茶多酚綜述(共7頁(yè))

1、PAGE PAGE 10茶多酚的研究進(jìn)展及在食品(shpn)中的應(yīng)用摘 要：茶多酚作為(zuwi)天然添加劑，廣泛應(yīng)用于食品行業(yè)，對(duì)食品有保鮮防腐、抑菌除臭等作用，對(duì)人體有抗衰老、抗癌等功能(gngnng)。該文綜述了茶多酚的研究進(jìn)展，并展望了茶多酚在食品中的的應(yīng)用前景。關(guān)鍵詞：茶多酚；研究進(jìn)展；展望前言 茶多酚(Tea Polyphenols，TP)是從茶葉中提取的純天然多酚類物質(zhì)，又叫茶單寧，茶鞣質(zhì)，是茶葉中多酚類物質(zhì)的總稱1，是形成茶葉色香味的主要成份之一，也是茶葉中有 HYPERLINK /lemma/ShowInnerLink.htm?lemmaId=125762&ss_c=ssc.

2、citiao.link 保健功能的主要成份之一。具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老、防輻射、防腐保鮮、抑菌除臭等多種生理活性。近年來(lái)，茶多酚在油脂、食品、醫(yī)療、保健、日用化工和農(nóng)業(yè)等方面均具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景，茶多酚的抗氧化性在食品貯藏保鮮中的研究與應(yīng)用以及保健食品的研發(fā)已有大量研究，研究表明，茶多酚不僅是一種天然的無(wú)毒的抗氧化劑，而且也是一種理想的天然藥物，具有清除自由基和抗氧化等生物活性，應(yīng)用于食品中，不但可以延長(zhǎng)食品貨架期，還可以為消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)保健作用。茶多酚的性質(zhì)茶多酚的化學(xué)性質(zhì)茶多酚是一類存在于茶樹(shù)的樹(shù)梢及其他器官中的多羥基酚類化合物的混合物，簡(jiǎn)稱茶多酚或多酚類，俗名茶單寧、茶鞣質(zhì)2。茶多酚是從茶

3、葉中提取的全天然 HYPERLINK /view/595254.htm t _blank 抗氧化食品，具有抗氧化能力強(qiáng)，無(wú)毒副作用，無(wú)異味等特點(diǎn)。茶多酚在茶葉中的含量一般在20-35%。在茶多酚中各組成份中以黃烷醇類為主，黃烷醇類又以兒茶素類 HYPERLINK /view/35675.htm t _blank 物質(zhì)為主，兒茶素類物質(zhì)的含量約占茶多酚總量的70%左右。茶多酚的毒理性質(zhì) 慢性毒性試驗(yàn)表明3，飼料中茶多酚含量為0.1%時(shí)，對(duì)果蠅壽命無(wú)不良影響。果蠅終生飼養(yǎng)和小白鼠喂養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在適量范圍內(nèi)添加茶多酚到飼料和飲料中，對(duì)果蠅的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育和壽命，以及對(duì)小白鼠的血紅蛋白、紅細(xì)胞數(shù)、白細(xì)胞數(shù)

4、、胸腺、脾臟細(xì)胞數(shù)、肝臟量及體重有促進(jìn)作用。說(shuō)明茶多酚在適當(dāng)范圍內(nèi)應(yīng)用到食品和化工等領(lǐng)域中，對(duì)人體是無(wú)害的。茶多酚的抗氧化機(jī)理(j l)茶多酚的主要成分(chng fn)兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)茶多酚的主要(zhyo)成分兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)圖1所示：不同結(jié)構(gòu)式中： LEC： R1=H ， R2=HLEGC： R1=OH ， R2=HLEGC： R1=H ， LEGCG ：R1=0H圖1 茶多酚的主要成分兒茶素的結(jié)構(gòu)茶多酚的抗氧化機(jī)理 兒茶素分子結(jié)構(gòu)上的羥基（-OH）起到供氫(H)體的作用，與脂肪酸中的游離基相結(jié)合而中斷脂肪酸氧化的連鎖反應(yīng)，能抑制氫過(guò)氧化物的形成，起到了抗氧化作用4。其過(guò)程分別為：1、供氫過(guò)程2

5、、抑制(yzh)過(guò)程ROO(過(guò)氧化自由基)+RH2(抗氧化劑)ROOH+RHRH+HR2R+H2茶多酚的提取(tq)工藝溶劑萃取法 有機(jī)溶劑萃取法是將茶葉預(yù)處理再進(jìn)行浸提(jn t)、過(guò)濾。將濾液真空濃縮后萃取出有機(jī)層濃縮、干燥得粗茶多酚后再經(jīng)柱層析得茶多酚精品。用果膠酶對(duì)茶水中的果膠類物質(zhì)酶解處理后，可顯著改善食品抗氧劑茶多酚萃取體系的茶水的溶液性質(zhì)，從而成倍增加萃取體系的萃取速率和傳質(zhì)系數(shù)，提高茶多酚的萃取率5。樹(shù)脂吸附法 樹(shù)脂吸附可以得到從同一茶葉原料中連續(xù)提取茶多酚。向茶葉或茶末中加15倍的沸水。回流提取30 min，壓濾，取濾渣加數(shù)倍的沸水，回流提取15 min，壓濾。合并二次提取的

