北京四中中考英語沖刺七：寫作技巧（基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)）

1、PAGEXXX第PAGE 頁碼9頁/總NUMPAGES 總頁數(shù)9頁Evaluation Warning: The document was created with Spire.Doc for .NET.中考沖刺七：寫作技巧撰稿：郭素清 責(zé)編：白雪雁【真題再現(xiàn)】書面表達(dá)【2012岳陽】今年四月份，岳陽市啟動(dòng)了“文明餐桌行動(dòng)”，號(hào)召全體市民“文明用餐，節(jié)儉惜?！?。請(qǐng)結(jié)合圖片，聯(lián)系實(shí)際，適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，以“Save(節(jié)約) Food and Eat Healthily”為題，寫一篇80-100詞的英語短文。文章開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。 waste too much eat up all the foo

2、d eat junk food eat a balanced diet Save Food And Eat Healthily Yueyang government has called on the citizens to save food and eat healthily so that we can enjoy our happy life. We middle school students should do something for it. To save food, we _ _ 【2012北京】根據(jù)中文和英文提示詞語，寫出意思連貫、符合邏輯、不少于60詞的短文，所給英文提

3、示詞語僅供選用，請(qǐng)不要寫出你的真實(shí)校名和姓名。生活中每個(gè)人都有過與他人分享的體驗(yàn)，如分享一本有趣的書、一段難忘的經(jīng)歷、一個(gè)閃光的想法現(xiàn)在，某英文報(bào)紙就分享（Sharing）話題征文，請(qǐng)你投稿。描述一次你與他人分享的經(jīng)歷，并談?wù)勀愕母惺?。提示詞語：sharewith; experience; interest; learn; change; encourage; enjoy; happiness; confident_【答案與解析】【2012岳陽】One possible version: Save Food And Eat HealthilyYue yang government has ca

4、lled on the citizens to save food and eat healthily so that we can enjoy our happy life. We middle school students should do something for it.To save food, we shouldnt waste any of our food. We should eat up all the food. We shouldnt order the food more than we can eat while dining out, because many

5、 people in the world dont have enough to eat. To eat healthily, we shouldnt eat junk food but healthy food. Its good for our health to eat a balanced diet. Wed better not eat in small restaurants. The food and the oil they use are not clean or healthy enough. Wed better eat at school or at home if w

6、e have time.【2012北京】One possible version: I had an experience of sharing. When my family moved, I had to go to a new school and study in a new class. The first test made me so nervous that I failed. I got worried and felt helpless until one of my new classmates came up to me and asked softly if I wa

7、s OK. After I told him about my problem, he gave me some advice. From then on, we got to know each other and shared our ideas, problems, and happiness. We became good friends. Sharing with friends helped me bring back my confidence and fit in with others. 【用法講解】考試要求：書面表達(dá)是考查學(xué)生應(yīng)用書面文字交流信息的能力。書面表達(dá)是學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)

8、用英語能力的重要考查方式。中考要求是：1. 學(xué)生能夠根據(jù)提示和要求搜集素材；2. 學(xué)生能夠獨(dú)立書寫短文和短信，并能自我修改；3. 學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用一些連詞或者關(guān)聯(lián)連詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系，使短文流暢；4. 學(xué)生能夠根據(jù)圖示和表格寫出簡(jiǎn)單的說明文。縱觀全國(guó)各地的中考英語試卷，書面表達(dá)一般以中文提示、英文提示為主要要求的寫作。一般是記敘文比較多，也有說明文和應(yīng)用文。應(yīng)用文一般是寫書信、通知、請(qǐng)假條、發(fā)言稿、尋物啟事等。有的要求學(xué)生簡(jiǎn)單寫自己對(duì)某一事物或者活動(dòng)的感受和評(píng)價(jià)。書面表達(dá)題材比較貼近學(xué)生的生活，是學(xué)生關(guān)心的社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問題。涉及學(xué)生的學(xué)校生活、家庭生活、社會(huì)公益事業(yè)（希望工程、志愿者和環(huán)境保護(hù)）、文

