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1、Chapter 9Valuing Stocks股票估值Chapter Outline9.1 Stock Prices, Returns, and the Investment Horizon9.2 The Dividend-Discount Model9.3 Total Payout and Free Cash Flow Valuation Models9.4 Valuation Based on Comparable Firms9.5 Information, Competition, and Stock Prices.Chapter Outline9.1股價(jià)、報(bào)答率與投資期限9.2紅利折現(xiàn)

2、模型9.3總支付和自在現(xiàn)金流估值模型9.4基于可比公司的估值9.5信息、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和股票價(jià)錢(qián).Learning ObjectivesDescribe, in words, the Law of One Price value for a common stock, including the discount rate that should be used.Calculate the total return of a stock, given the dividend payment, the current price, and the previous price.Use the divid

3、end-discount model to compute the value of a dividend-paying companys stock, whether the dividends grow at a constant rate starting now or at some time in the future.Discuss the determinants of future dividends and growth rate in dividends, and the sensitivity of the stock price to estimates of thos

4、e two factors.Learning Objectives (contd)Given the retention rate and the return on new investment, calculate the growth rate in dividends, earnings, and share price.Describe circumstances in which cutting the firms dividend will raise the stock price.Assuming a firm has a long-term constant growth

5、rate after time N + 1, use the constant growth model to calculate the terminal value of the stock at time N.Compute the stock value of a firm that pays dividends as well as repurchasing shares.Use the discounted free cash flow model to calculate the value of stock in a company with leverage.Use comp

6、arable firm multiples to estimate stock value.Learning Objectives (contd)Explain why several valuation models are required to value a stock.Describe the impact of efficient markets hypothesis on positive-NPV trades by individuals with no inside information.Discuss why investors who identify positive

7、-NPV trades should be skeptical about their findings, unless they have inside information or a competitive advantage. As part of that, describe the return the average investor should expect to get.Assess the impact of stock valuation on recommended managerial actions.9.1 Stock Prices, Returns, and t

8、he Investment Horizon 股價(jià)、報(bào)答率與投資期限A One-Year Investor一年期投資者Potential Cash Flows 股票有兩個(gè)能夠的現(xiàn)金流Dividend 紅利Sale of Stock 出賣(mài)股票獲得現(xiàn)金Timeline for One-Year Investor一年期投資的時(shí)間線(xiàn)Since the cash flows are risky, we must discount them at the equity cost of capital.由于現(xiàn)金流是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的,必需基于股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)rE對(duì)現(xiàn)金流進(jìn)展貼現(xiàn)。.9.1 Stock Prices, Ret

9、urns, and the Investment Horizon (contd)A One-Year InvestorIf the current stock price were less than this amount, expect investors to rush in and buy it, driving up the stocks price.假設(shè)當(dāng)前的股價(jià)低于這個(gè)數(shù)額投資的凈現(xiàn)值為正,可以預(yù)期,投資者將競(jìng)相購(gòu)買(mǎi)它,從而推進(jìn)了股票的價(jià)錢(qián)上漲。If the stock price exceeded this amount, selling it would cause the

10、stock price to quickly fall.假設(shè)股票價(jià)錢(qián)超越這個(gè)數(shù)額,那么出賣(mài)股票產(chǎn)生正的凈現(xiàn)值,股票價(jià)錢(qián)會(huì)迅速下跌。公式9.1.Dividend Yields, Capital Gains, and Total Returns紅利收益率,資本利得,總報(bào)答率Dividend YieldCapital GainCapital Gain Rate資本利得率Total Return總報(bào)答率:等于紅利收益率加資本利得率Dividend Yield + Capital Gain RateThe expected total return of the stock should equal t

11、he expected return of other investments available in the market with equivalent risk.股票的預(yù)期總報(bào)答率應(yīng)該等于市場(chǎng)上具有同等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的其他投資的預(yù)期收益率。公式9.2.Example 9.1.假設(shè)預(yù)期龍斯藥店來(lái)年將發(fā)放每股0.56美圓紅利,年底每股市價(jià)45.5美圓,假好像等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資的期望報(bào)答率為6.8%,那么今天龍斯藥店股票價(jià)錢(qián)是多少?在這個(gè)價(jià)錢(qián)下,紅利收益率和資本利得率是多少?.Example 9.1 (contd).A Multi-Year Investor多年期投資者What is the price if

