全球碳循環(huán)_Carbon Policy Development and Kyoto Protocol_2（英文）

1、 State and Trends of Carbon Market 2006 我國首個“碳匯”國際合作造林項目將實施 (2006) “中國東北部敖漢旗防治荒漠化青年造林項目”是我國與國際社會合作的第一個“碳匯”造林項目。雙方確定，在第一個有效期的5年時間內(nèi)投資153萬美元，在我國內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)敖漢旗荒沙地造林3000公頃。其中，意大利環(huán)境和國土資源部投資135萬美元，其余18萬美元為當?shù)嘏涮?。雙方確定，通過第一個5年項目的全過程和長期管理，使約2500名當?shù)剞r(nóng)民和林場工人，特別是當?shù)貗D女，獲得生態(tài)教育、植樹造林、管理以及碳管理的培訓(xùn)，從項目中直接受益。雙方還確定，第一個有效期完成后，自動延續(xù)新

2、的5年有效期。到2012年，該項目產(chǎn)生的可認證的二氧化碳減排指標歸意大利所有。通過實施該項目，以促進我國可持續(xù)發(fā)展和滿足意大利對減排二氧化碳的承諾。 China Pearl River Watershed ManagementThe World Bank has mobilized a new fund to demonstrate projects that sequester or conserve carbon in forest and agro-ecosystems. The Fund, a public/private initiative administered by the

3、World Bank, aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The Fund started operations in May 2004 and has a capital of $33.3 million (about 2,000ha afforestation) as of January 2005.9. Carbon FinanceThe World Banks carbon finan

4、ce products help grow the market by linking the private sector buyers of carbon credits with climate-friendly projects in developing countries and economics in transition that are seeking financing. The Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF):(/splash_noflash.html)A public/private partnership, operational in 20

5、00, currently has26 projects with emission reduction purchases totaling aboutUS$106 MillionThe PCF focuses on three main areas:High-quality emission reductionsKnowledgePublic-private partnership(2) The Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF)(/) Launched on September 2, 2002 at the World Summit on S

6、ustainable Development, will provide carbon finance to small-scale projects in least developed countries and poor rural areas of the developing world. The World Bank, in collaboration with the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA). The target size for the Fund is US$100 million. (3) The

7、 BioCarbon Fund (BCF)(/)US $100 Million launched in Tokyo on November 5, 2002, will be a prototype fund to demonstrate projects that sequester or retain GHG in forest and agro-ecosystems, in developing countries and transition economics.The BCF has three main goals relating to: cost effective emissi

8、ons reduction environmental benefits, and poverty reduction(4) Netherlands Clean Development Facility(NCDF)(/) The World Bank announced an agreement with The Netherlands in May 2002, establishing a facility to purchase greenhouse gas emission reduction credits. The Facility will support projects in

9、developing countries in exchange for such credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) The World Bank Facilitys target is to place US$33 million in a wide range of projects (except sequestration) for each of 4 years, with a reduction of about 32 million tons of CO2 equivalent. Challenges for

10、ScienceWeaknesses in Scientific Understanding: Allocation of C in plant tissuesNutrient feedbackCO2 fertilization at ecosystem scale - is it real? important?Projecting changes in disturbance regimes (fire, insect, harvesting, ice damage)Peatland carbon dynamicsetc.Carbon ManagementCarbon ScienceCarbon PolicySupportAffectUnderstandingFeedback/ImproveBetter SolutionDetermine(Fou