薩爾瓦多國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)英文課件4tariff

1、Part TwoInternational Trade PolicyContents of Part TwoTariffs Nontariff Trade Barriers (NTBs)Economic IntegrationChapter 4：Tariffs1. Relative Concepts about Tariff2. Rate of Effective Protection 3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 4. The Optimum TariffChapter 5：NTBs1. Import Restrictions 1.1 Classif

2、ication 1.2 Equilibrium Analysis of Import Quotas 2. Export Encouragement 2.1 Export Subsidies 2.2 Dumping 2.3 Other Export Encouragement Measures3. The Political Economy of Trade PolicyChapter 6: Economic Integration1. Forms of Economic Integration2. Static Welfare Effects of Customs Union 2.1 Trad

3、e Creation Effect 2.2 Trade diversion Effect3. Dynamic Welfare Effects from Customs Union4. History of Attempts at Economic IntegrationReview of the practice of International Trade Policy15c-18c: Mercantilism18c-19c: U.K: Free Trade U.S & Germany: Trade Protection 20c-World War : Super Protectionism

4、World War -20c70s: Capitalist Country: Free Trade Socialist Country: Trade ProtectionAfter 20c 70s: Free Trade & New Trade Protectionism Contents of Part TwoTariffs 關(guān)稅壁壘Nontariff Trade Barriers (NTBs) 非關(guān)稅措施Chapter 4 Trade Restrictions: TariffsChapter Structure1. Relative Concepts about Tariff2. Rate

5、 of Effective Protection （有效保護(hù)率）3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 4. The Optimum Tariff （最優(yōu)關(guān)稅）1. Relative Concepts about TariffWhat is Tariff?A tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a customs boundary of a nation.關(guān)稅是對(duì)通過(guò)一國(guó)關(guān)境的貿(mào)易商品所課征的稅收。1. Relative Concepts about Tarif

6、fAverage TariffUnweighted average tariff rateWeighted average tariff rate1. Relative Concepts about TariffClassificationAccording to object: Import tariff - levied on imports Export tariff - levied on exported goods as they leave the countryAccording to criterion: Specific tariff 從量稅 Fixed monetary

7、fee per unit of the product Ad valorem tariff 從價(jià)稅 Levied as a percentage of the value of the product Compound tariff 混合稅 A combination of the above, often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separatelyChapter Structure1. Relative Concepts about Tariff2. R

8、ate of Effective Protection 3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 4. The Optimum Tariff2. Rate of Effective Protection (REP)What is REP?REP refers to the ad valorem tariff rate on the domestic value added of a product.Relative to nominal tariff rate.REP is important to producers because it indicates h

9、ow much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing of the peting commodity.2. Rate of Effective Protection (REP) CalculationV denotes domestic value added of one unit product after tariff levied; V denotes domestic value added of one unit product before imposing tariff .2. Rate of Ef

10、fective Protection (REP)ExerciseSuppose the world price of a type of car is $8000, all components of this car worth $6000 in the world market. To encourage the domestic vehicle assembly industry, China imposes ad valorem tariff 25% on imports of this car. 1.What is the Rate of Effective Protection o

11、f the domestic vehicle assembly industry in China?2. If at the same time, China impose valorem tariff 10% on imports of the components of this car, what is the REP of domestic vehicle assembly industry in China?2. Rate of Effective Protection (REP)Another Calculation Method : the nominal rate of eff

12、ective protection to producers of the final commodity; : the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity : the ratio of the cost of the imported input i to the price of the final commodity in the absence of tariffs : the nominal tariff rate on the imported input i Chapter Structure1. Rel

13、ative Concepts about Tariff2. Rate of Effective Protection 3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 4. The Optimum Tariff3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff3.1 Partial Equilibrium Analysis 3.1.1 Small Country 3.1.2 Large Country3.2 General Equilibrium Analysis 3.2.1 Small Country 3.2.2 Large CountryaS13.

14、1.1 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Tariff in a Small CountryPW0PtP*PES2D2D1Q0M1M2bcdSHDHA FG B C D R TDomestic MarketSFSF+TM10M2PQImport Demand CurveH KcJI Vb+dLImport MarketImport Demand Curve with TariffTDDT=tPw3.1.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Tariff in a Large CountrySHS1S2D1D2DHT=tPwabcdeD

15、omestic MarketM1M2EPWPHPQS H +FSH+F+TPW0PQM1M2ABCb+dImport MarketceDD3.2.1 General Equilibrium Analysis of Tariff in a Small CountrySCO1S1PC/PsS2PC/(Ps+T)D2D2D1The effect of tariff on small country: Production of peting commodities increases; Production of export commodities decreases; Volume of tra

16、de decreases; Social welfare decreases.3.2.2 General Equilibrium Analysis of Tariff in a Large CountrySCPC/PsD2S1D1S2PC/(Ps+T)The effect of tariff on large country: Production of peting commodities increases; Production of export commodities decreases; Social welfare is indeterminate.PC/PsSCD1D2S1S2

17、Chapter Structure1. Relative Concepts about Tariff2. Rate of Effective Protection 3. Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 4. The Optimum Tariff4. The Optimum Tariff What is Optimum Tariff? The Optimum Tariff （t*） is the rate of tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.To maximize 4. The Optimum TariffMtPPWt PHtMtPWt PHtForeign Supply of import commodity Domestic Demand of import commo