第五部分動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、 第五(d w)部分 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)共四十四頁 時(shí)態(tài)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。英語中有16種時(shí)態(tài)。常用的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)。 處理時(shí)態(tài)問題首先要把握各種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念，注意(zh y)捕捉?jīng)Q定時(shí)態(tài)的信息。如：表示時(shí)間的副詞、短語和從句。有時(shí)還要通過上下文的時(shí)間關(guān)系以及題目設(shè)置的語境去挖掘隱藏信息。共四十四頁共四十四頁（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1通常表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生(fshng)的動(dòng)作、存在狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與often, usually, always, someti

2、mes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等時(shí)間狀語連用。She is always ready to help others. 她總是樂于助人。The old man goes to park every morning. 這位老人每天早上都去公園。2表示永恒的真理以及客觀事實(shí)。The earth goes round the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。共四十四頁3表示按規(guī)定或計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。The train starts at seven in the morning. 火車早上七點(diǎn)出發(fā)。4在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句(cn j)中代替一般將來時(shí)。Il

3、l go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就會(huì)和你一起去。共四十四頁（二）一般過去時(shí)1一般過去時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等連用。I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇見了他。They began to work two months ago. 兩個(gè)月前他們開始工作。2一般過去時(shí)多和表示過去了的時(shí)間狀語連用。但是有時(shí)候句子并沒有過去的時(shí)間

4、狀語，這時(shí)就要通過語境、說話人的口氣來判斷。He wrote a novel. 他寫了一部小說(xioshu)。I didnt expect you were waiting for us. 我沒預(yù)料到你正在等我們。共四十四頁3used to do sth. 意為“過去常常做某事”，暗含“現(xiàn)在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意為“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多種時(shí)態(tài)。be used to doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事。He used to get up early . 過去他總是早起。（現(xiàn)在不這樣了）He will be used to getting up

5、early . 他將會(huì)習(xí)慣早起。Wood is used to make paper. 木材(mci)被用來造紙。共四十四頁（三）一般將來(jingli)時(shí)1、表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用的時(shí)間狀語有l(wèi)ater(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八歲了。He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去機(jī)場接她。共四十四頁2、一般將來(j

6、ingli)時(shí)的其它表示形式（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來按照計(jì)劃或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的事情。The new library opens next month. 新圖書館下月開放。The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飛機(jī)于下午三點(diǎn)起飛。在條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。If you leave tomorrow , Ill see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到機(jī)場送你。When she comes, Ill tell her about it. 她來時(shí)我將把這件事告訴她。共四十四頁（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來，往往是指計(jì)

7、劃好或準(zhǔn)備要做的事。一些表示動(dòng)作(dngzu)轉(zhuǎn)換的終止性動(dòng)詞，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也稱為位移性動(dòng)詞，其進(jìn)行時(shí)表示馬上要做某事。Im taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 這個(gè)周日我將帶孩子們?nèi)?dòng)物園。He is leaving school in one years time.他一年后就要畢業(yè)了。共四十四頁（3）be to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)表示(biosh)計(jì)劃中約定的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)和要求必須去做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。The president is to vi

8、sit Japan in May.主席將于五月訪問日本。Im to get married next year. 我明年結(jié)婚。（4）be about to do. 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“剛要做某事，馬上要做某事，正要做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作即將發(fā)生（不跟表將來的時(shí)間狀語連用）。We are about to discuss this problem.我們將馬上討論這個(gè)問題。They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他們正要離開時(shí)電話響了。共四十四頁3、will和be going to的區(qū)別。（1）will多表示帶意愿色彩(sci)的將來或客觀上將來要發(fā)生

9、的事，也可表示臨時(shí)做出決定將要做的事。I will stay with you and help you. 我會(huì)和你一起并且?guī)椭?。You have left the light on. 你還開著燈呢。 Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，確實(shí)是的。我馬上去關(guān)掉它。共四十四頁（2）be going to常用于口語中，主要用來表示將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)、打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事或根據(jù)(gnj)某種跡象判斷可能將要發(fā)生的事。Theres going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一場英文電影。 Look

10、 at those clouds. Its going to rain. 看那些烏云，要下雨了。共四十四頁（四）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1、表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常與already, ever, never, just ,yet等副詞(fc)連用。I have just finished my homework. 我剛剛完成我的家庭作業(yè)。He has been to Germany. 他去過德國。2、表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況，并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去，此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，或for加一段時(shí)間，或加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。I

11、 have known him for three years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他三年了。He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以來就住在這兒。共四十四頁【注意】（1）因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語的完成時(shí)，有延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn)，所以不能使用瞬間動(dòng)詞。My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐結(jié)婚五年了。My sister has married. Dont disturb her. 我姐姐已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。不要打擾她。（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/.t

12、ime that.句型里，從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國際展覽會(huì)。（3）句型It is/has been.since.所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)(sh ti)都正確。It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 從我上次見到他以來已經(jīng)有10年了。共四十四頁（五）過去完成時(shí)1、過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，表示(biosh)過去的過去，只有

13、在兩個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才可顯示出來。When we got to the station, the train had left.2、過去完成時(shí)表示截止到過去某一時(shí)間已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上個(gè)月末，我們已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了四本書。3、表示思維的動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)，意為“原本（但事與愿違）”。I had thought that he would win. 我原以為他能贏。We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我們原本相信他能夠說實(shí)話。共四十

14、四頁 （六）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 Listen, someone is crying. 聽，有人在哭。 What are you doing these days? 這些天你們(n men)在干什么？ 2、有時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也與always等副詞連用，表示反 復(fù)出現(xiàn)的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，用以表達(dá)說話人贊揚(yáng)、 討厭等情緒。 He is always asking the same question. 他總是問同一個(gè)問題。（厭煩）共四十四頁3、動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表將要發(fā)生(fshng)的動(dòng)作時(shí)也用

15、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。They are leaving for Shanghai. 他們將動(dòng)身去上海。4、狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。Do you know where he is? 你知道他在哪兒嗎？共四十四頁（七）過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1、表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.

