漢譯英之謂語的選擇

1、一、英語謂語的特點 1.英語謂語比較單一，只能由動詞或動詞短語充當(dāng)，系動詞可看成一種特殊謂語。 2.英語謂語形態(tài)穩(wěn)定，受語法規(guī)范的約束，需與主語保持一致關(guān)系。 3.英語同一主語下的并列謂語一般不超過三個，多數(shù)句子只有一個謂語動詞，其他動作概念以非謂語動詞、介詞短語、名詞短語或從句的形式出現(xiàn)。一. 應(yīng)該在人稱和數(shù)上與主語一致二. 必須保持時態(tài)與原文語義相吻合三. 必須與主語在邏輯上搭配得當(dāng)四. 必須與賓語搭配得當(dāng)五. 原文若是形容詞、名詞、數(shù)量詞或介詞短語作謂語，譯文中常常采用系表結(jié)構(gòu)六. 原文謂語若是連動式和兼語式，譯文選擇一個主要動詞作謂語，其它動詞用其他形式七. 根據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣選擇，符合表意

2、需要1. 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)的繁榮是我國農(nóng)村改革的必然產(chǎn)物。 The prosperityprosperity of township enterprises is is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.2.面包和牛奶是少數(shù)政府不打稅的東西。 Bread Bread and milk and milk is one of the few things that the government do not imposeimpose taxes on.3. 當(dāng)前，我國的職業(yè)教育和成人教育正在加快發(fā)展。 Voca

3、tional Vocational education and adult education education and adult education are being are being pushedpushed on energetically in our country. 膾炙人口的傳統(tǒng)京劇白蛇傳講的是源自明朝的故事。 The The White SnakeWhite Snake, one of the most popular traditional Peking operas, is based on is based on a story handed down from

4、the Ming Dynasty. 意大利著名旅游家馬可波羅曾這樣敘述他印象中的杭州：“這是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人覺得自己是在天堂?！?The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo Marco Polo was so impressed was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he describeddescribed it as it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradi

5、se.” 英雄造時勢，時勢造英雄。 HeroesHeroes createcreate the times, the timesthe times produce produce their heroes. 一踏進門檻，屋子里的混亂景象使我吃了一驚。 Crossing the threshold, I I was taken abackwas taken aback by the mess in the house. 四川被稱為“天府之國”。 SichuanSichuan is noted as is noted as the “Land of Abundance”.1.他做實驗時心不在焉，幾

6、乎引起化學(xué)藥物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused caused an explosion of the chemical.2.他過去那副尊容，只要你見過一次，無論什么時候你都不會忘記。 He had a face that is unforgettable once it is seenis seen.1.實事求是地說，解決中國人的吃飯問題,任務(wù)艱巨,困難不少,但潛力很大,前景廣闊。 Truly speaking, China has had has had great difficulties in s

7、olving her problem with food provision. But she also hashas great potential and prospects for having her people fed well.2. 科技興農(nóng)在中國發(fā)展糧食生產(chǎn)方面存在著巨大的潛力。 The application of science and technology to agriculture points points to to huge potential in the development. 如果如果原文的主謂語不符合英語主謂搭配邏輯，則原文的主謂語不符合英語主謂搭配邏

8、輯，則需要改變主語或謂語。需要改變主語或謂語。 動動賓搭配賓搭配是一種常見的搭配形式，漢譯英時，如果原文的是一種常見的搭配形式，漢譯英時，如果原文的動賓搭配不符合英語邏輯，而原文的賓語又不宜變動，我動賓搭配不符合英語邏輯，而原文的賓語又不宜變動，我們就需要重新選擇謂語們就需要重新選擇謂語。 秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年統(tǒng)一六國。 QinShihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conqueredconquered the other six states in 221 BC. 熱騰騰的晚餐已擺好在桌上。 Hot meals were

