經(jīng)濟學常用詞匯中英對照

1、經(jīng)濟學常用詞匯（中英對照）Aaccounting會計accountingcost會計成本accountingprofit會計利潤adverseselection逆向選擇allocation酉己置allocationofresources資源酉己置allocativeefficiency酉己置效率antitrustlegislation反托拉斯法arcelasticity弧彈性Arrowsimpossibilitytheorem阿羅不可能定理Assumption假設asymetricinformation非對稱性信息average平均averagecost平均成本averagecostprici

2、ng平均成本定價法averagefixedcost平均固定成本averageproductofcapital資本平均產(chǎn)量averageproductoflabour勞動平均產(chǎn)量averagerevenue平均收益averagetotalcost平均總成本averagevariablecost平均可變成本Bbarrierstoentry進入壁壘baseyear基年bilateralmonopoly雙邊壟斷benefit收益blackmarket黑市blisspoint極樂點boundarypoint邊界點breakevenpoint收支相抵點budget預算budgetconstraint預算約

3、束budgetline預算線budgetset預算集Ccapital資本capitalstock資本存量capitaloutputratio資本產(chǎn)出比率capitalism資本主義cardinalutilitytheory基數(shù)效用論cartel卡特爾ceterispuribusassumption其他條件不變”的假設ceterispuribusdemandcurve其他因素不變的需求曲線Chamberlinmodel張伯倫模型changeindemand需求變化changeinquantitydemanded需求量變化changeinquantitysupplied供給量變化changeins

4、upply供給變化choice選擇closedset閉集Coasetheorem科斯定理Cobb-Douglasproductionfunction柯布一道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù)cobwebmodel蛛網(wǎng)模型collectivebargaining集體協(xié)議工資collusion合謀commandeconomy指令經(jīng)濟commodity商品commoditycombination商品組合commoditymarket商品市場commodityspace商品空間commonproperty公用貝才產(chǎn)comparativestaticanalysis比較靜態(tài)分析compensatedbudgetline補償

5、預算線compensateddemandfunction補償需求函數(shù)compensationprinciples補償原則compensatingvariationinincome收入補償變量competition競爭competitivemarket競爭性市場complementgoods互補品completeinformation完全信息completeness完備性conditionforefficiencyinexchange交換的最優(yōu)條件conditionforefficiencyinproduction生產(chǎn)的最優(yōu)條件concave凹concavefunction凹函數(shù)concavep

6、reference凹偏好consistence一致性constantcostindustry成本不變產(chǎn)業(yè)constantreturnstoscale規(guī)模報酬不變constraints約束consumer消費者consumerbehavior消費者行為consumerchoice消費者選擇consumerequilibrium消費者均衡consumeroptimization消費者優(yōu)化consumerpreference消費者偏好consumersurplus消費者乘U余consumertheory消費者理論consumption消費consumptionbundle消費束consumption

7、combination消費組合consumptionpossibilitycurve消費可能曲線consumptionpossibilityfrontier消費可能性邊界consumptionset消費集consumptionspace消費空間continuity連續(xù)性continuousfunction連續(xù)函數(shù)contractcurve契約曲線convex凸convexfunction凸函數(shù)convexpreference凸偏好convexset凸集corporatlon公司cost成本costbenefitanalysis成本收益分costfunction成本函數(shù)costminimizat

8、ion成本極小化Cournotequilihrium古諾均衡Cournotmodel古諾模型Cross-priceelasticity交叉價格彈性Ddead-weightsloss重負損失decreasingcostindustry成本遞減產(chǎn)業(yè)decreasingreturnstoscale規(guī)模報酬遞減deduction演繹法demand需求demandcurve需求曲線demandelasticity需求彈性demandfunction需求函數(shù)demandprice需求價格demandschedule需求表depreciation折舊derivative導數(shù)derivedemand派生需求d

9、ifferenceequation差分方程differentialequation微分方程differentiatedgood差異商品differentiatedoligoply差異寡頭diminishingmarginalsubstitution邊際替代率遞減diminishingmarginalreturn收益遞減diminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減directapproach直接法directtaxes直接稅discounting貼稅、折扣diseconomiesofscale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟disequilibrium非均衡distribution分酉已divis