6、濾液，靜置冷卻。將提取液通過(guò)裝有吸附劑大孔吸附樹(shù)脂的吸附末，吸附劑樹(shù)脂在使用前首先進(jìn)行活化處理，用蒸餾水或氯化鈉溶液浸泡后，用鹽酸、氫氧化鈉和乙醇洗至無(wú)色。吸附物用溶劑甲醇、乙醇或丙醇進(jìn)行洗脫。甲醇、乙醇或丙酮的最佳濃度為72%-78%蒸餾回收洗脫液中的溶劑甲醇、乙醇或酮，待蒸出速度明顯減慢時(shí)，抽真空片刻。洗脫液除去溶劑甲醇、乙醇或丙酮后干燥，即得粉狀茶多酚。將熱水浸漬后獲得的茶汁通過(guò)離子交換樹(shù)脂柱進(jìn)行吸附，吸附完成后，用乙醇洗脫，樹(shù)脂上所吸附的茶多酚便脫附于乙醇中，濃縮、干燥即得茶多酚產(chǎn)品。沉淀分離法將茶葉或茶末(ch m)，加入10-12倍的沸水中，攪拌浸提30 min，過(guò)濾后的提取液中加

7、入茶葉(chy)量1/2的氮化鈣，用5%的氨水調(diào)pH值至7.0-8.5，使茶多酚沉淀完全，離心分離沉淀。在沉淀中加入6 mol/L鹽酸，至沉淀完全溶解，制得酸化液。酸化液中加入活性炭、硅藻土混合吸附劑，然后用等體積(tj)的乙酸乙酯萃取、分離，保留萃取相，脫去溶劑后真空干燥脫水，即可制得有效成分含量大于98%的近乎白色的粗品天然抗氧化劑-茶多酚。微波常規(guī)水提取法技微波常規(guī)水提取法是指利用微波的電磁輻射將目標(biāo)物質(zhì)從樣品中快速萃取出來(lái)，使其進(jìn)入溶劑中的萃取技術(shù)。膜分離 用醋酸纖維素復(fù)合鈦微孔體超濾膜初步純化提取液，用聚酞胺(PA)樹(shù)脂吸附分離超濾透過(guò)液，再用85%乙醇水溶液洗脫。茶多酚抗氧化性在食

8、品中的效果在食品保藏中的效果茶多酚具有很強(qiáng)的抗氧化作用，其抗氧化能力是人工合成抗氧化劑BHT、BHA的4-6倍，是VE的6-7倍，VC的5-10倍，且用量少：0.01-0.03即可起作用，而無(wú)合成物的潛在毒副作用；而茶素對(duì)食品中的色素和維生素類有保護(hù)作用，使食品在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)保持原有色澤與營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平，能有效防止食品、食用油類的腐敗，并能消除異味。實(shí)際上茶葉的許多作用都是因?yàn)椴枞~中的茶多酚在起作用。茶多酚可用于食品保鮮防腐，無(wú)毒副作用，食用安全同時(shí)配上植酸防腐效果更佳。茶葉能夠保存較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間而不變質(zhì)，這是其他的樹(shù)葉、菜葉、花草所達(dá)不到的。茶多酚參入其他有機(jī)物（主要是食品）中，能夠延長(zhǎng)貯存期，防止食品

9、退色，提高纖維素穩(wěn)定性，有效保護(hù)食品各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)成份。對(duì)高脂肪糕點(diǎn)及乳制品，如月餅、餅干、蛋糕、方便面、奶粉、奶酪、牛奶等，加入茶多酚不僅可保持其原有的風(fēng)味，防腐敗，延長(zhǎng)保鮮期，防止食品退色，抑制和殺滅細(xì)菌，提高食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，延長(zhǎng)食品的銷售壽命。另外，還可使甜味“酸尾”消失，味感甘爽。 茶多酚不僅可配制果味茶、檸檬茶等飲料，還能抑制(yzh)豆奶、汽水、果汁等飲料中的VA、VC等多種維生素的降解破壞(phui)，從而保證飲料中的各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)成份。 在新鮮水果和蔬菜上噴灑低濃度的茶多酚溶液，就可抑制細(xì)菌繁殖，保持(boch)水果、蔬菜原有的顏色，達(dá)到保鮮防腐的目的。茶多酚對(duì)肉類及其腌制品如香腸、肉食罐頭