9、 served served on the dinner table. 分析：此句如譯成 hot meals were put on the dinner table 就顯得過于呆板。而serve和meals聯(lián)用最符 合英語的動賓搭配習(xí)慣。 （日本派大批的留學(xué)生到中國來學(xué)習(xí)中國文化。）自然，他們也學(xué)會了中國的飲茶。 Accordingly, they became accustomed to became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. 到麥當(dāng)勞去吃什么? 有人總結(jié)說：吃時髦，吃清潔，吃快捷，吃氛圍，吃氣派，吃檔次，吃高雅。鬧了半天，還沒有涉及“

10、吃飽肚子”。 For what do we go to the McDonalds? Summarized are the following answers: forfor its popularity, forfor its remarkable cleanness, forfor its instant services, forfor its exotic atmosphere, forfor showing off, forfor its super quality, forfor its elegant consumption. With so many “forfor”, yet

11、 we have not come to “forfor our stomach”. 1. 1.形容詞性隱性謂語形容詞性隱性謂語 漢語的形容詞是指表示人或事物的形狀顏色性質(zhì)動作行為的性質(zhì)狀態(tài)的詞，可用來充當(dāng)謂語。形容詞作謂語又分為兩種：一種是靜態(tài)的性質(zhì)形容詞作謂語，另一種是動態(tài)的狀態(tài)形容詞作謂語。這類謂語詞在翻譯時應(yīng)視其意思補加相應(yīng)動詞。漢語中，常隱含謂語動詞“是”，翻譯時就加上“be”，若是其他動詞隱含，則需根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)加上相應(yīng)動詞。 在食物里面，果蔬最有營養(yǎng)。 Fruit and vegetables areare the most nutritious food. 天灰蒙蒙的。 The

12、sky lookslooks foggy. 生活越來越艱難。 The life turns to be turns to be harder and harder. 名詞是表示人或事物的詞，它的相應(yīng)語法功能主要是作主語和賓語，作謂語時主要用于說明時間日期天氣年齡籍貫容貌等的短語中。名詞作謂語大致可以分為兩類：一類是不必依賴上下文就可以單獨存在，這類句子一般都可以補上一個“是”，而其否定形式則一定是“不是”或者“沒有”。這也證明了名詞作謂語時隱含了動詞。如: 今天（是）星期五。 Today is is Friday. 高個子（是）南方人，瘦骨嶙峋。 The tall man is is a so

13、utherner and he looks thin. 好工作，（帶來）好生活。 A good job updatesupdates your life. 隱含了“帶來”，“提供”等相近意義的謂語動詞。 最后，明明看見一個大大的布娃娃，它大眼睛紅臉蛋長辮子，很好看。 At last,Mingming takes fancy to a big doll,it hashas two big eyes,red cheeks and a long braid,and she is looking so good. “大眼睛”“紅臉蛋”“長辮子”用來形容容貌，省略謂語動詞顯得更加簡潔生動。在英語中則要找

14、出相適合的謂語動詞進行補充。 在漢語中，數(shù)量詞可以直接兼有謂語的功能，翻譯成英語時，省略的動詞要表現(xiàn)出來。這樣可以避免字面上的誤解，使得表達(dá)更清楚。例如： 從前有一個人很窮，（只有）半間草房，一處冷炕。 There used to be a pauper and he only hadhad half of a cottage and a cold kang. 103例患者中，(包括)急性排斥反應(yīng)32例，慢性排斥反應(yīng)25例，腎炎復(fù)發(fā)30例，其他9例。 The 103 cases of renal allograft biopsy includeinclude 32 cases of acute

15、 rejection,25 cases chronic rejection,30 cases of nephritis and others 9 cases.六. 連動式和兼語式，譯文選擇一個主要動詞作謂語，其它動詞用其他形式1. 市政府采取各種措施招商。 The city government takestakes many measure to invite invite investment.2. 招商代表團吸引了許多東南亞客商來新加坡洽談 項目。 The delegation of inviting investment has attractedattracted many busi