9、化交流活動(dòng)。這些題材學(xué)生比較熟悉，保證了學(xué)生有話可寫。1. 中考書面表達(dá)的題型中考英語中的書面表達(dá)題，主要有“補(bǔ)全對(duì)話”、“看圖填詞”、“看圖寫話”、“看圖作答”、“看圖完成短文”、“看圖完成句子”和“根據(jù)提示的內(nèi)容，完成某項(xiàng)寫作”等形式。這類題型的考試目的在于：通過書面形式測(cè)試考生口頭會(huì)話和作簡(jiǎn)單書面表達(dá)的能力。一般說來，測(cè)試的主要內(nèi)容都是以日常生活為背景，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的會(huì)話或?qū)懽?。例如：?jiǎn)柡颉柭?、看病、打電話、?gòu)物、自我介紹、便條、通知、短信等功能意念項(xiàng)目和簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用文。一個(gè)題目寫10個(gè)左右的句子，字?jǐn)?shù)為60100個(gè)左右。書面表達(dá)一般分為：記敘文、說明文和應(yīng)用文。1）記敘文 是以寫人、敘事為

10、主要內(nèi)容的一種文體，也是英語書面表達(dá)中最普遍、最基本的文體。記敘文一般是記敘某人或者某事，多用一般過去時(shí)來記敘。記敘文要有明確的主題和中心思想，記敘文的線索要清晰。記敘文一般包括基本要素即：who（何人），what（何事），when （何時(shí)），where （何地），why （何因），how（怎么樣）。寫記敘文要掌握記敘事情或者人物的人稱代詞和動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。一般記敘文用第一人稱或者第三人稱代詞來寫較好。例如：Planting TreesIt was fine on March 12, 2012. I got up early that day. All the students in our sc

11、hool went to the hill near our school and planted trees.We arrived there at eight oclock. The teacher asked each of us to plant at least six trees. Then we started digging, planting and watering. We all worked so hard that we could finish our tasks ahead of the time. Among us, Wang Lin, our monitor

12、set a good example for us. Though he was ill, he worked harder. When he finished his task, he went on to help others without having a rest. He was wet all over after work. “I must learn from him,” I said to myself. Looking at the lines of the young trees, we smiled happily, forgetting our tiredness.

13、 2）說明文 是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，用簡(jiǎn)潔明了的文字介紹事物，說明道理的文章。主要是對(duì)事物的類別、性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)、功能等進(jìn)行說明和解釋。也可以對(duì)事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和消亡的過程進(jìn)行解說的文章，都是說明文。說明文寫作的目的是讓讀者知道、了解客觀世界、掌握問題的解決辦法。說明文的特點(diǎn)是：具有知識(shí)性、科學(xué)性、應(yīng)用性、解說性、條理性。 寫說明文要抓住事物的特點(diǎn)即本質(zhì)特征，讓讀者獲得全面深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。要安排好說明的順序，是時(shí)間順序還是空間順序。要講究說明的方法，一般寫說明文用下定義、舉例子、作比較、列數(shù)字、畫圖表和打比喻。要注意說明文的語言要準(zhǔn)確，簡(jiǎn)潔、通俗生動(dòng)。例如：My Foreign Friend

14、TomTom Brown is an American boy. He is 17 years old. He lives at 69 Park Road, New York with his parents. Tom is a student in No. 4 High School. On weekdays, he studies very hard. Art and music are his favorite subjects. In his spare time, he likes doing sports. He usually goes swimming three times

15、a week. After supper, he usually walks. On Saturdays, he usually has parties, goes shopping and takes photos. He likes making friends and they always enjoy themselves. After a weeks hard work, he likes staying at home and watching TV on Sundays. Every year, he goes traveling to many countries.3）應(yīng)用文應(yīng)

