比較非物質文化遺產和物質文化遺產原文

1、INTANGIBLECULTURALHERITAGEINVOLVEDINTANGIBLECULTURALHERITAGENobuoITO*,Japon/JapanAbstractTherelationshipbetweentangibleculturalheritage,especiallyofmonumentsandsites,andintangibleculturalheritageissoclosethatitisimpossibletoseparate.Therelationshipmayberoughlydividedintotwocases.First,intangiblecult

2、uralheritageisbeingmaterializedbythetangibleculturalheritage,andsecondly,intangiblecultureplayingthevitalrolewithintheestablishmentoftangibleculturalheritage.Intangiblecultureinthefirstcasemaybefaithandreligion,philosophy,ortherevelationperceivedbynaturalphenomenon.Thedeepunderstandingofsuchintangib

3、leculturewillgivehighervaluetomonumentsandsites.However,thispointshallnotbediscussedtoday.Therelationshipinthesecondcaseismoredirectandthereforeeasilyunderstandable.Thefirstintangibleculturalheritagetobediscussedistechnique.Usuallytechniquesarenotconsideredasculture,but,sinceitincludesasystem,proces

4、s,andwaysofconstruction,etc.;itshouldofcoursebeconsideredasintangibleculturalheritage.MypaperwillintroduceindetailthetechniquesandtoolsusedintheconstructionofJapanesewoodenarchitecture.Therelationshipbetweentangibleandintangiblewillbefoundallovertheworld.Thus,thestudyandunderstandingofintangiblecult

5、uralheritagewillofferanimportantbasisforthemaintenance,custody,conservation,andrepairoftangibleculturalheritage.Keywords：CulturalHeritageIntangibleCulturalHeritageTherelationshipbetweenintangiblecultureandtangibleculturalheritage,includingmonumentsandsiteswhichconstitutethetargetoftheICOMOSactivity,

6、issoclosethatitisimpossibletoseparate.Intangiblecultureproducestangibleculturalobjectswhichrequireintangibleculture.Thisrelationshipmaybecomparedwiththetwistedrope,butisnotsosimple.Itshouldbeourcommontasktostudythisrelationship.Inordertodoso,theremaybemanysubjectstobediscussed,but,sinceweareattheear

7、lystageofdiscussion,Iwouldliketoraisesomebasictopicsfirst.WhatisCulture?Onetheonehandwefeelproudofourspecialtythatweareprofessionalexpertsonmonumentsandsites,butontheotherhand,wehavetoconfessthatweareneitherspecialistsnorscholarsofculture.Thatisthereasonwhywearestartingfromthispointbasedonmypersonal

8、idea.Cultureiscommonlyrecognizedasthewayofindividualorfamilylifesuchasfood,clothinganddwelling,socialactivity,includingpoliticsandeconomics,humanitiesandscienee,creativeactivityforartsandcrafts,andforperformingarts,mannersandcustoms,andvariouskindsofbeliefsandreligions.Intangiblecultureisthemotherof

9、allculturesAsetymologyshows,cultureisthehumanproductmouldedandmaturedinaninspiredorcultivatedbrain.Inthissense,allkindsofcultureis,intheearlieststage,intangible,and,therefore,extremelyprivateinnature.So,manyintangibleculturesareapttodisappearorchangetoanotherone.However,insomecases,intangibleculture

10、canbespreadandhandeddown.Anthropologistssaythekeywordsofthisphenomenonaresharingandlearning.Doesintangibleculturalheritageexist?Asanthropologistssay,sinceintangiblecultureisdestinedtobelostorchanged,itismeaninglesstotrytofixandpreserveintangibleculture.Inthissense,thereexistsnointangibleculturalheri

11、tage.Ithinkitistheoreticallytrue,but,asamatteroffact,humanbeingshavebeentriedtofix,spreadandpreservetheirintangibleculturesbyhandingthemdowntoyoungergenerationsorrecordingtheminvariousways,forexample,oralandgestureteachings,materialexpressionssuchasmanuscripts,books,artobjectsormonumentsandsites,orp

