WTO發(fā)布COVID-19背景下的醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易最新信息

1、TRADE IN MEDICAL GOODS IN THE CONTEXT OF TACKLING COVID-19: DEVELOPMENTS IN 2020INFORMATION NOTE1KEY POINTS:Imports and exports of medical goods were valued at US$ 2,343 billion in 2020. This represents growth of 16 per cent compared to the previous year. In contrast, the total value of world mercha

2、ndise trade contracted by 7.6 per cent in 2020.Trade in test kits and diagnostic reagents increased sharply in March 2020 when COVID-19 became a global pandemic. In December 2020, the monthly year-on-year increase reached 90 per cent for exports and 126 per cent for imports. Singapore and Lithuania

3、are among the top ten exporters of these products.The share of medical goods in world trade grew from 5.3 per cent in 2019 to 6.6 per cent in 2020.Global trade in goods critical for fighting the pandemic, such as face masks, ventilators, sterilizers and ultrasonic scanners, grew by 31 per cent in 20

4、20.China became the largest exporter of COVID-19-critical medical products in 2020. It exported products with a value of US$ 105 billion, about 2.8 times its exports in 2019. Malaysia, which was among the top 10 exporters in 2020, registered a 52 per cent year-on- year increase.The worlds top 10 exp

5、orting economies supplied about three-quarters of world trade of COVID-19-critical products, while the top 10 importers accounted for 62 per cent of world imports.Diagnostic reagents and test kits account for around 10 per cent of per capita import expenses on COVID-19-critical goods in the economie

6、s with the highest incidences of COVID- 19.1 INTRODUCTIONThis report provides a full update on trade in medical goods in 2020, following on from the previous update for the first half of 2020.2 It presents the 2020 trade statistics for medical goods from around100 economies, as well as comparisons w

7、ith 2019. The report includes a special case study on diagnostic reagents and test kits, which are critical products for monitoring the prevalence of the virus and constitute a crucial barometer for governments to determine policies to fight the COVID- 19 pandemic.1 This document has been prepared u

8、nder the WTO Secretariats own responsibility and is without prejudice to the positions of WTO members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO.2 HYPERLINK /english/tratop_e/covid19_e/medical_goods_update_e.pdf Trade in medical goods in the context of tackling COVID-19: Developments in the fi

9、rst half of 2020, issued on 22 December 2020. The original report previous to the present update and that of December 2020 was HYPERLINK /english/news_e/news20_e/rese_03apr20_e.pdf Trade in medical goods in the context of tackling COVID-19, issued on 3 April 2020.2DESPITE THE OVERALL TRADE DOWNTURN,

10、 MEDICAL GOODS TRADE EXPERIENCED PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN 2020The 14 per cent year-on-year nominal decline in world trade in goods in the first half of 20203 was mitigated by a much lower contraction of 1.5 per cent during the second half. The overall decrease in world merchandise trade in 2020 was 7.6

11、per cent.4Trade in medical goods5 continued to register phenomenal growth of 16.3 per cent in 2020 compared to the 4.7 per cent growth of the same sector in 2019 (Chart 1). Preliminary 2020 figures for 100 economies registered US$ 2,343 billion in trade (i.e., exports plus imports) of medical produc

12、ts (Table 1). These figures correspond to a 6.6 per cent share of world trade in 2020, compared to a share of 5.3 per cent in 2019. This increase of 1.3 percentage points in the share of world trade is for a relatively small group of products (92 Harmonized System (HS) subheadings).All medical produ

13、ctsMedical equipmentMedical suppliesMedicinePersonal protectiveproducts2019208.416.318.8 47.250454035302520151050Growth Rate (%)Chart 1: Yearly trade growth in medical goods, by product group, 2019 and 2020Source: WTO SecretariatTable 1: Trade in medical products, 2018-20Product

14、categoryValue (US$ million)Annual change (%)20182019202020192020EXPORTSAll medical products957,679999,1231,159,6744.316.1Medical equipment134,517140,894150,9854.77.2Ventilators7,3738,03713,9449.073.5Medical supplies164,968172,511204,3914.618.5Test kits & diagnostic reagents 627,27428,15939,2493.239.