12、 we plan on holding the stock for two years? 假設(shè)我們方案持有股票兩年,那么股票價(jià)錢(qián)會(huì)怎樣樣? 時(shí)間線(xiàn)如下,使股價(jià)等于未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流的現(xiàn)值,看得出以下公式:公式9.3公式9.1與公式9.3有不同嗎?答案能否認(rèn)的,沒(méi)有不同。. What is the price if we plan on holding the stock for N years?假設(shè)我們方案持有股票N年,那么股票價(jià)錢(qián)會(huì)怎樣樣? 對(duì)恣意年限繼續(xù)公式9.3這一過(guò)程,即以下一年股票持有者情愿的支付的價(jià)錢(qián)交換最后的股價(jià),即持有N年.A Multi-Year Investor (contd)Th

13、is is known as the Dividend Discount Model.這個(gè)公式就叫做紅利折現(xiàn)模型Note that the above equation (9.4) holds for any horizon N. Thus all investors (with the same beliefs) will attach the same value to the stock, independent of their investment horizons. 留意:公式9.4是持有股票N期的折現(xiàn)模型。公式內(nèi)涵著:一切對(duì)所投資的股票具有一樣信心的投資者將對(duì)股票賦予一樣的價(jià)值,

14、而不論投資期限的長(zhǎng)短。即他們持有多久,以及是以紅利還是資本利得方式得到報(bào)答都是與價(jià)值不相關(guān)的。公式9.4.A Multi-Year Investor (contd)對(duì)于公司總是支付紅利,并且公司從未被收買(mǎi)的特殊情形,永遠(yuǎn)持有股票就成為能夠。令N無(wú)窮大,那么股票價(jià)錢(qián):The price of any stock is equal to the present value of the expected future dividends it will pay.股票的價(jià)錢(qián)等于股票將要支付的期望未來(lái)紅利的現(xiàn)值。公式 The Discount-Dividend Model 紅利折現(xiàn)模型C

15、onstant Dividend Growth 固定或不變紅利增長(zhǎng)率The simplest forecast for the firms future dividends states that they will grow at a constant rate, g, forever.公式9.5以公司將要支付的期望未來(lái)紅利確定股票的價(jià)值。但估計(jì)這些紅利對(duì)于遙遠(yuǎn)而未知的未來(lái)而言那是相當(dāng)苦難的。一種常用的近似估計(jì)是假設(shè)從長(zhǎng)久來(lái)看,紅利將按照一個(gè)不變的比率增長(zhǎng)。那么股票價(jià)值 :即為一個(gè)固定增長(zhǎng)率的永續(xù)年金的現(xiàn)值.9.2 The Discount-Dividend Model (contd)Con

16、stant Dividend Growth Model 固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型The value of the firm depends on the current dividend level, the cost of equity, and the growth rate.根據(jù)固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型公司的價(jià)值取決于當(dāng)前的紅利程度除以經(jīng)紅利增長(zhǎng)率調(diào)整后的股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)公式9.6從公式中可以看出,紅利增長(zhǎng)率等于期望的資本利得率 公式9.7.Example 9.2結(jié)合愛(ài)迪生公司,是一家受政府控制的公用事業(yè)公司,主要效力于紐約市地域。假設(shè)公司方案在未來(lái)第一年每股支付2.3美圓的紅利。假設(shè)其股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)是7

17、%,估計(jì)未來(lái)每年紅利增長(zhǎng)為2%,估計(jì)結(jié)合愛(ài)迪生公司的股票價(jià)值。.Example 9.2 (contd).Dividends Versus Investment and Growth紅利與投資及增長(zhǎng)根據(jù)固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型,股價(jià)隨著當(dāng)前紅利程度Div1和期望增長(zhǎng)率g的添加而添加。要使股票的價(jià)錢(qián)最大化,公司要把兩個(gè)變量都提高。那么就需求權(quán)衡:提高增長(zhǎng)率能夠需求加大投資,而用于投資的資金就不能用于支付紅利。經(jīng)過(guò)固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型來(lái)深化的研討下這個(gè)問(wèn)題。什么決議了公司的紅利增長(zhǎng)率?A Simple Model of Growth 一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的增長(zhǎng)模型Dividend Payout Ratio 紅利支付率T

18、he fraction of earnings paid as dividends each year定義紅利支付率為公司每年將其收益作為紅利支付的部分。那么t期的每股紅利如下公式9.8.Dividends Versus Investment and Growth (contd)A Simple Model of GrowthAssuming the number of shares outstanding is constant, the firm can do two things to increase its dividend:假設(shè)公司流通股是固定的,公司可以經(jīng)過(guò)兩種方式提高紅利Inc