16、nessmen from Southeast Asia toto Singapore to to hold talkshold talks on different projects.14 靈活翻譯謂語靈活翻譯謂語 冬天如果你怕冷的話，可能到昆明。 If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visitvisit Kunming in south China. 花壇北面有一株臘梅花，南端是一叢南天竹。 A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a Nandina erecte

17、d on the southern end. 譯文運用“化靜為動”的手法，將原文中“有”、“是”等靜態(tài)動詞翻譯成stand和 erect等動態(tài)動詞，使譯文更加生動活潑。 1) 中國的經(jīng)濟將融入世界經(jīng)濟的大潮。 a. The economy of China will merge into merge into the tide of the world economy. b. The economy of China will converge withconverge with that of the world economy. 2) 這事到了現(xiàn)在，還是時時記起。 a. Even now,

18、 this remainsremains fresh in my memory. b. Even now, I still often think aboutthink about it. 3) 世紀(jì)之交，中國外交空前活躍。 a. The turn of the century findsfinds China most active on the diplomatic arena. b. At the turn of the century, China is is very active in its diplomatic activities. 4) 她們逐漸地鎮(zhèn)定下來，有了自信。 a.

19、 They gradually calmed down, restoredrestored self-confidence. b. Gradually, they calmed down and regainedregained self-confidence. 漢語連動式謂語就是兩個或兩個以上謂語動詞共用一個主語的結(jié)構(gòu)，其特點是許多動詞連用，組成幾個句段或小句。 連動式謂語是一種復(fù)雜謂語，它的復(fù)雜性體現(xiàn)在這些動詞的關(guān)系之中，既有并列關(guān)系，也有隱含的其他關(guān)系（包括條件、方式、承接、因果、假設(shè)、目的等）。 翻譯時，要分析幾個連動謂語之間的關(guān)系，分清主次關(guān)系和并列關(guān)系，將主要動詞譯成謂語，次要動詞

20、視不同情況，譯成各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。 另外，漢語連動謂語通常按動作發(fā)生的先后順序排列，但譯成英語時，則可依照英語習(xí)慣進行調(diào)整。 他咳著從祖父的房間里慢慢走出來。（家）原文中的“咳著”顯然是表示狀態(tài)的次要動詞，因而在譯文中轉(zhuǎn)換成分詞短語，這種譯文句子就主次分明主次分明，層次感很好。CoughingCoughing, he strolled outstrolled out of the room of Grandpa.妻在屋里拍著閏兒，迷迷糊糊哼著眠歌。（荷塘月色）顯然，“拍著閏兒”是主要動詞，而”哼著眠歌”是次要成分，故可譯成伴隨狀態(tài)的分詞短語分詞短語。In the room, my wife was

21、 patting was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humminghumming a cradle song.王夫人提了暖壺下席來。（紅樓夢）Lady Wang roserose from her seat, withwith the wine pot in her hand. 可見，漢語中的非主要謂語動詞也可譯成介詞短語介詞短語。雙方見面寒暄幾句，甚至海闊天空地聊一番就各自走開（1996年英語專八試題）四個動詞連用。 “雙方見面”是表示時間關(guān)系的從屬成分，在譯文中譯成時間狀語，“寒暄幾句” 和“聊一番”則是并列關(guān)系，可譯成兩個并列謂語。When tw

22、o strangers are introduced to are introduced to each other, they will greetgreet each other briefly, or even chatchat casually for quite a few minutes, and then excuseexcuse themselves. 愚公批駁了智叟的錯誤思想，毫不動搖每天挖山不止。（愚公移山） 原文中的兩個動詞之間是時間先后關(guān)系時間先后關(guān)系，譯文可通過現(xiàn)在完成分詞短語來表示這種關(guān)系。Having criticized Having criticized the wrong views of the Wise Old Man, they kept digging every day with unshakable determination. 海洋覆蓋了地球表面的71%，是全球生命支持系統(tǒng)的一個基本組成部分。The ocean, ( (which covers covers 71 percent of the earths surface,) ) is is a basic comp