醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作教學(xué)課件

1、醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作醫(yī)學(xué)英語的特點：大量使用專業(yè)術(shù)語大量使用名詞和名詞短語被動句多 (常使用物作主語)難句、長句較多文章結(jié)構(gòu)程式化生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究的三種研究類型求證性論著 Hypothesis-Testing Paper （以研究工作驗證假說）描述性論著 Descriptive Paper （單純描述某種現(xiàn)象）方法性論著 Method Paper （創(chuàng)新或改進研究方法）生物醫(yī)學(xué)論著的科學(xué)內(nèi)涵創(chuàng)新性重要性合理性Requirements of a good paper- Good science- Clear (Precise, Concise, Good logical structure)Conceptu

2、ally novelTechnically convincingExtremely well-writtenImportant to the fieldInteresting to a broad readership主體部分前置部分致 謝參考文獻IMRAD常見格式科技論文格式 Structure of a Scientific Paper文題作者和單位摘要、關(guān)鍵詞引言方法結(jié)果討論The IMRAD structurefor Scientific Papers Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion Introduction - why wa

3、s the study undertaken? What was the research question, the tested hypothesis or the purpose of the research? Methods - when, where, and how was the study done? What materials were used or who was included in the study groups (patients, etc.)? Results - what answer was found to the research question

4、; what did the study find? Was the tested hypothesis true? Discussion - what might the answer infer and why does it matter? How does it fit in with what other researchers have found? What are the perspectives for future research?Sample PapersGeneral English WritingCriteria in Judging a Composition(1

5、)本題滿分為15分。(2)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。各有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評卷1-2份。(3)閱卷人根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對照樣卷評分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（如8分）相似，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)（即8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù)，則可加一分（即9分）或減一分（即7分）。但不得加或減半分。(4)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：2分條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或絕大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯誤。5分基本切題。思想表達不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重的語言錯誤。8分基本切題。思想表達比較清楚，文章尚連貫，但語言錯誤較多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯誤。11分切題。思想表達清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分切題。思想表達清楚，

6、文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯誤，僅有個別小錯誤。注：白卷、所寫的內(nèi)容與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想，則給0分11分和14分兩個檔之間區(qū)別在什么地方？在于用詞上，你的用詞是不是準(zhǔn)確，所以這是一大檔。下面是8分和5分這兩個檔可以構(gòu)成一個大檔，這個叫內(nèi)容基本切題，注意“基本”這兩個字，叫基本切題。下面分開了，8分與5分之間在條理清楚上，你寫文章條理清楚不清楚，在清楚上就出現(xiàn)變化，8分的是條理比較清楚，5分是條理不清楚，8分和5分是內(nèi)容基本切題，只要你沒有完全切題就可以給你打到8分這個檔，只要你內(nèi)容完全切題就可以給到11分以上這個檔，這是評們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題。那么下面的第三大檔，也

7、就是說第五個小檔是2分檔，這2分檔它就不提內(nèi)容切題，沒有內(nèi)容切題這一說了，也就是說只要你不切題，你也沒有達到基本切題，沒有達到完全切題他可能就給你打到2分檔，切題相當(dāng)重要。2分檔下面條理也不清楚，用詞也不準(zhǔn)確等等。所以我們從評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上可以看到，只要你做到內(nèi)容切題，文字連貫，文字連貫主要指的句子和句子之間是不是連貫，然后條理清楚，只要達到這三點，我們說及格分應(yīng)當(dāng)是沒有問題的。如何達到內(nèi)容切題，首先每一段的主題句要切題，在三段當(dāng)中每一段主題句都要切題。那么主題句怎樣保證切題？8分14分5分11分2分作文中存在的主要問題第一、英語底子太薄底子太薄. 主要表現(xiàn)為對語法知識掌握不牢及對基本詞匯記憶不清。