19、rease its earnings (net income) 添加收益凈收益Increase its dividend payout rate 添加紅利支付率.Dividends Versus Investment and Growth (contd)A Simple Model of GrowthA firm can do one of two things with its earnings公司對(duì)收益的支配,可從以下兩個(gè)方面選擇其一:It can pay them out to investors. 支付給投資者It can retain and reinvest them. 留存進(jìn)展再

20、投資假設(shè)假設(shè)沒(méi)有新投資,公司就不會(huì)有增長(zhǎng),于是公司當(dāng)前產(chǎn)生的收益程度就將堅(jiān)持不變;假設(shè)公司一切未來(lái)收益的添加,都只來(lái)自用留存收益進(jìn)展的投資。那么就有如下頁(yè)公式:.Dividends Versus Investment and Growth (contd)A Simple Model of GrowthRetention Rate 留存比率Fraction of current earnings that the firm retains當(dāng)前公司收益被留存的比例公式9.10公式9.9.Dividends Versus Investment and Growth(contd)A Simple Mo

21、del of GrowthIf the firm keeps its retention rate constant, then the growth rate in dividends will equal the growth rate of earnings.假設(shè)公司選擇堅(jiān)持紅利支付率固定不變,那么紅利增長(zhǎng)率就等于收益的增長(zhǎng)率公式9.11公式9.12.Dividends Versus Investment and Growth(contd)Profitable Growth 盈利性增長(zhǎng)If a firm wants to increase its share price, should

22、it cut its dividend and invest more, or should it cut investment and increase its dividend? 假設(shè)公司想提高股票價(jià)錢(qián),它應(yīng)該減少紅利并更多的投資,還是削減投資添加紅利支付?The answer will depend on the profitability of the firms investments.答案是“取決于公司投資的盈利才干Cutting the firms dividend to increase investment will raise the stock price if, and

23、 only if, the new investments have a positive NPV.只需新投資有正的凈現(xiàn)值,消減公司的紅利支付,添加投資,將提高股票價(jià)錢(qián).Example 9.3為盈利性增長(zhǎng)而削減紅利克蘭體育用品公司估計(jì)來(lái)年的每股收益是6美圓。公司不計(jì)劃將這些收益再投資而獲得增長(zhǎng),而是方案將一切的收益都作為紅利發(fā)放給股東。在公司未來(lái)沒(méi)有增長(zhǎng)這種預(yù)期下,公司當(dāng)前的股票價(jià)錢(qián)是60美圓。假設(shè)在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái),公司可以消減其紅利支付率到75%,并用留存收益開(kāi)設(shè)新店,預(yù)期這些新店的投資報(bào)答率是12%。假設(shè)公司的股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)不變,新政策對(duì)公司的股價(jià)會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么影響?.Example 9.3 (c

24、ontd).Example 9.4無(wú)價(jià)值沒(méi)有收益的增長(zhǎng)假設(shè)問(wèn)題同9.4,但如今假設(shè)新投資的報(bào)答率是8%,而不是12%。給定公司來(lái)年的期望收益是6美圓,股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)是10%,在這種情況下,公司當(dāng)前的股價(jià)將會(huì)是多少?.Example 9.4 (contd).小結(jié):比較例9.3與例9.4公司消減紅利追求增長(zhǎng)的效應(yīng),關(guān)鍵取決于新投資的報(bào)答率。假設(shè)新投資的報(bào)答率12%超越股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)10%,投資具有正的凈現(xiàn)值,股價(jià)假設(shè)新投資的報(bào)答率8%低于股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)10%,投資具有負(fù)的凈現(xiàn)值,股價(jià)新投資的NPV為正時(shí),消減紅利添加投資才會(huì)提升股價(jià)。.翻譯軼事If you do not leave me, we wil

25、l die together.他假設(shè)不分開(kāi)我,我就和他同歸于盡。四級(jí)程度他假設(shè)不離不棄,我必生死相依。 六級(jí)程度 問(wèn)世間情為何物?直教人生死相許。 八級(jí)程度 天地合,乃敢與君絕。 專(zhuān)家程度 他在或不在,愛(ài)就在那里,不增不減。活佛程度.Changing Growth Rates改動(dòng)增長(zhǎng)率We cannot use the constant dividend growth model to value a stock if the growth rate is not constant.假設(shè)增長(zhǎng)率不固定,那么就不能用固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型For example, young firms often h

26、ave very high initial earnings growth rates. During this period of high growth, these firms often retain 100% of their earnings to exploit profitable investment opportunities. As they mature, their growth slows. At some point, their earnings exceed their investment needs and they begin to pay divide