10、ionoflabour勞動分工distributiontheoryofmarginalproductivity邊際生產(chǎn)率分酉己論duoupoly雙頭壟斷、雙寡duality對偶durablegoods耐用品dynamicanalysis動態(tài)分析dynamicmodels動態(tài)模型EEconomicagents經(jīng)濟行為者economiccost經(jīng)濟成本economicefficiency經(jīng)濟效率economicgoods經(jīng)濟物品economicman經(jīng)濟人economicmode經(jīng)濟模型economicprofit經(jīng)濟利潤economicregionofproduction生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟區(qū)域econo

11、micregulation經(jīng)濟調節(jié)economicrent經(jīng)濟租金exchange交換economics經(jīng)濟學exchangeefficiency交換效率economy經(jīng)濟exchangecontractcurve交換契約曲線economyofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟Edgeworthboxdiagram埃奇沃思圖exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworthcontractcurve埃奇沃思契約線Edgeworthmodel埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率,效益efficiencyparameter效率參數(shù)elasticity彈性elasticityofsubstitution替代彈性en

12、dogenousvariable內生變量endowment稟賦endowmentofresources資源稟賦Engelcurve恩格爾曲線entrepreneur企業(yè)家entrepreneurship企業(yè)家才能entrybarriers進入壁壘entry/exitdecision進出決策envolopecurve包絡線equilibrium均衡equilibriumcondition均衡條件equilibriumprice均衡價格equilibriumquantity均衡產(chǎn)量eqity公平equivalentvariationinincome收入等價變量excesscapacitytheor

13、em過度生產(chǎn)能力定理excesssupply過度供給exchange交換exchangecontractcurve交換契約曲線exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusionprinciple排他性原則existence存在性existenceofgeneralequilibrium總體均衡的存在性exogenousvariables外生變量expansionpaths擴展徑expectation期望expectedutility期望效用expectedvalue期望值expenditure支出explicitcost顯性成本externalbenefit外部收益externalcost夕卜

14、部成本externaleconomy夕卜部經(jīng)濟externaldiseconomy夕卜部不經(jīng)濟externalities外部性FFactor要素factordemand要素需求factormarket要素市場factorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素factorsubstitution要素替代factorsupply要素供給fallacyofcomposition合成謬誤finalgoods最終產(chǎn)品firm企業(yè)firmsdemacdrveforlabor企業(yè)勞動需求曲線firmsupplycurve企業(yè)供給曲線first-degreepricediscrimination第一級價格歧視fi

15、rstordercondition一階條件fixedcosts固定成本fixedinput固定投入fixedproportionsproductionfunction固定比例的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)flow流量fluctuation波動forwhomtoproduce為誰生產(chǎn)freeentry自由進入freegoods自由品，免費品freemobilityofresources資源自由流動freerider搭便車，免費搭車function函數(shù)futurevalue未來值Ggametheory對策論、博弈論generalequilibrium總體均衡generalgoods一般商品Giffengoods吉芬品

16、收入補償需求曲線GiffensParadox吉芬之謎Ginicoefficient吉尼系數(shù)goldenrule黃金規(guī)則goods貨物governmentfailure政府失敗governmentregulation政府調控grandutilitypossibilitycurve總效用可能曲線grandutilitypossibilityfrontier總效用可能邊界Hheterogeneousproduct異質產(chǎn)品Hickskaldorwelfarecriterion?？怂挂豢柖喔＠麡藴蔴omogeneity齊次性homogeneousdemandfunction齊次需求函數(shù)homogene

17、ousproduct同質產(chǎn)品homogeneousproductionfunction齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)horizontalsummation水平和household家庭howtoproduce如何生產(chǎn)humancapital人力資本hypothesis假說Iidentity恒等式imperfectcompetion不完全競爭implicitcost隱性成本income收入incomecompensateddemandcurveincomeconstraint收入約束incomeconsumptioncurve收入消費曲線incomedistribution收入分酉己incomeeffect收入效應

18、incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入彈性increasingcostindustry成本遞增產(chǎn)業(yè)increasingreturnstoscale規(guī)模報酬遞增inefficiency缺乏效率indexnumber指數(shù)indifference無差異indifferencecurve無差異曲線indifferencemap無差異族indifferencerelation無差異關系indifferenceset無差異集indirectapproach間接法individualanalysis個量分析individualdemandcurve個人需求曲線individualdeman