8、它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用，主謂不一致，單復(fù)數(shù)搞不清楚（例如：a people等），時態(tài)和語態(tài)混亂及詞語的各種形式掌握不牢。有的學(xué)生文章寫得很長，字跡也很工整，但是讀完之后只覺得思路紊亂，支離破碎，沒有一個完整的句子，所以也就只能得兩三分以慰勞苦。第二、詞匯量太小，且對已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。除了底子太薄這個歷史原因之外，學(xué)生詞匯量太小也是一個不容忽視的原因。有的學(xué)生漢語功底很好，用漢語作文，他們就會思如泉涌，下筆千言，但是一到用英語作文就好像被縛住了手腳，不知如何下手。 第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。很多學(xué)生雖然已是大二的學(xué)生，甚至是大三大四的學(xué)生，但是他們在作文當(dāng)中所表現(xiàn)出的智力水平與閱歷似乎只相

9、當(dāng)于一個初高中生。寫出的文章著眼點低，視野狹窄。 第四、缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。主要表現(xiàn)為有些學(xué)生在篇首或篇尾有喊口號傾向（如Dear Friends, lets not hesitate to say“No”）,或畫蛇添足,本來文章該結(jié)束了卻偏要羅羅嗦嗦再來兩句多余的話。1.開頭1）Now it is commonly believed that They argue that But I wonder現(xiàn)在一般認(rèn)為 他們認(rèn)為 但是我認(rèn)為2) Few things are more foolish than which is widely accepted by沒什么比更愚蠢了，這個觀點是被所廣泛接受的

10、3）Never in China has the issue of been more influential than在中國，沒有比更具備影響力了。4）It is high time we freed ourselves from the illusion about是我們不再對抱有幻想的時候了5）Perhaps it is about time to take a fresh look at the idea that也許是時候?qū)Φ南敕ㄖ匦聦徱暤臅r候了6) Nowadays, has become a serious problem we have to face.今天，已經(jīng)成為我們必須面

11、對的嚴(yán)峻問題。7) With the development of , more and more people are concerned about the problem of隨著的發(fā)展，越來越多的人開始關(guān)注的問題。8) Today, has become an important issue.今天，已經(jīng)成為一個重要的問題。9) Although has brought convenience to us, many people have begun to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.盡管給我們帶來了便利，但是許多人

12、已經(jīng)認(rèn)識道它也會制造麻煩。10) Recently, the problem of has aroused ( /captured /drawn/caught) worldwide attention.近來，問題已經(jīng)引起了全世界的注意。11) In recent years, many cities (/nations/people) have been faced (/troubled) with the serious problem of近年來，很多城市（國家/人）已經(jīng)面臨的問題（受到的侵?jǐn)_）。12) Nowadays more and more people come to reali

13、ze the importance of現(xiàn)在越來越多的人開始意識到的重要性。13) has become a heated topic among people today. Opinions vary from person to person.今天，已經(jīng)成為人們討論的熱門話題，不同的人對此有不同看法。14) There is no consensus of opinions (much disagreement / an argument) among people concerning (/over /as to/ on)關(guān)于，人們的看法沒有一致意見。2.文章主體1）On one han

14、d, On the other hand, For example,一方面,另一方面，,例如2）However, others think that The result, sometimes is that然而其他人認(rèn)為結(jié)果，有時是中3）Many people consider In fact, they will choose很多人認(rèn)為 實際上，他們會選擇4）Why is so important? First, Second, Third,為什么變得如此重要？首先， 其次， 第三5）There are numerous examples supporting this statement

15、. A case in point is that有無數(shù)證據(jù)來證明這個觀點。其中一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦邮?）I think this question should be probed in depth. On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because On the other hand, the second group seems because我認(rèn)為這個問題應(yīng)該更透徹地去討論。一方面，第一組的人不是完全正確，因為，第二組的人看起來因為7) For my part (/as to me/as far as I am conce

16、rned), Id like to agree to the former (/latter) opinion.就我而言，我贊同前（后）一種觀點。8) I am in favor of/ I am on the side of我贊成9) In my opinion, both sides are partly right (/there is some truth in both sides)我認(rèn)為雙方都有一定道理。10) Only after we have taken into consideration all aspects of the problem can we make the