27、nds.例如,勝利的初創(chuàng)公司通常具有很高的初創(chuàng)收益增長(zhǎng)率。在高增長(zhǎng)期,公司通常保管100%的收益開(kāi)發(fā)有利可圖的投資時(shí)機(jī)。當(dāng)公司進(jìn)入成熟期,增長(zhǎng)率放緩。在此階段,收益超越公司的投資需求,于是公司就開(kāi)場(chǎng)支付紅利.Changing Growth Rates (contd)Although we cannot use the constant dividend growth model directly when growth is not constant, we can use the general form of the model to value a firm by applying th

28、e constant growth model to calculate the future share price of the stock once the expected growth rate stabilizes.當(dāng)增長(zhǎng)率不固定時(shí),雖然我們不能直接運(yùn)用固定紅利增長(zhǎng)率模型,我們可以用紅利折現(xiàn)模型的普通方式為這樣的公司估值:一旦該公司進(jìn)入成熟期,期望增長(zhǎng)率會(huì)變得穩(wěn)定,就可以運(yùn)用固定增長(zhǎng)率模型,計(jì)算公司的未來(lái)股價(jià)PN。.Changing Growth Rates (contd)Dividend-Discount Model with Constant Long-Term Growth

29、不變長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率下的紅利折現(xiàn)模型.Example 9.5對(duì)具有兩個(gè)不同增長(zhǎng)率的公司估值Small Fry 公司發(fā)明了一種馬鈴薯片,看起來(lái)和口感像法式炸薯?xiàng)l。市場(chǎng)對(duì)這一產(chǎn)品的反響格外好,公司決議將一切收益進(jìn)展再投資以擴(kuò)展運(yùn)營(yíng)。在過(guò)去的一年,公司的收益是每股2美圓,預(yù)期收益在未來(lái)的4年內(nèi)以20%的增長(zhǎng)率增長(zhǎng)。到那時(shí),其他公司很能夠也退出了更有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的類(lèi)似產(chǎn)品。分析師估計(jì),在第4年末,公司將消減投資,開(kāi)場(chǎng)將60%的收益作為紅利支付,于是公司的增長(zhǎng)放緩,長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率為4%。假設(shè)公司的股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)是8%,今天每股股價(jià)是多少?.Example 9.5 (contd).Limitations of the Di

30、vidend-Discount Model紅利折現(xiàn)模型的局限性There is a tremendous amount of uncertainty associated with forecasting a firms dividend growth rate and future dividends.紅利折現(xiàn)模型基于未來(lái)支付給股東的紅利估計(jì)股票的價(jià)值未來(lái)紅利的預(yù)測(cè)具有很大的不確定性。Small changes in the assumed dividend growth rate can lead to large changes in the estimated stock price.

31、假設(shè)紅利增長(zhǎng)率微小的改動(dòng),都能夠?qū)е鹿烙?jì)的股價(jià)大幅度變動(dòng),且難以知道估計(jì)的股利增長(zhǎng)率哪一個(gè)更合理??傊A(yù)測(cè)紅利需求預(yù)測(cè)公司的收益、紅利支付率和未來(lái)股票數(shù)量,但收益和利息支出有關(guān),股數(shù)和紅利支付率取決于公司能否用部分收益回購(gòu)股票。而借款和回購(gòu)決策是管理層自行決議的,要預(yù)測(cè)它顯然有很多以為主管要素存在,比預(yù)測(cè)工程現(xiàn)金流更困難。.9.3 Total Payout and Free Cash Flow Valuation Models 總支付模型和自在現(xiàn)金流估值模型Share Repurchases and the Total Payout Model股票回購(gòu)與總支付模型Share Repurcha

32、se 股票回購(gòu)When the firm uses excess cash to buy back its own stock 公司用過(guò)剩的現(xiàn)金買(mǎi)回本公司的股票Implications for the Dividend-Discount Model 股票回購(gòu)對(duì)紅利折現(xiàn)模型的影響有兩點(diǎn):The more cash the firm uses to repurchase shares, the less it has available to pay dividends. 越來(lái)越多的現(xiàn)金用于回購(gòu)股票,可以用于發(fā)放紅利的現(xiàn)金流就越少By repurchasing, the firm decrease

33、s the number of shares outstanding, which increases its earnings per and dividends per share. 經(jīng)過(guò)回購(gòu)股票,公司減少流通股數(shù)量,添加每股收益和每股股利.9.3 Total Payout and Free Cash Flow Valuation Models (contd)Share Repurchases and the Total Payout Model在前面紅利折現(xiàn)模型中,從單一股東的角度估計(jì)每股價(jià)錢(qián),對(duì)股東將要收到的紅利折現(xiàn)假設(shè)公司回購(gòu)股票那?那么總支付模型更可靠.9.3 Total Payo

34、ut and Free Cash Flow Valuation Models (contd)Share Repurchases and the Total Payout ModelTotal Payout Model 總支付模型:對(duì)公司向股東的支付,即公司破費(fèi)在紅利和股票回購(gòu)上總金額進(jìn)展折現(xiàn),然后除以當(dāng)前流通股股數(shù),以確定每股價(jià)錢(qián)。Values all of the firms equity, rather than a single share. You discount total dividends and share repurchases and use the growth rat

35、e of earnings (rather than earnings per share) when forecasting the growth of the firms total payouts.總支付模型對(duì)公司一切股權(quán)而非單一股票進(jìn)展估值。在預(yù)測(cè)公司總支付增長(zhǎng)時(shí),對(duì)紅利和股票回購(gòu)總額進(jìn)展折現(xiàn),并運(yùn)用收益增長(zhǎng)率而不是每股收益。.Example 9.6泰坦公司有流通股21700萬(wàn)股,預(yù)期在本年末的收益是86000萬(wàn)美圓。公司方案將收益的30%作為紅利發(fā)放,運(yùn)用收益的20%回購(gòu)股票,總計(jì)支出為收益的50%。預(yù)期公司的收益每年增長(zhǎng)7.5%,并且上述支付的比率堅(jiān)持不變。此外,假設(shè)公司的股權(quán)資本

36、本錢(qián)是10%。要求確定泰坦公司的股價(jià)。.Example 9.6 (contd).The Discounted Free Cash Flow Model折現(xiàn)自在現(xiàn)金流估值模型Discounted Free Cash Flow Model 折現(xiàn)自在現(xiàn)金流量模型Determines the value of the firm to all investors, including both equity and debt holders(該模型先)確定對(duì)一切投資者包括股東和債務(wù)人而言的公司的總價(jià)值;然后再對(duì)股票估值。The enterprise value can be interpreted as

37、 the net cost of acquiring the firms equity, taking its cash, paying off all debt, and owning the unlevered business.公司價(jià)值可以解釋為獲得股權(quán)、獲得其現(xiàn)金、償付其一切債務(wù),從而擁有無(wú)杠桿公司和業(yè)務(wù),所支付的凈本錢(qián)。優(yōu)點(diǎn):對(duì)公司估值,不需求明確預(yù)測(cè)紅利、股票回購(gòu)或債務(wù)的運(yùn)用.The Discounted Free Cash Flow Model (contd)Valuing the Enterprise 估算公司價(jià)值為了估算公司價(jià)值,要計(jì)算公司向股東的總支付自在現(xiàn)金流FCF的現(xiàn)值

38、Free Cash Flow 自在現(xiàn)金流Cash flow available to pay both debt holders and equity holders. 是公司可向一切投資者包括股東和債務(wù)人支付的現(xiàn)金流Discounted Free Cash Flow Model公式9.18公式9.19公式9.20.折現(xiàn)自在現(xiàn)金流模型與紅利折現(xiàn)模型的區(qū)別:紅利折現(xiàn)模型中,公司的現(xiàn)金和債務(wù),經(jīng)過(guò)利息收入和費(fèi)用對(duì)收益的影響,間接地被包含在模型中。折現(xiàn)自在現(xiàn)金流模型中,不思索利息收入和費(fèi)用,自在現(xiàn)金流的計(jì)算是基于息稅前收益EBIT,然后用公司的總價(jià)值直接減去現(xiàn)金和債務(wù)。.The Discounted

39、 Free Cash Flow Model (contd)Implementing the Model 模型的運(yùn)用Since we are discounting cash flows to both equity holders and debt holders, the free cash flows should be discounted at the firms weighted average cost of capital, rwacc . If the firm has no debt, rwacc = rE .由于我們要對(duì)將要支付給債務(wù)人和股東的自在現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn),因此應(yīng)該運(yùn)用公

40、司的加權(quán)平均資本本錢(qián), rwacc , 進(jìn)展折現(xiàn);假設(shè)公司沒(méi)有債務(wù),加權(quán)平均資本本錢(qián)就等于股權(quán)資本本錢(qián),rwacc = rE .加權(quán)平均資本本錢(qián)是公司必需支付給投資者的期望報(bào)答率,以補(bǔ)償他們持有公司債務(wù)和股權(quán)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。.The Discounted Free Cash Flow Model (contd)Implementing the ModelOften, the terminal value is estimated by assuming a constant long-run growth rate gFCF for free cash flows beyond year N, so

