詞按詞典的釋義直接譯出不能符合漢語的修辭習慣或語言規(guī)范時，則可以在不脫離該英語詞本義的前提下靈活選擇恰當?shù)臐h語詞或詞組譯出,這種翻譯處理方法叫做引伸譯法。 引伸的目的在于避免由于直譯而造成的生硬或離意,引伸的詞

40、義應(yīng)該在意義上與原基本詞義相關(guān)聯(lián)，避免歪曲原意 。二二 、詞義的引伸、詞義的引伸 在專業(yè)性文章中，某些常用基本詞匯已含有專業(yè)概念，可根據(jù)專業(yè)而引伸出詞義。 The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.分動卡盤有四個爪，而萬能卡盤只有三個。independent 獨立的引伸為專業(yè)詞義分動的1. 使基本詞義專業(yè)化：使基本詞義專業(yè)化：- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surfa

41、ce of the filament.燈絲所消耗的功率完全用于從燈絲表面發(fā)射電子。（boil-沸騰, 引伸為-發(fā)射） 當基本詞義在該句中意義含糊或比較費解時，應(yīng)采用解釋性語言使其明確化。- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.在許多用途方面，青銅要比構(gòu)成青銅的錫和銅更好。（將 “two metals” 明確譯為“錫和銅”）2. 使基本詞義明確化使基本詞義明確化 ：- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate

42、 the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward. 因此要注意，當我們把刻度刻成歐姆讀數(shù)時，這些刻度是從大到小的。 (these calibrations go backward 若譯為“這些刻度是向后的”, 就令人費解了。因此backward 在句中應(yīng)引伸為“從大到小”) 英語中有的詞意思很籠統(tǒng)，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得極其廣泛，但具體“好”在哪里呢？我們應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況翻譯，使語意更加清晰。- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to

43、power is the electric streetcar.電變?yōu)閯恿Φ牡湫屠邮请娷嚒? Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.河流提供豐富的水力資源。- The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人們對機器進行了徹底的檢查。3. 使基本詞義具體化：使基本詞義具體化：- It has long been thought of making good use of the suns energy to serve the human being.人們早就設(shè)想過充分利用太陽能來為人類造福。- G

44、ood switches move quickly.優(yōu)質(zhì)開關(guān)通斷靈活。- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有許多顯著的特性，這些特性使它在許多情況下成為一種更理想的光源。- That engine sounds good.那臺發(fā)動機聽起來很正常。3. 使基本詞義具體化：使基本詞義具體化：- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一個

45、熟練的翻譯人員一天也許能譯兩千到三千個詞。- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.鎢絲發(fā)亮而發(fā)射出耀眼的光芒。- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.工程師們試圖通過完美的設(shè)計來盡可能地減少摩擦。- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.我前面的那輛車突然停了，我錯過了綠燈。 3. 使基本詞義具體化：使基本詞義具體化： 英語中，有的詞意思很具體，但在某些場合，

46、它已經(jīng)失去原來的具體詞義而表示較抽象較籠統(tǒng)的意思，或者被借用來表示另一方面的意思。- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.目前，煤是蒸汽動力廠的最常用的能源。- An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.電站是把一種能或另一種能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能的地方。-The character of these people is a mixture

47、 of the tiger and ape.這些人的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.每個人的生活中都有苦有甜。4. 使基本詞意抽象化：使基本詞意抽象化：- Very often a machine is made in different pieces. 機器通常由許多不同的零件組成。（塊、片、個）- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design. 顯然，設(shè)計還大有改進的余地。（空間，余地）5. 名詞的引伸名詞的引伸6. 動詞的引伸動詞的引伸

48、- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop. 電纜從區(qū)域變電站沿人行道下方鋪設(shè)至每棟房屋和商店。（跑）- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向內(nèi)運動）因為三爪同時收攏，工件迅速卡緊。- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （

49、最強的、最大功率的）甚至通過最高放大倍數(shù)的顯微鏡，原子也小得看不見。- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.這里，引人注目的一點是，電磁波可以傳播到很遠的地方去。（ 大的）7. 形容詞的引伸形容詞的引伸- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in wa

50、tts.成天同電打交道的人們經(jīng)常用瓦特(單位)來測量電。- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.導線越粗，導電就越容易。8. 副詞的引伸副詞的引伸- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.方向交替變化的電流叫做交流電。9. 詞組的引伸詞組的引伸-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills

51、and valleys.我們看到該表面布滿了微小的凸凹不平之處。 (丘陵和溪谷) - The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.初級線圈和次級線圈互相重疊地繞在鐵芯的中央臂上。（一個在另一個之上）- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.半導