19、dfunction個人需求函數(shù)inducedvariable弓I致變量induction歸納法industry產(chǎn)業(yè)industryequilibrium產(chǎn)業(yè)均衡industrysupplycurve產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線inelastic缺乏彈性的inferiorgoods劣品inflectionpoint拐點information信息informationcost信息成本initialcondition初始條件initialendowment初始稟賦innovation創(chuàng)新input投入inputoutput投入一產(chǎn)出institution制度institutionaleconomics制度經(jīng)濟學in

20、surance保險intercept截距interest禾息interestrate利息率intermediategoods中間產(chǎn)品internatizationofexternalities夕卜部性內部化invention發(fā)明inversedemandfunction逆需求函數(shù)investment投資invisiblehand看不見的手isocostline等成本線，isoprofitcurve等利潤曲線isoquantcurve等產(chǎn)量曲線isoquantmap等產(chǎn)量族Kkindeddemandcurve彎折的需求曲線labour勞動labourdemand勞動需求laboursupply勞

21、動供給labourtheoryofvalue勞動價值論labourunions工會laissezfaire自由放任Lagrangianfunction拉格朗日函數(shù)Lagrangianmultiplier拉格朗乘數(shù)，land土地law法則lawofdemandandsupply供需法lawofdiminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減法則lawofdiminishingmarginalrateofsubstitution邊際替代率遞減法貝Ulawofdiminishingmarginalrateoftechnicalsubstitution邊際技術替代率lawofincre

22、asingcost成本遞增法貝Ulawofoneprice單一價格法則leader-followermodel領導者-跟隨者模型leastcostcombinationofinputs最彳氐成本的投入組合leisure閑暇Leontiefproductionfunction歹！J昂節(jié)夫生產(chǎn)函數(shù)licenses許可證lineardemandfunction線性需求函數(shù)inearhomogeneity線性齊次性inearhomogeneousproductionfunction線性齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)ongrun長期ongrunaveragecost長期平均成本longrunequilibrium長期均衡

23、longrunindustrysupplycurve長期產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線longrunmarginalcost長期邊際成本longruntotalcost長期總成本Lorenzcurve洛倫茲曲線lossminimization損失極小化1umpsumtax一次性征稅luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏觀經(jīng)濟學marginal邊際的marginalbenefit邊際收益marginalcost邊際成本marginalcostpricing邊際成本定價marginalcostoffactor邊際要素成本marginalperiod市場期marginalphysicalproductiv

24、ity實際實物生產(chǎn)率marginalproduct邊際產(chǎn)量marginalproductofcapital資本的邊際產(chǎn)量marginalproductof1abour勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量marginalproductivity邊際生產(chǎn)率marginalrateofsubstitution邊替代率marginalrateoftransformation邊際轉換率marginalreturns邊際回報marginalrevenue邊際收益marginalrevenueproduct邊際收益產(chǎn)品marginalrevolution邊際革命marginalsocialbenefit社會邊際收益margina

25、lsocialcost社會邊際成本marginalutility邊際效用marginalvalueproducts邊際價值產(chǎn)品market市場marketclearance市場結清，市場洗清marketdemand市場需求marketeconomy市場經(jīng)濟marketequilibrium市場均衡marketfailure市場失敗marketmechanism市場機制marketstructure市場結構marketseparation市場分割marketregulation市場調節(jié)marketshare市場份額markuppricing加減定價法Marshalliandemandfuncti

26、on馬歇爾需求函數(shù)maximization極大化microeconomics微觀經(jīng)濟學minimumwage最彳氐工資misallocationofresources資源誤置mixedeconomy混合經(jīng)濟model模型money貨幣monopolisticcompetition壟斷競爭monopolisticexploitation壟斷剝削monopoly壟斷，賣方壟斷monopolyequilibrium壟斷均衡monopolypricing壟斷定價monopolyregulation壟斷調控monopolyrents壟斷租金monopsony買方壟斷NNashequilibrium納什均

27、衡Naturalmonopoly自然壟斷Naturalresources自然資源Necessarycondition必要條件necessities必需品netdemand凈需求nonconvexpreference非凸，性偏好nonconvexity非凸性nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinearpricing非線性定價nonrivalry非對抗性nonpricecompetition非價格競爭nonsatiation非飽和性non-zerosumgame非零和對策normalgoods正常品normalprofit正常利潤normativeeconomics規(guī)范經(jīng)濟學Oobjecti