41、that通常,公司價(jià)值的估計(jì)也是經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)超越N年的自在現(xiàn)金流,假定一個(gè)固定的長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率gFCF實(shí)現(xiàn)的,所以有:公式9.21公式9.22.Example 9.7肯尼斯科爾公司KCP2005年的銷(xiāo)售收入為51800萬(wàn)美圓。假設(shè)他預(yù)期公司2006年的銷(xiāo)售收入增長(zhǎng)9%,但是以后每年銷(xiāo)售收入增長(zhǎng)率見(jiàn)逐年遞減1%,直到2021年及以后,到達(dá)成衣行業(yè)4%的長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)率?;贙CP過(guò)去的盈利才干和投資需求,他估計(jì)EBIT為銷(xiāo)售收入的9%,凈營(yíng)運(yùn)資本需求的添加為銷(xiāo)售收入添加額的10%,資本性支出等于折舊費(fèi)用。假設(shè)KCP有現(xiàn)金10000萬(wàn)美圓,債務(wù)為300萬(wàn)美圓,流通股2100萬(wàn)股,公司的所得稅稅率為37%,加權(quán)平均

42、資本本錢(qián)是11%,他估計(jì)2006年初KCP的股價(jià)是多少?.Example 9.7 (contd).The Discounted Free Cash Flow Model (contd)Connection to Capital Budgeting 與資本預(yù)算相聯(lián)絡(luò)The firms free cash flow is equal to the sum of the free cash flows from the firms current and future investments, so we can interpret the firms enterprise value as the

43、 total NPV that the firm will earn from continuing its existing projects and initiating new ones. 公司的自在現(xiàn)金流等于公司當(dāng)前和未來(lái)投資產(chǎn)生的自在現(xiàn)金流之和,因此,我們可以將公司的價(jià)值解釋為:公司從繼續(xù)其現(xiàn)有工程和啟動(dòng)新工程中將獲得的總的NPVThe NPV of any individual project represents its contribution to the firms enterprise value. To maximize the firms share price, w

44、e should accept projects that have a positive NPV.任何個(gè)別工程的NPV表示其對(duì)公司價(jià)值的奉獻(xiàn)。為了是公司股票價(jià)錢(qián)最大化,應(yīng)該接受NPV為正的工程。.自在現(xiàn)金流折現(xiàn)模型局限估計(jì)公司的自在現(xiàn)金流,需求很多預(yù)測(cè)和估計(jì),比如銷(xiāo)售收入、營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)用、稅費(fèi)、資本需求和營(yíng)運(yùn)資金需求、以及其他要素等。圍繞著這些預(yù)測(cè)和估計(jì)的假設(shè),不可防止的會(huì)有一些不確定因此需求對(duì)其進(jìn)展敏感性分析,它可以把這種不確定性一定程度上轉(zhuǎn)化為股票價(jià)錢(qián)的能夠范圍。.Example 9.8.Example 9.8 (contd).A Comparison of Discounted Cash F

45、low Models of Stock Valuation 股票估值的折現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流模型的比較.9.4 Valuation Based on Comparable Firms 基于可比公司的估值Method of Comparables (Comps) 比較法Estimate the value of the firm based on the value of other, comparable firms or investments that we expect will generate very similar cash flows in the future.評(píng)價(jià)目的公司的價(jià)值,采用預(yù)

46、期在未來(lái)將產(chǎn)生與評(píng)價(jià)公司非常類(lèi)似的現(xiàn)金流的其他可比公司或投資的價(jià)值,來(lái)確定評(píng)價(jià)公司的價(jià)值,而非經(jīng)過(guò)直接評(píng)價(jià)公司的現(xiàn)金流。思索:采用這個(gè)方法的實(shí)際根底根據(jù)是什么?一價(jià)定律當(dāng)然,不存在完全一樣的公司。即使在許多方面類(lèi)似,但規(guī)模也能夠不同。下面首先將研討運(yùn)用可比數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)整規(guī)模差別的方法,評(píng)價(jià)業(yè)務(wù)相近公司的價(jià)值,再研討方法優(yōu)缺陷。.Valuation Multiples 估值乘數(shù)Valuation MultipleA ratio of firms value to some measure of the firms scale or cash flow估值乘數(shù)是公司價(jià)值除以衡量公司規(guī)模的一些目的所構(gòu)成的