10、臘肉等，具有良好的保質(zhì)抗損效果，尤其是對(duì)罐頭類食品中耐熱的芽胞菌等具有顯著的抑制和殺滅作用，并有消除臭味、腥味，防止氧化變色的作用。食用油中加入茶多酚，能阻止和延緩不飽和脂肪酸的自動(dòng)氧化分解，從而防止油脂的質(zhì)變腐敗，使油脂的貯藏期延長(zhǎng)一倍以上。對(duì)人體的保健功能大量的研究表明，茶多酚能及時(shí)有效阻斷體內(nèi)過(guò)量自由基，抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)合成癌細(xì)胞，誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡，調(diào)節(jié)致癌物的新陳代謝，調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)致癌氧化酶的活性，保護(hù)正常DNA免受損傷和誘使突變癌細(xì)胞DNA斷裂，還可增強(qiáng)機(jī)體整體免疫功能，通過(guò)保護(hù)免疫系統(tǒng)而對(duì)抗機(jī)體中腫瘤的發(fā)生。日本曾對(duì)群眾開(kāi)展一項(xiàng)研究：比較特定年齡群的癌癥發(fā)病率、比較不同年齡段的癌癥患者

11、不同綠茶飲用量與發(fā)病率的關(guān)系、比較年標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化癌癥發(fā)病率、檢測(cè)其他生活習(xí)慣造成的相關(guān)癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飲用綠茶的量與癌癥發(fā)病率呈負(fù)相關(guān)，這在每天飲用10杯綠茶的女性身上表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯6。因此，茶多酚在活體外具有抗突變作用，能抑制動(dòng)物多種腫瘤的發(fā)生。此外，茶多酚可抑制血漿、腎臟和肝臟中膽固醇含量上升，促進(jìn)脂類化合物從糞便中排出成效，因此，茶多酚可以有效地防止動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化，降低血壓，防止血小板凝集等。經(jīng)多家醫(yī)院進(jìn)行臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，茶多酚在高血脂，腦血栓，動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病癥的治療上有明顯療效7-8。茶多酚還具有抗輻射的作用，輻射超標(biāo)會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體產(chǎn)生過(guò)量自由基，從而使組織細(xì)胞變性、變異、壞死，使代謝發(fā)生紊亂

12、，降低免疫功能，阻礙造血功能等一系列病變9。茶多酚吸收放射性物質(zhì)鍶90和鈷60毒害的能力較強(qiáng)，口服和外用茶多酚均能抵抗輻射產(chǎn)生的致癌作用，對(duì)腫瘤患者在放射性化療過(guò)程中引起的輕度放射病，以及血細(xì)胞減少癥都有很好的治療效果。茶多酚的應(yīng)用(yngyng)展望(zhnwng)茶多酚因其具有(jyu)良好的藥理性能而受到廣泛青睞，在化工、食品、油脂，尤其是醫(yī)藥行業(yè)的研究取得了一定的碩果。茶多酚不僅迎合了當(dāng)前的生物工程、綠色環(huán)保的潮流，也使人們對(duì)于防治不治之癥有了希望。但茶多酚對(duì)抗癌的藥理效應(yīng)的重現(xiàn)性差，涉及的原因也較為復(fù)雜，需要進(jìn)步的探索。目前研究已知， HYPERLINK /dict/clientse

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26、the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for

27、%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank ， HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?m

28、kt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%2

29、0pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l #

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31、chanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20neces

32、sary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 取決于 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structu

33、res.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefi

34、t%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 它們的 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant

35、%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understan

36、d%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 結(jié)構(gòu)， HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green

37、%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%2

38、0not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 對(duì) HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the

39、%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20p

40、athway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 其 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20a

41、bove%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20exam

42、ple%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 生物 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-

43、CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharm

44、acological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _bla

45、nk 和 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanis

46、m%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%2

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48、but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for

49、%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 功能 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20polyphenols%20extracted%20from%20green%20tea%20have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20wh

50、ich%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20gree

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52、0have%20very%20strong%20antioxidant%2C%20which%20depend%20on%20their%20structures.%20but%20the%20study%20about%20the%20mechanism%20of%20their%20biological%20and%20pharmacological%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20c

53、lear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 研究 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20it%20can%20be%20found%20that%20the%20poly

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55、20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 尚 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&q=from%20the%20above%20

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57、20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 不 HYPERLINK /dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLa

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59、al%20func-%20tions%2C%20for%20example%2C%20their%20receptor%2C%20signal%20pathway%20and%20their%20metabolism%20are%20not%20clear.%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20green%20tea%E2%80%99s%20health%20benefit%20for%20human%20body%2C%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20study%20these%20aspects. l # t _blank 清楚 HY

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