12、hysicalexpressions,suchasmusic,dance,dramaandotherperformingarts.Allthesewaysshouldbeunderstoodasthemanifestationofeffortstohandintangibleculturedowntotheposterity.Nevertheless,itshouldbenotedthatthesewaysarenotintangiblecultureitselfbutmerelythemeanstakenbythepersonswhoholdintangibleculture.Amongth

13、em,materialexpressionswhichcanberecognizedonlywithvisualsensationareclassifiedintotangibleorphysicalculturalobjects,bothmovableandimmovable.Whentheseobjectsbelongtothepast,theyarecalledphysicalculturalheritage,orsimplyculturalproperty.Canwerecognizeandprotectintangibleculturalheritage?InJapanwebelie

14、vethatculturalheritagecanberecognizedandprotected.Here,letmebrieflyexplainaboutthepolicyofprotectingintangiblecultureinJapan.IntheLawfortheProtectionofCulturalProperties,whichistheonlyandcomprehensivelawforallkindsofculturalheritagesinJapan,intangibleculturalheritageisdividedintotwocategories.Thefir

15、stcategory,simplycalledIntangibleCulturalProperty.(Inmyviewthisnamingisratherstrange,andshouldbecalledintangibleculturalheritage).Itiscomposedoftwosub-categories.Thefirstsub-categoryissophisticatedperformingarts,includingmusic,dance,dramaetc.ofhighartisticand/orhistoricvalue,andthesecondsub-category

16、iscraftskills,includingthoseforceramic,textile,lacquering,metalwork,etc,ofhighartisticand/orhistoricvalue.However,thesecondcategory,calledIntangibleFolkCulturalProperty,isdefinedascustomsandmannersrelatedtofood,clothingandshelter,occupation,belief,yearlyevents,etcandfolkperformingarts.Inshort,ourint

17、angibleculturalpropertyincludesbothhighlysophisticatedandratherbasic,folkcategories.However,theconceptandmeasuresfortheprotectionarealmostthesame.Thefirstpointishowtoidentifythevalueofintangibleculturalproperty.Fortunately,Japanhasalotofhistoricaldocumentsandevidences.Therefore,wecanrecognizethevalu

18、ebythehelpofhistorians,anthropologists,ethnologists;thosespecializedinfolklores,performingartscholars,andotheracademicresearchers.However,intangibleculturalheritagehasbeenchanginginthecourseofhistory.Therefore,wemustcarefullycheckifthesaidintangibleculturalpropertycanbeauthorizedashavingenoughessenc

19、etobehandeddownfromoriginaldays.Next,whatarethestepsforprotectingintangibleculturalproperty?TheJapanesegovernmentdesignatesthemostprominentpersonorpersonsastheholderorholders.Insomecases,agroupofeligiblepersonsisdesignatedastheHoldingBody.Theyarecommonlycalledlivingnationaltreasures,butitisonlyanick

20、namegeneratedbymassmedia.Theholdersarerequestedtokeeptheirabilityandtransmitittotheirsuccessors.Forthispurpose,thegovernmentgrantssubsidieseveryyear.Here,wehaveaverydifficultanddelicateproblem.Theholdersareatthesametimepersonslivinginthecontemporarysociety,beinghighlyregardedasactors,craftsmen,etc.T

21、osolvethisdifficulty,theholdersareexpectedtokeepandtransmittheesseneeoftheirintangibleculturalproperty.Ithinkitisawisemethodinordertoprotectintangibleculture.Althoughitismypersonalinterpretation,theessencecanberewordedasthehighestlevelofspiritualachievementandtechnicalformality.Japanesecraftsmanship

22、andperformingartsareknownforitshighformalitywhichisrigidlyinheritedfrommastertosuccessor.ImustaddanotherdelicatepointpeculiartoJapan.InJapanreligionisasubjecttopublicassistance.AfterWorldWarII,religionwasdefinedacompletelyprivatematter.Thisstrictattitudecomesfromthebitterexperieneethatcertainreligio

23、nswereonceadheredtothesuper-conservativepoliticalpower,andlargelycontributedtofanaticnationalism.Today,onlyperformingartfeaturesoffestivals,originatedfromreligion,arecarefullyprotectedastheintangibleculturalheritage.Isintangiblecultureorculturalheritagenecessaryfortheprotectionofmonumentsandsites?It