16、用文主要包括：書信、日記、發(fā)言稿、電話記錄、通知和賀卡。書信 書信的格式：第一種是寫信人的地址和日期在右上角，收信人的地址、姓名在左上角，比收信人的地址低一行，書信的正文每一段起行都留5個(gè)字母的空間。第二種是每一段的起行都不留空間，段與段之間空一行。寫地址時(shí)，小的地址在前面，大的地址在后面。第一行寫門牌號(hào)，街道名稱，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)名稱。第二行寫縣市區(qū)省的名稱。第三行寫國(guó)家的名稱。書信的結(jié)構(gòu)：開場(chǎng)白和結(jié)束語書信的稱呼一般用Dear _，例如：Dear friend，Dear Dad等。開場(chǎng)白一般用：Thank you for _.Its a pleasure for me to _. Glad to ge

17、t your letter. How are things getting on? 結(jié)束語一般用：Best wishes! Wish you good luck! Write to me soon. Hope to hear from you. Give my best wishes to _. 書信最后的簽名是Yours, _. / Your loving.等。發(fā)言稿：發(fā)言稿有三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成：開場(chǎng)白、正文和結(jié)束語（表示感謝、祝愿、希望）例如：Good morning everyone!We are studying in this school. Its our duty to keep it

18、 clean and tidy. Its not good to spit in public places, such as in the library or in the classroom. We should neither draw pictures on the walls nor throw any litter on the ground. I think we must make it a rule to do some cleaning every day. If everyone tries his best to do something useful for our

19、 school, I am sure our school will be more beautiful. Thats all. Thank you!日記：日記的寫作非常簡(jiǎn)單，第一行開頭頂格寫月、日、星期，第一行的末尾寫天氣情況。第二行是日記的正文，格式和書信一樣。日記一般是記敘過去的事情，所以用一般過去時(shí)比較多。通知：通知要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，寫清楚時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、人物和發(fā)通知的單位和個(gè)人姓名。例如：NoticeAll the Grade One students，There will be a meeting in the dining-hall about how to improve your

20、 memory at 3:30 this afternoon. Please get ready for it, and be there on time. Grade One OfficeJune 4, 2008請(qǐng)假條：內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)潔，說明請(qǐng)假的原因和時(shí)間就可以了。最后有請(qǐng)假人的姓名。例如：Dear Mr. Wang,My parents have gone to Beijing, and I have to stay at home to look after my two-year-old sister. So I cant go to school today. Please give me

21、 a two-day off.Yours, Li Lei賀卡：賀卡是在歡慶、喜悅的時(shí)候表達(dá)對(duì)自己親友、老師等人的祝賀所使用的一種友好形式。一般有節(jié)日、紀(jì)念日賀卡、生日賀卡、成功祝賀賀卡等。賀卡的語言要求簡(jiǎn)潔、明快，表示祝愿和祝賀的主題。例如：To our Dear teacher,Happy Teachers Day!Thank you for teaching us so well.Good luck! Best wishes!From your students.4）按出題的方式分一般有看圖作文和有提示作文等。 看圖作文寫好這種文體的關(guān)鍵是正確讀圖。首先，要看懂圖片本身所表示的具體內(nèi)容，包

22、括人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、過程變化和結(jié)果。讀圖時(shí)，圖片中出現(xiàn)的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，如數(shù)字、符號(hào)、字母等都不能輕易放過，因?yàn)槔锩婵赡苡兄匾畔ⅲ黄浯?，要認(rèn)真分析命題人的意圖及思想傾向，即命題人要用這些圖片說明什么道理，表面什么態(tài)度，要達(dá)到什么目的，及要表達(dá)什么主題。例如：觀察下圖。根據(jù)圖示和參考詞語，適當(dāng)拓展想象空間，以Why are trees important? 為標(biāo)題，用英語寫一篇不少于80個(gè)詞的短語。注意： (1) 短文應(yīng)切中題意，條理清楚，詞句通順，書 寫清晰、規(guī)范。 (2) 短文第一句話已給出。參考詞語：take in carbon dioxide吸收二氧化碳；oxygen氧氣；insec