17、 right decision.只有當(dāng)全面考慮這個問題之后，我們才能做出正確的決定。11) From my point of view, 在我看來12) In case of myself, I prefer就我而言，我更喜歡13) To me, the former opinion is more attractive in that我認(rèn)為，前一種觀點更吸引人，因為3.文章結(jié)尾1）Taking the above mentioned factors into consideration, I may conclude that 把以上因素考慮在內(nèi)，我可以總結(jié)出2）In conclusion,

18、 最后3）In short, if done correctly, It will become an important part of pour life.簡而言之，如果采取了有利的方法， 它會成為我們生活中重要的一部分。4）All in all總之，5）Therefore, as stated above, 因此，以上的敘述6） will undoubtedly have tremendous effect on society.將毫無疑問的給社會帶來巨大的影響。7) Only when we can we只有當(dāng)我們才能夠8) We do not have a perfect solut

19、ion at present, but as long as we do it with our brains and hands, we will resolve the problem eventually.雖然目前我們?nèi)詻]有完美的解決方案，但只要我們用腦動手，我們終將解決這個問題。9) As this problem is very complicated, people can hardly rely on one way to solve it completely.由于這個問題很復(fù)雜，依靠一種方法難以徹底解決。10) I am confident (positive/sure) t

20、hat a perfect solution will be found in future.我相信將來會找到一個完美的解決方案。11) I am looking forward to a day when people can live together with more harmony.我期待有一天，人們可以更和諧地生活在一起。應(yīng)用好模板，是否就一勞永逸？NO!模板只能幫你到一定程度，而且往往是較低英語水平的考生能從中獲益；決定作文分?jǐn)?shù)的，不是模板，永遠(yuǎn)是英語實際水平。英語句子的寫法1. 確定句子主干成分，即主、謂、賓、定、狀、補等成分要清晰。平時練習(xí)時，寫完作文后要養(yǎng)成檢查的習(xí)慣。2.

21、熟悉單詞詞性，不可將漢語與英語單詞詞性一一對應(yīng)！3.平時閱讀中注重對單詞內(nèi)涵的把握句子評改實例誤 After graduated from the university, Mr Liu decided to be a Internet-tranlater, while others interest in finding a big compong enable to earn more expenses.正 After graduated from the university, Mr. Liu decided to be an translator, while others were i

22、nterested in finding jobs in big companies.原因：將漢語詞性與英語單詞一一對應(yīng)，全然不顧英語語法。句子評改實例誤 Mr. Liu has a dream but not just a dream. His successed tell us that the most important thing is you must set a gobal.正 Mr. Lius story tells us that everybody should has a goal in life .原因：將漢語意思與英語單詞一一對應(yīng)，追求結(jié)構(gòu)和意義上的絕對對等。句子評改

23、實例誤 It is always a success from ancient to modern time, not open around the topic, from the success of the flowers, is the common pursuit of numerous living being.正 Since ancient times, peoples common pursuit has always been a better life.原因：漢語思維都十分混亂，英語表達就更不必說了。解決辦法：下筆前，首先要把漢語按照英語的語序擺放好，并剔除不必要的意義表達

24、。句子評改實例誤 Indeed, one must has strong courage if he wants to from his own destiny.正 Indeed, one must be brave/ have courage if he wants seize his own destiny.原因：用漢語思考的時候，出現(xiàn)了意義空缺。句子評改實例誤 Furthermore, its universally acknowledged that ambition can lead us dare to take the risk of trying something new.正

25、 Furthermore, its universally acknowledged that ambition encourages us to take the risk of trying something new.原因：詞語使用錯誤。句子評改實例誤 In my opinion, it can be argumentative that it will be more chances.正 In my opinion, it is not certain that there will be more chances.原因：典型的中式英語，只習(xí)得了英語單詞的漢語意義，還沒能正確使用。句子

26、評改實例誤 First of all, it is a new business that less people developing or doing on it. So there would be a lot source you can get. 正 First of all, new business brings opportunities. So there would be less competition ahead. 原因：意義的表達顯得較為累贅，想傳遞的信息過多。請翻譯如下句子：（1）這個問題，我也不知道答案。I dont know the answer to this