15、4Medicine520,175546,253603,2265.010.4Personal protective products138,019139,465201,0711.044.2Face masks75,50577,159136,2572.276.63 Data sources for all figures cited in this information note are the HYPERLINK / Trade Data Monitor, the HYPERLINK /english/tratop_e/tariffs_e/idb_e.htm WTO Integrated HY

16、PERLINK /english/tratop_e/tariffs_e/idb_e.htm Database and the HYPERLINK / WTO Data Portal. See the annex for a full list of medical products and their HS subheadings.4 WTO Secretariat calculations based on data from the HYPERLINK / WTO Data Portal.5 The list of medical goods and categorization can

17、be consulted in Annex 1 and can also be found in the earliest version of this information note, HYPERLINK /english/news_e/news20_e/rese_03apr20_e.pdf Trade in medical goods in the context of tackling COVID-19, issued on 3 April 2020.6 HS subheading 3822.00 only.Product categoryValue (US$ million)Ann

18、ual change (%)20182019202020192020Hand sanitizers37,06835,94135,062-3.0-2.4Hand soaps22,04022,91425,9234.013.1Other protective covers3,4063,4523,8301.310.9COVID-19-critical products294,717303,915394,8243.129.9IMPORTSAll medical products966,1461,015,9921,183,1705.216.5Medical equipment135,849141,9541

19、55,5454.59.6Ventilators7,8728,32514,9195.879.2Medical supplies162,613169,279201,5484.119.1Test kits & diagnostic reagents HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 628,50428,54041,1600.144.2Medicine533,285567,733620,0496.59.2Personal protective products134,400137,027206,0272.050.4Face masks76,06578,156141,4092.780.9Ha

20、nd sanitizers34,67434,06035,581-1.84.5Hand soaps20,62721,65024,9155.015.1Other protective covers3,0333,1624,1234.230.4COVID-19-critical products288,850299,858398,9963.833.1Source: WTO SecretariatAll medical product groups showed significant increases in trade in 2020 (Chart 2). Medicines have remain

21、ed the largest category by trade value, with more than 50 per cent of the total share of medical goods both in 2019 and in 2020. However, even if trade in medicines increased in absolute US dollar values, with growth rates close to 10 per cent in 2020 compared to 5.7 per cent in 2019, its relative s

22、hare decreased slightly from 55.3 per cent in 2019 to 52.2 per cent in 2020 because of the even more substantial increase in other categories.The highest share increase was for personal protective products, which accounted for only 13.7 per cent in 2019 but increased to 17.4 per cent in 2020. This p

23、roduct group also registered the highest trade growth 47.2 per cent in 2020 compared to 1.5 per cent in 2019. In terms of value, trade in personal protective products grew by US$ 130.6 billion in 2020. This can be attributed to a more than 80 per cent increase in trade of face masks. The total trade

24、 value of face masks in 2020 reached US$ 277.7 billion. Among different types of face masks, trade of textile masks increased almost five- fold.Diagnostic reagents and test kits, used to determine the incidence rate of COVID-19, accounted for around 20 per cent of trade in medical supplies. These pr

25、oducts, classified under HS subheading 3822.00,7 represented 3.4 per cent of trade of all medical products. The value of imports for 2018 and 2019 increased only by 0.1 per cent. However, in 2020, imports grew by 44 per cent, from US$ 28.8 billion to US$ 41.2 billion.The trade in products considered

26、 critical in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic grew by 31 per cent in 2020, valued at US$ 794 billion (i.e., exports plus imports).8 This is a significant increase compared to the 4 per cent growth in 2019 for the same group of products.7 See the annex for a full list of medical products and the

27、ir HS subheadings.8 COVID-19-critical medical products include: disinfectants/ sterilization products; face masks; gloves; hand soap and hand sanitizer; patient monitors and pulse oximeters; protective spectacles and visors; sterilizers; syringes; thermometers; ultrasonic scanning apparatus; ventila

28、tors, oxygen masks; X-ray equipment; and other devices such as computer tomography apparatus.Chart 2: Trade in medical goods in 2019 and 2020, by product category (percentage share)Source: WTO Secretariat3.CHINA, GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES ARE THE WORLDS TOP TRADERS OF COVID-19-CRITICAL PRODUCTST

29、he worlds top three merchandise traders China, the United States and Germany are also the top three traders for COVID-19-critical products. While the share of these three economies in total world merchandise trade was around 31 per cent in 2020, their share for COVID-19-critical products is even hig

30、her, at 41 per cent (Table 2 and Chart 3). The top 10 economies accounted for around 72 per cent of world supplies although the shares of the economies ranked fifth (Mexico 3.3 per cent) to 10th (Ireland 2.3. per cent) were relatively small.Chinese exports of products considered critical to combat C

31、OVID-19 almost tripled from US$ 38 billion in 2019 to US$ 105 billion in 2020. The share of these products more than doubled, from 12.6 per cent in 2019 to around 26.7 per cent in 2020. The surge of exports pushed China to the position of top exporter in 2020. Another economy that saw a big jump in

32、exports in 2020 was Malaysia, which registered a 52 per cent annual increase.In terms of exports, even if the United States remained a top exporter, the value of US exports shrank by 0.7 per cent, possibly as a result of increased domestic demand. Another leading exporter that registered negative gr

33、owth was Ireland, at -5.8 per cent.Growth was more moderate for the other top ten exporters mostly less than 10 per cent. Nonetheless, even if these suppliers saw an increase in the value of exports compared to 2019, their relative shares of world exports decreased due to the even faster growth of C

34、hina.Table 2: Top 10 exporters and importers of goods critical to combatting COVID-19Economy (descending order of 2020 value)Value (US$ million)Annual percentage change (%) 2020Share of all COVID-19- critical goods (%)2019202020192020Exports1. China38,195105,457176.112.626.72. United States46,77546,

35、470-0.715.411.83. Germany34,08236,864. Netherlands21,73624,2855. Mexico12,13713,1638.54.03.36. Japan12,18212,3401.34.03.17. Malaysia7,90112,0148. Belgium11,26011,99. France10,94011,3510. Ireland9,4398,892-Total share of top 10 exporters67.

36、371.6Imports1. United States54,74478,32743.118.319.62. Germany23,68132,4793. China21,59524,6444. France12,40219,6435. Japan14,19919,1856. United Kingdom10,62819,1537. Netherlands16,03118,2008. Canada8,01311,9939. Italy7,72711,7245

37、10. Belgium9,43811,003Total share of top 10 importers59.561.7Source: WTO SecretariatIn 2020, the United States remained the top importer of COVID-19-critical medical goods, followed by Germany and China. The United States sourced US$ 78 billion worth of products abroad and account

38、ed for almost one-fifth of world imports. The shares of the other top importers were all less than 10 per cent. Imports of these 10 economies account for 61.7 per cent of total world imports of these products, a share lower than the 71.6 per cent share for the top 10 exporters.These comparative stat

39、istics show that exports of COVID-19-critical products are concentrated in a relatively small number of economies with production capacity. Among the shares of the topimporters of these products, the United Kingdom showed the highest increase compared with the previous year (80.2 per cent) followed

40、by France (58.4 per cent), and Italy (51.7 per cent). Despite these three economies reporting high incidence rates of COVID-19, their respective shares of world imports in 2020 were each less than 5 per cent. All top importers showed double-digit increases in their shares of imports of COVID-19-crit

41、ical products.% Share of world exportsChart 3: Comparison of shares of exports and imports of COVID-19-critical goods, 2019 and 2020 (percentage share of world)Exports3530252015105020192020Imports454035302520151050% Share of world importsSource: WTO SecretariatTHE TOP THREE IMPORTERS ARE ALSO THE TO

42、P SUPPLIERS OF COVID-19-CRITICAL PRODUCTS FOR EACH OTHERThe bilateral trade patterns among the top three economies during the first half of 2020 persisted throughout the year. The United States and Germany, the top importers for COVID-19-critical products, sourced a large proportion of their imports

43、 from China, the worlds top supplier (Table 3). China had a 40.2 per cent share in the US market and more than a quarter of the share (26.5 per cent) of Germanys market.On this set of medical goods, the imports of the United States from China grew by 158 per cent, amounting to an additional US$ 19 b

44、illion worth of critical products purchased from China in 2020. Mexicos share in the US market decreased from 18.5 per cent in 2019 to 14.0 per cent in 2020, although the value of this share increased by 8.4 per cent. Germanys share in the US market, aswell as the actual value of its exports to the