23、t昆蟲；stop water and soil from going away防止水土流失；desert沙漠?！窘馕觥?. 認(rèn)真審題：本題已給出題目，我們可以根據(jù)題目，用提示詞和圖示為線索展開書寫。2. 確定要素：樹能吸收二氧化碳，釋放氧氣 樹能給鳥類提供家園樹能為某些小動(dòng)物提供食物 樹能阻止水土流失樹能防止土壤沙漠化 植樹造林，美化家園3看下面的范文：One possible version: Why are trees important? Trees are very important to us. Do you know why? Let me tell you. Trees tak

24、e in carbon dioxide from the air and make oxygen. Thats important. People and animals need oxygen to live. Many small animals and insects live in the trees. Some of them also get food from trees. Trees can also stop water and soil from going away. If we have a lot of trees, they can stop land from b

25、eing desert. I think this is very important. You know, trees are green. They can make our country even more beautiful. Trees are our good friends. We should plant more trees and take good care of them.有提示作文中英文提示作文是最近幾年中考?？嫉念}型，其特征是：中文提供情景內(nèi)容，英語提供關(guān)鍵詞。近年來也有用表格、圖表、圖示、照片等來提供提示的。實(shí)際上，看圖作文就是用圖畫提示書面表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。寫有提示

26、作文要注意兩個(gè)方面：一是內(nèi)容；二是表達(dá)。內(nèi)容要包括所有要點(diǎn)，如果遺漏要點(diǎn)，就會(huì)丟分。知道了要寫什么，最難的就是表達(dá)了。表達(dá)時(shí)要求用詞準(zhǔn)確、句子通順、行文連貫，句型、短語使用準(zhǔn)確，如果能正確運(yùn)用較復(fù)雜的句子，內(nèi)容做適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮，就更能夠提高作文的質(zhì)量了。有提示作文是我們最常見的作文，如下提示作文的范例。請(qǐng)以“I want to be a/an.”為題寫一篇短文，詞數(shù)6080詞。內(nèi)容必須包括提示中的三項(xiàng)要求，請(qǐng)不要使用真實(shí)姓名及所在學(xué)校名稱。提示：What do you want to be?Why do you want to be a/an?How can you make it come tr

27、ue?【解析】認(rèn)真讀懂題意，明白本題寫作必須要包括提示所給要求。根據(jù)提示確定題目，展開想象，根據(jù)層層遞進(jìn)的提示線索what, why及how來合理組織語言，內(nèi)容要符合邏輯，用詞準(zhǔn)確、句子通順、行文連貫。參考范文如下：One possible version: I want to be an inventor Many people want to make their new ideas and wishes come true. They want to invent some new things for the world. I am one of them. I just want t

28、o be an inventor. Inventions can change the world. They can bring fun and happiness to our life. And our life will become better and better. Now Im still a middle school student. I must try my best to work hard at my lessons and learn what my teachers teach us. I will use my inventions to make contr

29、ibutions to our country. 2. 做書面表達(dá)題的步驟：1）正確審題，確定內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)首先要細(xì)讀每一項(xiàng)提示，把握短文的寫作要點(diǎn)和寫作體裁，看一看是要求寫記敘文、說明文還是應(yīng)用文，這是必須把握的要點(diǎn)，否則就是我們平時(shí)所說的跑題了。另外要根據(jù)所給的提示列出寫作要點(diǎn)，根據(jù)中文內(nèi)容和情景擴(kuò)展思路，擴(kuò)充句子的內(nèi)容。然后用所給的英語關(guān)鍵詞和短語，寫出自己能夠駕馭的句子（自己能夠正確應(yīng)用的句子），連詞成句、組句成段、段落成文。2） 草擬提綱在認(rèn)真審題和確定寫作要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，可以對(duì)主題要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)匾旰蛿U(kuò)展，可以提出各種聯(lián)想和論點(diǎn)，并從所給提示的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)出發(fā)，圍繞著關(guān)鍵的信息開拓思路，發(fā)揮聯(lián)