16、昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。 2、如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語 引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過 去時(shí)，則另一個(gè)句子常用(chn yn)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲門的時(shí)候我正在洗頭發(fā)。共四十四頁 【辨析】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去(guq)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶，它強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響；一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。試比較：He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他從過去開始工作，一直工作

17、到現(xiàn) 在，可能現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (這只是講述一個(gè)過去的事實(shí)，表示他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。Have you had your lunch? 你吃午飯了嗎？ What did you have for lunch? 你午飯吃的是什么？ I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去過長 城，我去年夏天去的。共四十四頁二、動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主

18、語(zhy)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；主語是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。共四十四頁（1）被動(dòng)語態(tài) 1）用法 A不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰。 B 沒有必要指出(zh ch)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 C 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。共四十四頁（2）被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成(guchng)及用法1) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)最基本的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是： be +及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：is/am/are+done一般過去時(shí):was/were+done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):is/am/are+being+done過去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were+being+done一般將來時(shí):will+be+done過去將來時(shí):would+be+done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has+be

19、en+done過去完成時(shí):had+been +done共四十四頁2) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞一定要是及物動(dòng)詞因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)(bidng)句中的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，某些短語動(dòng)詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動(dòng)(bidng)語態(tài)。The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不可遺漏。共四十四頁3) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)要加“to”的情況若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)

20、詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義(yy) 1）如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等動(dòng)詞雖然用做主動(dòng)形式卻表示被動(dòng)的意義。例如：The pen writes smoothly.2）感官動(dòng)詞

21、如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容詞作表語。The food tastes good.共四十四頁非謂語動(dòng)詞（只簡要介紹初中部分內(nèi)容，在高中階段非謂語動(dòng)詞是重要語法項(xiàng)目(xingm)，同學(xué)們要努力掌握）對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)是：感官動(dòng)詞后不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語和動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法；一些特殊動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)就要帶to；有些動(dòng)詞既可接不定式也可接動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語，但表達(dá)的意思不同。這些都是歷年考試的重點(diǎn)。共四十四頁 （1）非謂語(wiy)動(dòng)詞的形式非謂語動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語

22、的動(dòng)詞形式。 動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式分為動(dòng)名詞，分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式。（2）不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語Father will not allow us to play on the street.（3）不定式作目的狀語He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.共四十四頁（4）用不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語都可以的動(dòng)詞這樣(zhyng)的動(dòng)詞有感官動(dòng)詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動(dòng)詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性。I

23、saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作）昨天我見他正在花園里干活。共四十四頁（5）用不帶to不定式的情況使役(shy)動(dòng)詞如： let, have, make等和感官動(dòng)詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to不能省掉。共四十四頁（6）接動(dòng)名詞與不定式意義不同1) stop to do停止，中

24、斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘記要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。 (已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事。 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事。 (已做)4) try to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗(yàn)(shyn)，試著做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。6) mean to do 打算、想mean doing意味著共四十四頁4. 容易混淆的常用動(dòng)詞的辨析(1) say, speak, t

25、alk, tell的用法。1) say表示講話，作為及物動(dòng)詞使用(shyng)，后跟賓語或賓語從句。He said he would go there.Its time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動(dòng)詞使用，而有時(shí)作為及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?共四十四頁3) talk表示“談話”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，與to , about, with等連用(linyng)，才可賓語。What are you ta

26、lking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動(dòng)詞，可以帶雙賓語或復(fù)合賓語。She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.共四十四頁(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。1) look強(qiáng)調(diào)“看”這個(gè)動(dòng)作(dngzu)，是不及物動(dòng)詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語。Look! T

27、he girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see 指“看見”某物，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果。They cant see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?共四十四頁3) watch 指的是“觀看”，“注視(zhsh)”之意。The twins are watching TV now.He will go to watch a volleyball m

28、atch.4） read指“看書”、“看報(bào)”、“閱讀”之意。Dont read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.共四十四頁(3) borrow, lend和keep的區(qū)別。1) borrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(dngc)，表示瞬間即能完成的動(dòng)作。Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.May I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，只表示瞬間

29、即能完成的動(dòng)作。Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep是“保存”的意思，動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)。How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.共四十四頁(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。1) bring意思(y s)為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim to s

30、ee you next Saturday?2) take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.Mother took the little girl to the next room.共四十四頁3) carry 是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向(fngxing)。Do you always carry a handbag?The box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get是去某處將某

31、物拿回來。Please go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?共四十四頁(5) wear, put on和dress的區(qū)別1) wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以(ky)用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿著”的狀態(tài)。Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesnt like to wear a red flowers in her

32、hair.2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動(dòng)作。Its cold. Youd better put on your coat.He put on his hat and went out of the room.。共四十四頁3) dress可以作及物動(dòng)詞(j w dn c)和不及物動(dòng)詞(j w dn c)，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時(shí)，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動(dòng)詞(j w dn c)用時(shí)，它的賓語是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （給某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿著”用時(shí)，也是及物動(dòng)詞(j w dn c

33、)，但它的賓語是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿著衣物）。 She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child.共四十四頁(6) take, spend 和use的用法。1) take指做某事用多少時(shí)間(shjin)，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.It took me three days to finish the work.It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai