商務(wù)合同基本知識(shí)

1、商務(wù)合同的基本知識(shí)商務(wù)合同的基本知識(shí)Chapter 1 Contract and Its Formation 一、Definition and Style（概念及文體）二、Commercial Contract &International Commercial Contract（商務(wù)合同和國(guó)際 商務(wù)合同）三、Formation of Contract（合同構(gòu)成的要 件）一、Definition and Style（概念及文體） 1. Definition（概念） 2. Style（文體）1. Definition 雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)合同的定義各不相同，但都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)：A contract is

2、an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned。比如，99年中國(guó)合同法規(guī)定，Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。 在由

3、Steven H. Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定義為 “a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.” 根據(jù)這一定義，合同是一種承諾，違反承諾可以得到法律救助，在某種意義上，法律將履行該承諾看作是一種補(bǔ)償。綜上可見(jiàn)，合同是平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的法律協(xié)議。2.Style 通常所謂的通常所謂的

4、“文體（文體（stylestyle）”是指人們運(yùn)用語(yǔ)是指人們運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言時(shí)，總是根據(jù)一定的交際內(nèi)容、交際目的和交言時(shí)，總是根據(jù)一定的交際內(nèi)容、交際目的和交際場(chǎng)合，來(lái)選取一定的表達(dá)形式，即所謂的語(yǔ)言際場(chǎng)合，來(lái)選取一定的表達(dá)形式，即所謂的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格；這種風(fēng)格，既要適應(yīng)交際對(duì)象，又受到特風(fēng)格；這種風(fēng)格，既要適應(yīng)交際對(duì)象，又受到特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的制約。根據(jù)美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境的制約。根據(jù)美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Martin Martin JoosJoos（19621962）年的分類(lèi)，合同英語(yǔ)屬于）年的分類(lèi)，合同英語(yǔ)屬于莊重文體莊重文體（the frozen stylethe frozen style），），是各種英語(yǔ)文體

5、中正式是各種英語(yǔ)文體中正式程度最高的一種?？傮w來(lái)說(shuō)，這種正式性體現(xiàn)在程度最高的一種。總體來(lái)說(shuō)，這種正式性體現(xiàn)在內(nèi)容的內(nèi)容的專(zhuān)業(yè)性、語(yǔ)言的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性專(zhuān)業(yè)性、語(yǔ)言的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性等等方面。方面。二、Commercial Contract &International Commercial Contract1.Commercial Contract for the Domestic Sales of Goods(國(guó)內(nèi)貨物銷(xiāo)售合同)2. Commercial Contract for the International Sales of Goods(國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同)3. Releva

6、nt Transport Document （運(yùn)輸單據(jù)）4. Payment for the Goods（貨款的支付）1.Commercial Contract for the Domestic Sales of Goods A domestic sales of goods or services may create a commercial contract between enterprises, other organizations, or individuals in one country.2. Commercial Contract for the International

7、 Sales of Goods A contract of international commerce between the parties coming from different countries may arise from an itnternational sales of goods or service. First, the buyer and the seller are normally located in different countries. Second, in case of goods, it must be compliance with gover

8、nment regulations controlling movement of goods across frontiers. Third, an international sales involves decisions as to method of payment and the insurance and carriage of the goods.3.Relevant Transport Document （運(yùn)輸單據(jù)） In the International Sales of Goods, the transport document called a “bill of la

9、ding” （海運(yùn)提單）is a device which was developed to deal with these problem in case of port-to-port sea shipment and is still widely used where goods are exported under of carriage by sea. 海運(yùn)提單海運(yùn)提單（ Bill of Lading）是由船長(zhǎng)或承運(yùn)人的代理人簽發(fā)的證明海上運(yùn)輸合同和貨物由承運(yùn)人接管或裝船，以及承運(yùn)人據(jù)以保證交付貨物的單據(jù)。 Example： SHIPPING ADVICE : The seller

10、 to forward a copy of bill of Lading within 4 working days of receival . 裝船通知：賣(mài)方在收到提貨單4日內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)交一份提貨單復(fù)印件給買(mǎi)方。 Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed. (初始譯文：承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)的全套整潔、已裝船的海運(yùn)提單，空白背書(shū)。) 4. Payment for the Goods（貨款的支付） Payment for the goods present