24、goeswithoutsayingthatintangibleculturemakesthebackgroundoftangibleculturalproperty,suchasmonumentsandsites.Forexample,itisobviousthatnoreligiousarchitecturehasbeenconstructedwithouttheexisteneeofreligion.Buttherelationshipbetweenreligionandarchitectureisnotclearinthestateofone-toonecorrespondence.Th

25、erealcorrespondencewashiddeninsidethebrainofthoseinvoIvedindesigningthatarchitecture.Theremaybemanyotherdifficulties.Manydisciplinesaredealingwithintangibleculture,butnocomprehensivescienee.Somehumanitydisciplines,forexample,history,archaeology,etc.alreadyhaveuniversallyrecognizedconceptsandamethodo

26、logy.However,inJapan,ethnologistsspecializedinfolkloreresearchdomestictraditionalmannerscustomsthrougholdtales,folkcraftsetc.ItispresumedthatthefolkloreisauniquehumanitydevelopedinthespecialconditionsofJapan.Therefore,Japanesestudiesoffolkloredonothaveaglobalscape.WeshouldnotbehastyIwouldliketosayth

27、atweshouldnotbehastytoconnectanyintangiblecultureandtangiblemonumentsandsiteswithoutcarefulconsideration.Especially,anytrialtoboostthevalueoftangiblepropertybythehelpofintangibleculturemaybeunsuccessful.Weshouldmakecloseconnectionwithspecialistsinsocialscieneedisciplinesandwaitfortheirestablishmento

28、funiversallyrecognizedunderstandingofintangibleculturethroughascientificapproach.IntangibleculturalheritageinvolvedintangibleculturalheritageLetuschangeourpointofviewandnowpayattentiontotheintangiblecultureinvoIvedinthetangibleculturalheritage.Althoughtheremaybemanysubjectstobediscussed,Iwouldlikefo

29、cusontheskill/techniquenecessarytoconstructbuildingsandplaces.Itmaysoundstrangetohearthatskill/techniqueisintangibleculture,butIwouldsayyes.Sincetheconstructionofbuildingsandplacesisakindofhumanculturalactivity,skill/techniqueinvoIvedintheconstructionshouldberecognizedasintangibleheritage.Iwouldlike

30、todiscusssomepointsfollowingtheprocessofconstruction.Onbasicplanning:Buildingsandplacesmustbeorderlyspaced.Length,widthandheightareessentialpreconditionswhichshouldbedeterminedpriortotheactualdesign.Theshapeofbuildingsandplacesisalsoaveryimportantfactor.Buildingswithgeometricalshapes,suchassquares,r

31、ectangular,orcircles,representacertainphilosophy.However,theyaremanyexamplesofirregularlanduseandconstructionplanning.Theconcealedconceptofsuchirregularplanningshouldbecarefullyexplored.Onmeasuringunit:Therulerswithmeasuringunithaveaverycomplicatedhistory.Generallyspeaking,ineverypartoftheworld,meas

32、uringunitswerebasedonthelengthofsomepartsofthehumanbodyoranaturalproductandaphenomenon.Thelengthsofarms,feet,widthbetweentwofingersorthearmspanaretypicalexamplesofsuchunits.Oneshaku(approximatelyonefoot),ameasuringunitofancientChinathatprevailedtotheKoreanpeninsulaandJapan,originatedfrom(1)thesizeof

33、milletseedsor(2)thelengthofamusicalpipeswhichplayonestandardscale.Thesemeasuringunitsdifferineveryplaceandregion.However,withthedevelopmentofpoliticalsystems,menofpowerwantedtoestablishauthorizedunits.SineesomeoftheancientChineseEmperorswantedtoestablishIongermeasuringunitsandbiggercropmeasurestoinc

34、reasetaxincome,themeasuringunitshakuunderwentmanychangesdependingontheEmperors.Japanwasinflueneedbyitsneighbouringcountry,China.Onthedecisionoftherightangle:ItisalongtraditionofJapanesecarpenterstodeterminetherightangleasabasisofplanning,bymakingabigrectanglewiththeproportionsof3:4:5.3shaku:4shaku:5