52、體是一種其通過電流的能力介于絕緣體和導體之間的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上） This application illustrates where belts, gear drives, and chains are each used to best advantage. 圖中帶傳動、齒輪傳動及鏈傳動的布置都充分發(fā)揮了各自優(yōu)點。Lesson 8 Belt Drives and Chain Drives1.develop: 發(fā)展，引申為產(chǎn)生2.operate :run3.a smaller driving pulley:(直徑)小的主動帶輪4.A widely used type

53、of belt, particularly in industrial drives and vehicular applications, is the V-belt drive. 在工業(yè)傳動及車輛上廣泛應(yīng)用V帶.5.be coupled to=be attached to6.Since gear reducers are available only at discrete reduction ratios,the output must often be reduced more before meeting the requirements of the machine. discre

54、te reduction ratios:不連續(xù)的減速比 由于齒輪減速器只能提供不連續(xù)的減速比，所以其輸出的轉(zhuǎn)速必須再降低才能滿足機器的需求。7.be engaged in : 與 嚙合Terms:1.electric motor2.torque3.flat/round/V/synchronous belt/pulley4.tensile force5.slip6.cast iron/steel/stainless steel/bronze7.evenly spaced teeth8.constant angular velocity ratio9.chain/sprocket/roller c

55、hain/pin10.belt drive/chain drive/positive drive翻譯的基本方法之翻譯的基本方法之3-增詞與減詞增詞與減詞Skills of TranslationAdding and Reducing Words一、增詞譯法一、增詞譯法: 在對英文進行翻譯時，若按字面翻譯，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，或句子的含義不明確，或詞匯的概念不清晰時，需要增加某些詞語，以便更完善、清楚地表達英語句子的內(nèi)容。e.g.Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight.直譯：效率花費金

56、錢，安全增加復雜性，性能增加重量。增詞譯法：對設(shè)備(或器件)來說，要提高效率就要增加成本，要想保證安全勢必要增加其復雜程度，而要改善性能就要增加其重量。 英語中表達時態(tài)的詞往往是沒有詞義的，翻譯時必須用一些中文詞將其表達出來。Balloons were (and are) usually filled with hydrogen. 氣球過去（和現(xiàn)在）一般都用氫氣來充氣。We can learn what we did not know. 我們能夠?qū)W會我們原來不懂的東西。（過去時）The generator set will start working tomorrow. 這臺發(fā)電機組將于明天開

57、始運行。（將來時）1. 增加表示時態(tài)概念的詞增加表示時態(tài)概念的詞An object is said to possess kinetic energy if it is moving.如果一個物體在運動，就可以說它有了動能。（進行時）We have learned how to fit the computer.我們已經(jīng)學會了怎樣安裝電腦。（完成時）Reamers are used to finish drilled holes.絞刀用來將已經(jīng)鉆好了的孔進行精加工。(過去分詞表示“完成”的狀態(tài)) 英語中常根據(jù)語法或語言習慣省略某些詞語，例如重復出現(xiàn)時，省去形容詞修飾的名詞，用do代替實義動詞等

58、，在省略句中，省去連詞、主語、謂語動詞或其它成分等，但翻譯時應(yīng)根據(jù)需要補充。In figure 5, P is the resistance, S the distance and C the effort. 在圖5中， P是阻力，S是距離，C是作用力。All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 所有物體均由分子組成，而分子由原子組成。(補譯出 these 后面省略的molecules consist)2. 補充原文省略的詞補充原文省略的詞 The changes in matter around us are of two type

59、s, physical and chemical. 我們周圍的物質(zhì)變化有兩種，物理變化與化學變化。 When pure, water is a colorless liquid. 純水是無色的液體。 一般來說，表示單數(shù)的不定冠詞a和名詞的復數(shù)形式是不必譯出的，但在某些情況下，必須補足具體的表示數(shù)量的詞才能使表達更清晰。Hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton. 氫原子由一個電子和一個質(zhì)子構(gòu)成。 (此處的數(shù)詞a 表示具體的實際數(shù)量)The bottom part of the hanging wire is placed between

60、 the poles of a small horseshoe magnet. 懸掛著的導線下端放在一個小型馬蹄形磁鐵的兩個磁極之間。3. 補充表示數(shù)的概念的詞語補充表示數(shù)的概念的詞語 We can stop this trouble if we use a special rod. 如果我們用某種特制的桿，就能解決這個問題。 Some typical fabrication methods are shown in Fig.11-36. 若干種典型的組裝方法如圖11-36 所示。 在表示名詞的復數(shù)概念時，要根據(jù)上下文判斷其復數(shù)是“二”還是“幾個”,然后選擇適當?shù)牧吭~。 Metals can