45、US in 2020, decreased compared to 2019. China and Mexico supplied more than half of the COVID-19-critical products exported to the United States in 2020, an increase of 13 percentage points in their cumulative share, which was about 41 per cent in 2019.The growth in Germanys imports from China was a

46、s much as 310.5 per cent, which in US dollar terms represents an additional US$ 6.5 billion compared to 2019. Germanys reliance on foreign supplies is shown by the double-digit growth of its imports from its other two top partners, the Netherlands and the United States. Furthermore, the spread of it

47、s imports was less diverse in 2020, with its top three partners making up 46 per cent of the share of total German imports in 2020, compared to a share of only 32 per cent in 2019.Chinas imports were dominated by three partners which made up almost half of its COVID-19 supplies: the United States, J

48、apan and Germany. However, the situation did not significantly change from that of the end of 2019, when COVID-19 was first detected. Japan increased its supplies to China by 13.8 per cent, but its share in the Chinese market remained constant at 19.0 per cent. The United States remained Chinas main

49、 supplier, despite the fact that the value of its exports barely grew, and the United States lost a few percentage points in terms of market share, from 22.0 per cent in 2019 to 19.3 per cent in 2020. Although Chinas imports from Germany grew by 6.4 per cent, Germanys share in the Chinese market for

50、 these products fell slightly, from 12.6 per cent to11.8 per cent.Table 3: Bilateral import statistics on COVID-19-critical products for 2019 and 2020ImporterPartnerValue of imports from partner (US$ million)Partners share of total COVID-19- critical goods (%)Annual percentage change (%)202020192020

51、201920201. United States1. China12,21631,49922.340.2157.92. Mexico10,10710,95318.514.08.43. Germany4,4894,2928.25.5-4.42. Germany1. China2,0948,5978.826.5310.52. Netherlands3,3473,82114.111.814.23. United States2,0622,663. China1. United States4,7514,76322.019.30.22. Japan4,1084,67619.019

52、.013.83. Germany2,7252,90012.611.86.4Source: WTO SecretariatCASE STUDY: TEST KITS DETERMINE COVID-19 INCIDENCE RATE, WHICH IN TURN AFFECT GOVERNMENT POLICIES RELATED TO THE PANDEMICCOVID-19 was first detected in December 2019. By April 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had reported over 1 mi

53、llion cases of COVID-19 worldwide.9 The total number of cases reached 153 million worldwide in May 2021. The data on incidence and prevalence have been essential for governments when calibrating policy responses to combat the pandemic. These data can only be collected from the administration of mass

54、ive numbers of reliable viral tests.According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a case of COVID-19 infection or death due to COVID-19 are defined by meeting confirmatory laboratory evidence for COVID-19.10 Thus, the laboratory test is essential for diagnosis and treatment,

55、as well as for collecting reliable statistics to support policy responses. As the current vaccine production is insufficient for global needs, proactive and reliable testing remains one of the most effective means to identify high9 HYPERLINK /emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-t

56、imeline /emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline#!10 HYPERLINK /coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/about-us-cases-deaths.html /coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/about-us-cases-deaths.htmlincidence areas and implement the necessary public health protocols to limit the spre

57、ad of this highly contagious disease.Diagnostic reagents and test kits, including reagents based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID-19 tests, are classified under HS subheading 3822.00.11 Since the beginning of the pandemic, many economies have relied on an international supply of diagnost

58、ic reagents and test kits to perform tests. Chart 4 represents the trends for the monthly trade of diagnostic reagents and test kits, and shows how different the trade pattern was for the pre-pandemic months, when the trend was mostly flat, from the trend after the pandemic began, towards the end of

59、 2019. The volume of trade rapidly increased as more cases were reported. In December 2020, the monthly year-on-year increase (compared to the same month of the previous year) of exports of diagnostic reagents and test kits was 90 per cent, while imports had increased by 126 per cent.Chart 4: Monthl

60、y trend of exports and imports of diagnostic reagents and test kits, June 2019 to December 2020Billion US$6.05.04.03.02.01.00.01 Public health emergency of international concernImportsExportsCOVID-19 a PHEIC,1 Jan 2020WHO declaredDec 2019Virus identified,1 million cases,reported, April 2020Source: W