35、shakuiscommon.ForsmallerstraightanglestheyuseLshapedsquareswhichwillbementionednext.LongmeasuringrodsandL-shapesquares:InAncientJapan,thegovernmentdistributedacertainnumberofone-shakurulersalloverJapan.Therefore,notallcarpentershadthoseauthorizedrulers.Itmusthavebeenpossessedbyonlyhigh-rankingmaster

36、carpenters.Attheconstructionsite,hand-mademeasuringrods,aslongas10shaku,wereusedbysupervisorsofeachconstructionsite.Next,IwouldliketointroducetheuniqueL-shapesquare.Thisisarectangular2-sideruler,intheshapeofanalphabeticL.Thelongsideisaslongasapproximately50cmandtheshortsidemeasuresabout30cm.Today,th

37、erulerismadeofsteel,butformerlyitwasmadeofbronze.Onthefrontsideofboth,longandshortsides,ordinaryscalesareinscribed;whileontherearsideaIonger(1.414)scaleonthelongsideandanordinaryscaleontheshortsidewereused.UsingthisL-shapesquare,carpenterscanmakevariouscomplicatedcalculationsandputnecessaryinklines.

38、Aneasyexample:Ifamarkofaunitlength(assuming1)alongthelongsideofthefrontsideandanothermarkofanylength(tangentvalue,forexample0.5)alongtheshortsidearemarked,thenonecangetthelineofhypotenuse.Iftheunitlengthisnowreplacedwiththeactuallengthofthehorizontalbeam,oneobtainsthelengthoftheroofrafter.Moreover,i

39、foneusestheIongerscalemarkedontherearside,thelengthofthehorizontalcornerbeamsaswellasthepitchoftheroofcornerisobtained.Onlumberingandprocessingtimber:InoldJapan,inordertocutdownbigtrees,theaxewascommonlyused.Toprocesstreesintotimbersofappropriatelength,bigcrosscutsawswithsingleordoublehandleswereuse

40、d.Inordertogetpartsofnecessarysectionaldimensionsorboards,timbersweresplitbydrivingwedges.Themethodsusedaresimilartothoseofmasonrywork.However,tosawtimberstoboards,bigripsawswereusedaftertheintroductionfromprobablyChinainthefifteencentury.Forreferenee,thehistoryofsawmillsinJapanisnotsolongasinEurope

41、andAmerica.Usuallysapwoodiscutoffanddryheartwoodispreferred.IthinkthisprefereneemaybedifferentfromthecaseofEuropeanoak.InJapansoftconiferoustrees,suchascypress,cryptomeriaandpinewerepreferred.Forfinishingandsmoothingthesurfaceoftimber,spear-shapeplanersfromtheancienttimeswereused.However,fromthefift

42、eenthcenturyon,typicalplanersthatcanbefoundtodayhavebeenused.Theirtypeisconsiderablyunique.Theyarecomposedofaratherthinwoodenbody,singlebradedwithcomparativelygentlepitch(combineddoublebradedstyleisnew),andtheyhavenohandle.Agentlepitchofbradissuitableforplanningsoftwood.ItwouldbeworthytomentionthatJ

43、apanesecarpentersusesawsandplanersnotbypushingbutbypulling.Thereasonwhysuchauniquewayhasbeenadoptedisnotclear,butpresumably,becauseoftraditionalcustoms.Onjoints:Partsareassembledwithjoints.Wehavemanytypesofjoints,butthefundamentalprinciplesofthejointingtechniquearenotsodifferentfromthoseinEurope.Ino

44、rdertomakejointsortodigholesontimber,chiselsareused,but,theirshapesandfunctionsarenotsodifferentfromthosewidelyusedintheworld.Therefore,Iwouldliketoskipthissubject.Specialdesigntechniques:Iwouldliketointroducetwospecialtechniques.Kiwari:Thisisthetechniqueforfixingthedimensionofeachpart,bydeterminingonenumericalstandard.Twostandardsareadopted.Oneisthelengthbetweentwopri