11、a special problem because buyer and seller are dealing in goods that are moving between different countries with different monetary systems and must contend with barriers of time and geography. 國(guó)際貨款的支付，遠(yuǎn)比國(guó)內(nèi)貸款結(jié)算復(fù)雜。這不僅由于使用貨幣的不同，而且在做法上也有較大的差異，同時(shí)，還涉及不同國(guó)家的法律、國(guó)際慣例和銀行習(xí)慣等。在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，貨款的收付直接影響雙方的資金周轉(zhuǎn)和融通，以及各種金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

12、和費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)，它關(guān)系到買(mǎi)、賣(mài)雙方的利益和得失。根據(jù)支付方式不同分為： 匯票（Bill of Exchange；Draft） 票據(jù) 本票（Promissory Note） 支票（Check；Cheque） 匯付與托收（Remittance and Collection） 信用證付款（Letter of Credit，L/C） Example1： Our terms of payment are by confirmed,irrevocable letter of credit by draft at sight. 關(guān)于支付條件，我們要求保兌的、不可撤消的即期信用證 。 Example 2： As

13、 agreed,the terms of payment for the above orders are letter of credit at 60s days sight or D/P sight draft. 關(guān)于上述訂單的支付條件，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)開(kāi)出以賣(mài)方為受益人的60天不可撤消信用證 或即期付款交單方式支付 。三、Formation of Contract（合同構(gòu)成的要件） 1.Offer（發(fā)盤(pán)，或要約） 2.Counter-offer(還盤(pán)) 3.Acceptence(接受) 4. Mailbox Rule and Acceptance Rule (投郵生效原則和到達(dá)生效原則)1.Off

14、er（發(fā)盤(pán)，或要約） 1.1 Definition An offer is a promise to supply goods on the terms and conditions stated. An offer must be addressed to one or more specific persons.聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約第14條第一款對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的解釋為：“向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出的訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定并且表明發(fā)盤(pán)人在得到接受時(shí)隨約束的意旨，即構(gòu)成發(fā)盤(pán)”。 1.2 Classification An offer may either be firm within a

15、 certain time limit (firm offer,即實(shí)盤(pán)) or be made without engagement(non-firm offer,即虛盤(pán)). Example: We must stress that this offer is firm for 3 days only, because of the heavy demand for the limited supplies of this velvet in stock. This offer expires on August 20. Your immediate reply by cable will b

16、e appreciated . 出現(xiàn)下列一類(lèi)的詞句者，皆為虛盤(pán): Without engagement. 不負(fù)任何責(zé)任。subject to prior sale. 有權(quán)先售。All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated.所作報(bào)價(jià)，除特別注明外，須經(jīng)我方確認(rèn)后方能生效。 Our offer is subject to approval of export licence. 出口許可證準(zhǔn)許簽證，我方報(bào)價(jià)才有效。2.Counter-offer(還盤(pán)) A reply to an offer

17、which purports to accept it but is conditional on the offerors assent to terms additional to or different from those offered is not an acceptence but is a counter-offer, and it destorys the offer. In a word, an acceptence which contains additions or modifications to the offer is an counter-offer.即接盤(pán)

18、人對(duì)所接發(fā)盤(pán)表示接受，但對(duì)其內(nèi)容提出更改的行為。 Example We regret to say that we find your price rather high and we believe we will have a hard time convincing our clients at your price. Besides, there is keen competition from suppliers in South Korea. You cantvery well ignore that. Should you be ready to reduce your pric

19、e by 5%, we might come to business. 3.Acceptence(接受) 3.1 Definition A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptence. 所謂接受，就是交易的一方在接到對(duì)方的發(fā)盤(pán)或還盤(pán)后，以聲 明或行為向?qū)Ψ奖硎就?。法律上將接受稱(chēng)作承諾。 3.2 Characteristics At common law an effective acceptence must be made by the of

20、feree himself or his auth orized. It must be made within a valid period of time that is stated or in reasonable time if no time is stated. (Late acceptence(逾期接受) is not a valid acceptance but a new offer that must be accepted by th original offeror so as to form a contract.) At common law acceptence must be absolute and unconditional. 4. Mailbox Rule and Acceptance Rule (投郵生效原則和到達(dá)生效原