28、vefunction目標函數(shù)oligopoly寡頭壟斷oligopolymarket寡頭市場oligopolymodel寡頭模型opportunitycost機會成本optimalchoice最佳選擇optimalconsumptionbundle消費束perfectelasticity完全有彈性optimalresourceallocation最佳資源酉己置optimalscale最佳規(guī)模optimalsolution最優(yōu)解optimization優(yōu)化orderingofoptimization(social)preference(社會)偏好NF序ordinalutility序數(shù)效用ordi

29、narygoods一般品output產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)出outputelasticity產(chǎn)出彈性outputmaximization產(chǎn)出極大化Pparameter參數(shù)Paretocriterion帕累托標準Paretoefficiency帕累托效率Paretoimprovement帕累托改進Paretooptimality帕累托優(yōu)化Paretoset帕累托集partialderivative偏導數(shù)partialequilibrium局部均衡patent專禾payoffmatrix收益矩陣、支付矩陣perceiveddemandcurve感覺至U的需求曲線perfectcompetition完全競爭per

30、fectcomplement完全互補品perfectmonopoly完全壟斷perfectpricediscrimination完全價格歧視perfectsubstitution完全替代品perfectinelasticity完全無彈性perfectlyelastic完全有彈性perfectlyinelastic完全無彈性plantsize工廠規(guī)模pointelasticity點彈性positiveeconomics實證經(jīng)濟學postHocFallacy后此謬誤prediction預測preference偏好preferencerelation偏好關系presentvalue現(xiàn)值price價格

31、priceadjustmentmodel價格調整模型priceceiling最高限價priceconsumptioncurve價格費曲線pricecontrol價格管制pricedifference價格差另pricediscrimination價格歧視priceelasticityofdemand需求價格彈性priceelasticityofsupply供給價格彈性pricefloor最低限價pricemaker價格制定者pricerigidity價格剛性priceseeker價格搜求者pricetaker價格接受者pricetax從價稅privatebenefit私人收益principala

32、gentissues委托一代理問題privatecost私人成本privategoods私人用品privateproperty私人財產(chǎn)producerequilibrium生產(chǎn)者均衡producertheory生產(chǎn)者理論product產(chǎn)品producttransformationcurve產(chǎn)品轉換曲線productdifferentiation產(chǎn)品差異productgroup產(chǎn)品集團production生產(chǎn)productioncontractcurve生產(chǎn)契約曲線productionefficiency生產(chǎn)效率productionfunction生產(chǎn)函數(shù)productionpossibilit

33、ycurve生產(chǎn)可能性曲線productivity生產(chǎn)率productivityofcapital資本生產(chǎn)率productivityoflabor勞動生產(chǎn)率profit利潤profitfunction禾潤函數(shù)profitmaximization禾潤極大化propertyrights產(chǎn)權propertyrightseconomics產(chǎn)權經(jīng)濟學proposition定理proportionaldemandcurve成比例的需求曲線publicbenefits公共收益publicchoice公共選擇publicgoods公共商品purecompetition純粹競爭rivalry對抗性、競爭pure

34、exchange純交換puremonopoly純粹壟斷Qquantityadjustmentmodel數(shù)量調整模型quantitytax從量稅quasirent準租金Rrateofproducttransformation產(chǎn)品轉換率rationality理性reactionfunction反應函數(shù)regulation調節(jié)，調控relativeprice相對價格rent租金rentcontrol規(guī)模報酬rentseeking尋租rentseekingeconomics尋租經(jīng)濟學resource資源resourceallocation資源酉己置returns報酬、回報returnstoscale規(guī)

35、模報酬revealedpreference顯示，性偏好revenue收益revenuecurve收益曲線revenuefunction收益函數(shù)revenuemaximization收益極大化ridgeline脊線risk風險Ssatiation飽和，滿足saving儲蓄scarcity稀缺性lawofscarcity稀缺法則seconddegreepricediscrimination二級價格歧視secondderivative-階導數(shù)secondordercondition二階條件service勞務set集shadowprices影子價格shortrun短期shortruncostcurve

36、短期成本曲線shortrunequilibrium短期均衡shortrunsupplycurve短期供給曲線shutdowndecision關閉決策shortage短缺shutdownpoint關閉點singlepricemonopoly單一定價壟斷slope斜率socialbenefit社會收益socialcost社會成本socialindifferencecurve社會無差異曲線socialpreference社會偏好socialsecurity社會保障socialwelfarefunction社會福利函數(shù)socialism社會主義solution解space空間stability穩(wěn)定性st