47、一個(gè)比率。The Price-Earnings Ratio 市盈率P/E Ratio 簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)市盈率Share price divided by earnings per share市盈率等于公司股票價(jià)錢(qián)除以每股收益最常用的估值乘數(shù).市盈率的直觀意義:購(gòu)買(mǎi)股票,購(gòu)買(mǎi)的是對(duì)公司未來(lái)收益的要求權(quán),以及能夠繼續(xù)存在的公司間的收益差別。投資者情愿對(duì)當(dāng)前收益較高的股票支付更高的價(jià)錢(qián)。因此,可以將待評(píng)價(jià)公司的每股收益,乘以可比公司的平均市盈率方式,估算公司股權(quán)的價(jià)值。.Valuation Multiples (contd)Trailing Earnings 歷史收益追溯收益Earnings over the

48、last 12 months 公司過(guò)去12個(gè)月的收益Trailing P/E 歷史追溯市盈率Forward Earnings 預(yù)測(cè)收益Expected earnings over the next 12 months未來(lái)12個(gè)月的期望收益Forward P/E 預(yù)測(cè)市盈率出于估值目的,通常應(yīng)首選那種市盈率?為什么?預(yù)測(cè)市盈率,由于我們最關(guān)注的是未來(lái)收益.Valuation Multiples (contd)Firms with high growth rates, and which generate cash well in excess of their investment needs

49、so that they can maintain high payout rates, should have high P/E multiples.假設(shè)兩只股票具有一樣的紅利支付率和EPS增長(zhǎng)率,且具有一樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(因此股權(quán)資本本錢(qián)一樣),他們應(yīng)該有一樣的市盈率P/E公式也闡明,具有較高增長(zhǎng)率,且可以產(chǎn)生超越投資需求的現(xiàn)金從而能堅(jiān)持高支付率的公司和行業(yè),應(yīng)該有較高的市盈率乘數(shù)。公式9.23可以根據(jù)紅利折現(xiàn)模型或總支付模型來(lái)解釋預(yù)測(cè)市盈率,例如不變紅利增長(zhǎng)模型,兩邊同時(shí)除以當(dāng)年每股收益,可以得出預(yù)測(cè)市盈率如下:.Example 9.9假設(shè)家具制造商赫曼米勒Herman Millerg公司的每股

50、收益是1.38美圓。假設(shè)可比家具公司股票的平均市盈率是 21.3,用市盈率作為估值乘數(shù),對(duì)赫曼米勒公司估值。這一估值的根底假設(shè)是什么?.Example 9.9 (contd)將EPS與可比公司的市盈率相乘,估計(jì)赫曼米勒公司的股價(jià)為P0=1.3821.3=29.39美圓。估值的假設(shè):赫曼米勒公司與同行業(yè)中的可比公司,具有類(lèi)似的未來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、紅利支付率和收益增長(zhǎng)率。.Valuation Multiples (contd)Enterprise Value Multiples 公司價(jià)值乘數(shù) 公司的價(jià)值代表歸還債務(wù)前公司的整體價(jià)值,為了構(gòu)造適宜的估值乘數(shù),可將公司價(jià)值除以支付利息前的收益或現(xiàn)金流。常用的乘數(shù)

51、有: 1、公司價(jià)值/EBIT乘數(shù) 2、公司價(jià)值/EBITDA乘數(shù) 3、公司價(jià)值/自在現(xiàn)金流乘數(shù) 公司各期的資本性支出能夠變化很大,從業(yè)者大多依托“公司價(jià)值/EBITDA乘數(shù),從而不用思索不同公司資本性支出的差別。 公司股權(quán)價(jià)值=“公司價(jià)值/EBITDA乘數(shù) EBITDA-債務(wù).Example 9.10 利用公司價(jià)值乘數(shù)估值假設(shè)RCKY公司的每股收益時(shí)2.3美圓,EBITDA是3070萬(wàn)美圓。公司的流通股股數(shù)為540萬(wàn)股,債務(wù)為12500萬(wàn)美圓凈債務(wù)。他以為戴克斯戶(hù)外運(yùn)動(dòng)公司與RCKY公司在根底業(yè)務(wù)方面具有可比性,但是戴克斯公司沒(méi)有債務(wù)。假設(shè)戴克斯公司的市盈率為13.3,“公司價(jià)值/EBITDA

52、乘數(shù)是7.4,分別運(yùn)用這兩個(gè)估值乘數(shù)估計(jì)RCKY公司股票的價(jià)值。那種估值更準(zhǔn)確?.Example 9.10 (contd).Valuation Multiples (contd)Other Multiples 其他乘數(shù)Multiple of sales 公司價(jià)值/銷(xiāo)售收入乘數(shù):假設(shè)可以合理的假設(shè),可比公司和目的公司未來(lái)將堅(jiān)持類(lèi)似的利潤(rùn)率,那么可以講公司價(jià)值視作銷(xiāo)售收入的倍數(shù)Price to book value of equity per share 每股權(quán)益的市賬比市凈率乘數(shù):用于有大量有形資產(chǎn)的公司某些行業(yè)所特有的乘數(shù),比如 Enterprise value per subscriber