27、 question.（2）你家這條狗，恐怕命不長了。Im afraid your dog can not survive for long.結(jié)果：作文中出現(xiàn)無主語的句子。請改進如下句子誤 In my opinion, if you want to success, you not only are persistent but also have a far-sight. 正 In my opinion, if you want to succeed, you not only need persistence but also far-sightedness. 原因：將漢語“成功”=succ

28、ess，“堅持”=persistent，造成英語和漢語的畸形對應(yīng)。解決辦法：背單詞時候，同時背句子，背課文更好。success n.succeed v.successful adj.persistence n.persist v.persistent adj.If you want to be successful, you must have persistence.If you persist long enough, you will succeed one day.Success is the result of persistent hardwork.請改進如下句子誤 Not all

29、 the people can be success. But if you work hard and keep going on a new thing, success is by your side. Come on, youngers! 正 Not all people can be successful. But if you work hard and keep on working hard, success is not far away.原因： 英語詞語使用錯誤。 文章結(jié)尾千萬不要喊口號！請改進如下句子誤 The most important thing is risk.

30、寫作如此困難，使無數(shù)腦細(xì)胞付諸東流。在用漢語作為主要思維工具的考生心中，到底該如何用漢語思考呢？Directions: Write a composition on the topic: A Way to Success. Read the following article in Chinese, then write according to the outline given below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180

31、 words.大學(xué)畢業(yè)時，小劉決定不找工作。他默默地從事起了網(wǎng)絡(luò)翻譯工作。當(dāng)時幾乎沒有人看好他，大家認(rèn)為，大學(xué)剛畢業(yè)，最好找一個好單位，學(xué)點本領(lǐng)、積累點經(jīng)驗，然后才能有好出路。5年過去了，雖然我們很多人畢業(yè)時都信誓旦旦地說，一旦在單位里學(xué)到本領(lǐng)，積累夠經(jīng)驗，就出去打拼一番屬于自己的事業(yè)，但大多數(shù)人在單位這個避風(fēng)港里，已經(jīng)失去了面對大風(fēng)浪和新環(huán)境的勇氣，辭職創(chuàng)業(yè)逐漸成了空談?？尚⒁呀?jīng)開了公司，成為了一名成功的企業(yè)主。在一次同學(xué)會上，小劉說出了他的“秘密”。他說，“成功往往取決于你敢不敢往人少的地方走，這可能會有風(fēng)險，但因為沒人或很少有人走過，留給你 的可能是碩果累累。走別人開辟的老路，雖然看起

32、來很安全，但因為走的人太多，財富與資源大多已被人占有。即使幸運地發(fā)現(xiàn)了一小部分，也必然會被蜂擁而至的 人群爭搶與瓜分?！?. 根據(jù)以上文章寫一篇讀后感；2. 你如何看待小劉的成功之道；3. 關(guān)于成功你有什么經(jīng)驗和建議？成功之路開頭：讀完這個故事，我被小劉的故事感動了。每個人都應(yīng)該為自己設(shè)定人生目標(biāo)，再為之努力。只有人生目標(biāo)明確了，人才有可能成功。成功之路第二段：成功的方式有很多，設(shè)立目標(biāo)是實現(xiàn)成功的第一步。只有設(shè)立了目標(biāo)，我們才有努力的方向。其次，我們需要毅力和勇氣。我們需要毅力去堅持所做的事情，需要勇氣去克服成功路上的困難。最后，我們需要不斷學(xué)習(xí)，并抓住機會。不斷學(xué)習(xí)意味著不斷提高自己，這樣

33、才能抓住機會。成功之路第三段：綜上所述，成功是不容易的。但是只要自己盡了自己最大的努力，也算是成功了。2016年12月六級作文一題目：發(fā)明創(chuàng)造Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on innovation/creation/invention. Your essay should include the importance of innovation and measures to be taken to encourage innovation/creation/inventi

34、on. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. 2016年6月六級作文一題目：機器人論文WritingDirections：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in indust

35、ry as well as peoples daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【2016年6月六級作文二題目：在線教育WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.2016年6月六級作文三題目：虛擬現(xiàn)實WritingFor this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in the virtual world. Try to imagine what