30、想，記錄自己想象到的內(nèi)容和要點(diǎn)。然后草擬提綱，列出各個(gè)要點(diǎn)，針對(duì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充，務(wù)必要充分運(yùn)用自己熟悉的短語和句子來寫。3） 寫出每一段的主題句在列好提綱的基礎(chǔ)上，把列出的短語和簡(jiǎn)單的句子擴(kuò)充為更為完整的概括性句子就成了這一個(gè)段落的主題句。要保證該句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容高度概括、用詞簡(jiǎn)潔明了。主題句一般放在段落的開頭。4）參照提綱，緊扣主題句，完成段落圍繞著各段的主題句，進(jìn)行23個(gè)句子的闡述，可以舉例或者進(jìn)一步推理說明，來支持主題句，表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。各個(gè)段落之間要層次分明，避免重復(fù)和交叉。句子和句子之間、段落和段落之間要有自然的過渡和銜接。切忌把中文的提示內(nèi)容和情景逐詞逐句去翻譯。要用自己熟

31、悉的詞匯和句型來表達(dá)思想內(nèi)容，平時(shí)多訓(xùn)練用不同的句型和句子結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)同一個(gè)內(nèi)容。還要注意簡(jiǎn)單句和復(fù)合句的交替使用，使文章句型多樣化和語言知識(shí)豐富化，這樣才能獲得高分。5）認(rèn)真檢查修改草稿按照上面的步驟完成草稿以后，不要急著往試卷上謄寫。要仔細(xì)檢查和修改，主要檢查：主題是否準(zhǔn)確、信息要點(diǎn)是否齊全、句子連接是否流暢、句子的時(shí)態(tài)是否正確、語態(tài)是否正確、句子的主語和謂語是否一致、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)是否正確、單詞拼寫是否有錯(cuò)誤、短語的固定搭配是否正確、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否正確、字?jǐn)?shù)是否夠等。然后認(rèn)認(rèn)真真謄寫在試卷上面。3. 書面表達(dá)解題技巧：1）要注意看清題目的要求與提供的情景，需用哪些習(xí)慣用語，哪種時(shí)態(tài)，根據(jù)詞數(shù)限

32、制，應(yīng)選用哪一種表達(dá)方式為最佳。2）表達(dá)要正確，要注意英美人的習(xí)慣用語，切忌隨心所欲，用中文去對(duì)照英文進(jìn)行翻譯。尤其是寫對(duì)話時(shí)，更要注意在不同情境下的客套話或交際用語等。3）遇到自己不會(huì)的詞語和句子，先想一想是否可以用其它的詞語或句子來代替，換一種說法來寫，可能會(huì)寫得更好。不寫沒有把握的句子，切忌為使文章生動(dòng)，在句中隨意增加自己無把握的詞，導(dǎo)致中文式英語而影響考試成績(jī)。4）在寫應(yīng)用文類命題作文或?qū)υ挄r(shí)，應(yīng)注意應(yīng)用文的格式、人稱、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)等用法；寫短文或?qū)υ挄r(shí)，要注意切題，有的同學(xué)，尤其是英語基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)，洋洋灑灑寫了很多，可能已經(jīng)離開主題了，也可能詞數(shù)過多了，這些都有可能導(dǎo)致失分。寫得多出

33、錯(cuò)的可能也大，所以要注意要求的詞數(shù)，不要超出詞數(shù)要求過多。實(shí)例分析：根據(jù)中文提示和英文書信內(nèi)容，寫一封意思連貫、符合邏輯、不少于60詞的回信，信的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，其字?jǐn)?shù)不計(jì)入所完成的回信內(nèi)。 假設(shè)你是21世紀(jì)中學(xué)生英語報(bào) “heart to heart”專欄的編輯。下面是你收到的一位中學(xué)生的來信。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)他來信的內(nèi)容寫一封回信。針對(duì)他的問題，談?wù)勀愕目捶ǎ瑫r(shí)提出一些幫助他解決問題的建議。Dear editor,Normally I am a happy student. I do well in my studies and have a lot of friends. However, I just feel depressed (沮喪的) recently because I have put on much weight and become too heavy. I think its because I eat a lot w