助動(dòng)詞的基本用法 (2)

1、助動(dòng)詞的基本用法2010年1月19日助動(dòng)詞的基本功用1）協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞，被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~（Main Verb）。助動(dòng)詞自身沒(méi)有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。（doesnt是助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義）2）助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來(lái)：a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已結(jié)婚。b. 表示語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英國(guó)。c. 構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句，例如： Do you like coll

2、ege life？ 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？ Did you study English before you came here？ 你來(lái)這兒之前學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)嗎？d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如： I dont like him.我不喜歡他。 e. 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。 He did know that.他的確知道那件事。2）最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be，have，do，shall，will，should，would助動(dòng)詞be的用法(1)be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，例如：They are hav

3、ing a meeting.他們正在開(kāi)會(huì)。English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。(2)be + 過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：The window was broken by Tom. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。3）be + 動(dòng)詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：a. 表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排，例如：He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去紐約。We are to teach the fresh per

4、sons.我們要教新生。說(shuō)明：這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。b. 表示命令，例如：You are to explain this.對(duì)此你要做出解釋。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。c.征求意見(jiàn)，例如：How am I to answer him？我該怎樣答復(fù)他？Who is to go there？誰(shuí)該去那兒呢？d. 表示相約、商定，例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。助動(dòng)詞have的用法1

5、）have +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如： He has left for London.他已去了倫敦。 By the end of last month，they had finished half of their work.上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，例如：I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ)，已達(dá)十年之久。3）have + been +過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：English has been taught in China for many ye

6、ars.中國(guó)教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。來(lái)源：助動(dòng)詞do的用法1）構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，例如：Do you want to pass the English exam？你想通過(guò)這次英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎？Did you study German？你們學(xué)過(guò)德語(yǔ)嗎？2）do + not 構(gòu)成否定句，例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批評(píng)。He doesnt like to study.他不想學(xué)習(xí)。In the past，many students did not know the importance of English.過(guò)去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語(yǔ)的重要性。3）構(gòu)成否定祈使句，例如：D

7、ont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要這么心不在焉。說(shuō)明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does.4）放在動(dòng)詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣，例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。I did go there.我確實(shí)去那兒了。I do miss you.我確實(shí)想你。來(lái)源：5）用于倒裝句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the i

8、mportance of English.只有在開(kāi)始大學(xué)生活時(shí)我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。說(shuō)明：引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never，seldom，rarely，little，only，so，well等。6）用作代動(dòng)詞，例如：Do you like Beijing？你喜歡北京嗎？Yes，I do. 是的，喜歡。（do用作代動(dòng)詞，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car，doesnt he？他知道如何開(kāi)車，對(duì)吧？助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)，例如：I shall study harder a

9、t English.我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。說(shuō)明：在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)法中，語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞，試比較：He shall come.他必須來(lái)。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要來(lái)。（will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。）助動(dòng)詞should，would的用法1）should無(wú)詞義，只是shall的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，只用于第一人稱，例

10、如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天給他打電話，問(wèn)他我下周干什么。比較：“What shall I do next week？”I asked.“我下周干什么？”我問(wèn)道。（可以說(shuō)，shall變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，變成了should.）2）would也無(wú)詞義，是will的過(guò)去形式，與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱，例如： He said he would come.他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。比較：“I will go，” he said. 他說(shuō)：“我要去那兒。” 變成間接引語(yǔ)，就成了：He said he w

11、ould come.原來(lái)的will變成would，go變成了come.【 】1. If it is fine tomorrow, we _ a football match. A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has【 】2. When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D would rise【 】3. In the past 30 years China _ great adv

12、ances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made【 】4. I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work. A . dont, had B. didnt, have C. didnt, had D. dont, haveBDAC【 】5. _ you think he _ back by dinner time? A . Do, have come B. Did, will have

13、 come C. Does, will come D. Do, will have come【 】6. He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus. A. was runing B. was running C. were running D. is running【 】7.“ _ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel. A. Should B. Can C. Might D. MayDBB【 】8. There are nine o

14、f them, so _ get into the car at the same time. A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they cant all D. all they cant【 】9. he was a good runner so he _ escape from the police. A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able toCB【 】10. I hoped _ my letter. A. her to answer B. that she would answ

15、er C. that she answers D. her answering【 】11. He _ live in the country than in the city. A. prefers B. likes to C. had better D. would rather【 】12. _ to see a film with us today? A. Did you like B. Would you like C. Will you like D. Have you likedBDB【 】13. No one _ that to his face. A. dares say B. dares saying C. dare say D. dare to say【 】14. The students in the classroom _ not to make so much noise. A. need B. ought C. must D. dare【 】15.“ Tom graduated from college at a very young age.” “ He _ have been an outstanding student.”