53、每個(gè)用戶(hù)的公司價(jià)值Used in cable TV industry通常用于有線(xiàn)電視行業(yè).Limitations of Multiples 乘數(shù)的局限性 利用估值乘數(shù),假設(shè)可比公司是一樣的,那么公司的估值乘數(shù)正好匹配。 實(shí)踐上,公司之間不能夠一樣。估值乘數(shù)的有效性將取決于公司間差別的性質(zhì),以及乘數(shù)對(duì)這些差別的敏感性。 同一行業(yè)中,各公司的各類(lèi)乘數(shù)明顯不同,這種差別很能夠是緣于公司之間的差別。其局限性不言而喻:When valuing a firm using multiples, there is no clear guidance about how to adjust for differ

54、ences in expected future growth rates, risk, or differences in accounting policies. 用乘數(shù)為公司估值時(shí),除了限定可比公司的選擇外還沒(méi)有關(guān)于怎樣調(diào)整期望未來(lái)增長(zhǎng)率和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本本錢(qián)、會(huì)計(jì)政策等差別的直接明確指引。Comparables only provide information regarding the value of a firm relative to other firms in the comparison set. 比較法僅僅提供關(guān)于待評(píng)價(jià)公司相對(duì)于可比公司的價(jià)值信息。Using multiple

55、s will not help us determine if an entire industry is overvalued.假設(shè)整個(gè)行業(yè)都被市場(chǎng)高估,利用估值乘數(shù)不能協(xié)助我們做出正確的決議。.Comparison with Discounted Cash Flow Methods與折現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流法的比較乘數(shù)方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn):1、簡(jiǎn)單,不用單獨(dú)地估計(jì)公司的資本本錢(qián)、未來(lái)收益或自在現(xiàn)金流;2、估值過(guò)程是基于真實(shí)公司的實(shí)踐價(jià)錢(qián),而非基于對(duì)未來(lái)現(xiàn)金流的能夠不切合實(shí)踐的預(yù)測(cè)。乘數(shù)方法的缺陷:沒(méi)有思索公司間的重要差別。實(shí)踐上很多公司具有高效團(tuán)隊(duì)、工藝技術(shù)等重要差別,這些差別被忽略。折現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流法優(yōu)勢(shì):將公司資本

56、本錢(qián)或未來(lái)增長(zhǎng)的詳細(xì)特定信息,吸收或整合到估值模型中,能夠比估值乘數(shù)法在解釋上更準(zhǔn)確。.Stock Valuation Techniques: The Final Word股票估值技術(shù):結(jié)論No single technique provides a final answer regarding a stocks true value. All approaches require assumptions or forecasts that are too uncertain to provide a definitive assessment of the firms value. 沒(méi)有哪一

57、種技術(shù)或方法可以對(duì)股票的真正價(jià)值給出最終的答案。一切的估值方法都需求假設(shè)或預(yù)測(cè),而隨之帶來(lái)的不確定性,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法給出有關(guān)公司價(jià)值確實(shí)定估值Most real-world practitioners use a combination of these approaches and gain confidence if the results are consistent across a variety of methods.現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的大多數(shù)從業(yè)者都是綜合運(yùn)用這些方法,假設(shè)運(yùn)用不同方法得出的結(jié)論是一致的,對(duì)估值的自信心和把握就會(huì)大增。.Figure 9.2 Range of Valuation

58、 Methods for KCP Stock Using Alternative Valuation Methods.9.5 Information, Competition, and Stock PricesInformation in Stock Prices 股票價(jià)錢(qián)中的信息Our valuation model links the firms future cash flows, its cost of capital, and its share price. Given accurate information about any two of these variables, a

59、 valuation model allows us to make inferences about the third variable. .Figure 9.3 The Valuation Triad.9.5 Information, Competition, and Stock Prices (contd)Information in Stock PricesFor a publicly traded firm, its current stock price should already provide very accurate information, aggregated fr

60、om a multitude of investors, regarding the true value of its shares. Based on its current stock price, a valuation model will tell us something about the firms future cash flows or cost of capital.Example 9.11.Example 9.11 (contd).Competition and Efficient Markets競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和有效市場(chǎng)Efficient Markets Hypothesis

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